Folic acid and autism: updated evidences

References

• APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5_TR. 5th ed., text revision Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Bai D, Yip BHK, Windham GC, Sourander A, Francis R, Yoffe R, et al. Association of genetic and environmental factors With autism in a 5-country cohort. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(10):1035–43. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet. 2018;392(10146):508–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31129-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Son MJ, Son CY, Radua J, Eisenhut M, Gressier F, et al. Environmental risk factors and biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of the evidence. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(7):590–600. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30181-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Folate, folic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(5):480–8. doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.845705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijilmassi O. Folic acid deficiency and vision: a review. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(8):1573–80. doi:10.1007/s00417-019-04304-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulpekova Y, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Sedova A, Kurbatova A, Bueverova E, et al. The concept of folic acid in health and disease. Molecules. 2021;26(12):3731. doi:10.3390/molecules26123731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy – a review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2016;8(2). [cited 2023 Jul 19]. doi:10.3390/nu8020068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crider KS, Bailey LB, Berry RJ. Folic acid food fortification – its history, effect, concerns, and future directions. Nutrients. 2011;3(3):370–84. doi:10.3390/nu3030370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlobin NA, LoPresti MA, Du RY, Lam S. Folate fortification and supplementation in prevention of folate-sensitive neural tube defects: a systematic review of policy. J Neurosurg: Pediatr. 2020;27(3):294–310. doi:10.3171/2020.7.PEDS20442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez H, Benavides-Lara A, Arynchyna-Smith A, Ghotme KA, Arabi M, Arynchyn A. Global strategies for the prevention of neural tube defects through the improvement of folate status in women of reproductive age. Child's Nerv Syst. 2023;39(7):1719–36. doi:10.1007/s00381-023-05913-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn M, Halsey J, Sherliker P, Pan H, Chen Z, Bennett DA, Clarke R. Global heterogeneity in folic acid fortification policies and implications for prevention of neural tube defects and stroke: a systematic review. eClinicalMedicine [Internet]. 2024;67, [cited 2024 May 30]. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff T, Witkop CT, Miller T, Syed SB. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: an update of the evidence for the U. S. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):632–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Z, Gu R, Lian Z, Gu HF. Evaluation of the association between maternal folic acid supplementation and the risk of congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2022;21(1):20. doi:10.1186/s12937-022-00772-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalhan SC, Marczewski SE. Methionine, homocysteine, one carbon metabolism, and fetal growth. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012;13(2):109–19. doi:10.1007/s11154-012-9215-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglesias Vázquez L, Canals J, Arija V. Review and meta-analysis found that prenatal folic acid was associated with a 58% reduction in autism but had no effect on mental and motor development. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(4):600–10. doi:10.1111/apa.14657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoxha B, Hoxha M, Domi E, Gervasoni J, Persichilli S, Malaj V, Zappacosta B. Folic acid and autism: a systematic review of the current state of knowledge. Cells. 2021;10(8):1976. doi:10.3390/cells10081976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X-F, Li M, Zheng Y. [Association between maternal folate supplementation during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring: a meta-analysis]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017;19(3):286–91. doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.03.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasler M, Fideli ÜS, Susi A, Hisle-Gorman E. Examining the relationship between autism spectrum disorder and neural tube defects. Congenital Anomalies (Kyoto). 2023;63(4):100–8. doi:10.1111/cga.12516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogou M, Kolios G. The effect of dietary supplements on clinical aspects of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Brain Dev. 2017;39(8):656–64. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2017.03.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam NSK, Long XX, Li X, Saad M, Lim F, Doery JC, et al. The potential use of folate and its derivatives in treating psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112541. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-J, Ou J-J, Li Y-M, Xiang D-X. Dietary supplement for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: where are we now and where should We Go? Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:155. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waye MMY, Cheng HY. Genetics and epigenetics of autism: a review. Psychia Clin Neurosci. 2018;72(4):228–44. doi:10.1111/pcn.12606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, Mittal J, Deth RC, Castejon AM, et al. Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(7):515–31. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro K, Lds Klein, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Riesgo R, Perry IS. Folic acid and autism: what do we know?. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(7):310–317. doi:10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells G, Shea B, Connell DO, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Mar 4]. Available from: https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
   Google Scholar
• Wang M, Li K, Zhao D, Li L. The association between maternal use of folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children: a meta-analysis. Mol Autism. 2017;8(1):51. doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0170-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Y-J, Li Y-M, Xiang D-X. Supplement intervention associated with nutritional deficiencies in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2018a;57(7):2571–82. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1528-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraguas D, Díaz-Caneja CM, Pina-Camacho L, Moreno C, Durán-Cutilla M, Ayora M, et al. Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5):e20183218. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Eskenazi B, Widjaja F, Cordero JF, Hendren RL. Improving autism perinatal risk factors: a systematic review. Med Hypotheses. 2019;127:26–33. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B-Q, Li H-B, Zhai D-S, Ding S-B. Association of maternal prenatal folic acid intake with subsequent risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuro-Psychoph Biol Psychia. 2019a;94:109650. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Francis E, Hinkle SN, Ajjarapu AS, Zhang C. Preconception and prenatal nutrition and neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1628. doi:10.3390/nu11071628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B-Q, Li H-B, Zhai D-S, Ding S-B. Maternal multivitamin supplementation is associated with a reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res. 2019b;65:4–16. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban-Figuerola P, Canals J, Fernández-Cao JC, Arija Val V. Differences in food consumption and nutritional intake between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children: a meta-analysis. Autism. 2019;23(5):1079–95. doi:10.1177/1362361318794179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong C, Tessing J, Lee BK, Lyall K. Maternal dietary factors and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of existing evidence. Autism Res. 2020;13(10):1634–58. doi:10.1002/aur.2402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friel C, Leyland AH, Anderson JJ, Havdahl A, Borge T, Shimonovich M, Dundas R. Prenatal vitamins and the risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2558. doi:10.3390/nu13082558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallardo-Carrasco MC, Jiménez-Barbero JA, Bravo-Pastor MdM, Martin-Castillo D, Sánchez-Muñoz M. Serum vitamin D, folate and fatty acid levels in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022;52(11):4708–21. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05335-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampaio AC, Neto FdM, Lopes LdL, Marques ÍMM, Tavares RM, Fernandes MdM, et al. Association of the maternal folic acid supplementation with the autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2021;43(10):775–81. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1736298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Shi X-J, Liu H, Mao X, Gui L-N, Wang H, Cheng Y. Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109). Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):1–10. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01135-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossignol DA, Frye RE. Cerebral folate deficiency, folate receptor alpha autoantibodies and leucovorin (folinic acid) treatment in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med. 2021;11(11):1141. doi:10.3390/jpm11111141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Rahman MM, Wang Z, Carter SA, Schwartz J, Chen Z, et al. Evidence of susceptibility to autism risks associated with early life ambient air pollution: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2022;208:112590. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulkifli MN, Kadar M, Fenech M, Hamzaid NH. Interrelation of food selectivity, oral sensory sensitivity, and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2022;93:101928. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wurff I, Oenema A, de Ruijter D, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Rutten B, et al. A scoping literature review of the relation between nutrition and ASD symptoms in children. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1389. doi:10.3390/nu14071389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang Z, Du Y, Shi S, Cheng Y. Antioxidant interventions in autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuro-Psychoph Biol Psychia. 2022b;113:110476. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prades N, Varela E, Flamarique I, Deulofeu R, Baeza I. Water-soluble vitamin insufficiency, deficiency and supplementation in children and adolescents with a psychiatric disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci. 2023;26(2):85–107. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2021.2020402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Zou M, Sun C, Wu L, Chen W-X. Prenatal folic acid supplements and offspring’s autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022a;52(2):522–39. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04951-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye RE, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, et al. Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder Is related to glutathione redox status. Autism Res Treat. 2013;2013:609705. :doi:10.1155/2013/609705.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graf-Myles J, Farmer C, Thurm A, Royster C, Kahn P, Soskey L, et al. Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2013;34(7):449–59. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182a00d17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uğur Ç, Gürkan CK. Serum vitamin D and folate levels in children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8(12):1641–7. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marí-Bauset S, Llopis-González A, Zazpe-García I, Marí-Sanchis A, Morales-Suárez-Varela M. Nutritional status of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): a case-control study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(1):203–12. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2205-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bala KA, Doğan M, Kaba S, Mutluer T, Aslan O, Doğan SZ. Hormone disorder and vitamin deficiency in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;29(9):1077–82. doi:10.1515/jpem-2015-0473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro K, Faccioli L S, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Perry IS, Riesgo R. Feeding behavior and dietary intake of male children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2016;53(1):68–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.07.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu X, Liu J, Xiong X, Yang T, Hou N, Liang X, et al. Correlation between nutrition and symptoms: nutritional survey of children with autism spectrum disorder in Chongqing, China. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):294. doi:10.3390/nu8050294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoffner J, Trommer B, Thurm A, Farmer C, Langley WA, Soskey L, et al. CSF concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in a cohort of young children with autism. Neurology. 2016;86(24):2258–63. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W, Wu L. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in autistic children participating in structured teaching: an open-label trial. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):337. doi:10.3390/nu8060337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virk J, Liew Z, Olsen J, Nohr EA, Catov JM, Ritz B. Preconceptional and prenatal supplementary folic acid and multivitamin intake and autism spectrum disorders. Autism. 2016;20(6):710–8. doi:10.1177/1362361315604076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVilbiss EA, Magnusson C, Gardner RM, Rai D, Newschaffer CJ, Lyall K, et al. Antenatal nutritional supplementation and autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm youth cohort: population-based cohort study. BMJ. 2017;359:j4273. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garipardic M, Doğan M, Bala KA, Mutluer T, Kaba S, Aslan O, Üstyol L. Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders with mean platelet volume and vitamin D. Med Sci Monit: Int Med J Experimental Clin Res. 2017;23:1378–84. doi:10.12659/MSM.899976.
   Google Scholar
• Malhi P, Venkatesh L, Bharti B, Singhi P. Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with and without autism: a comparative study. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;84(4):283–8. doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2285-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meguid NA, Anwar M, Bjørklund G, Hashish A, Chirumbolo S, Hemimi M, Sultan E. Dietary adequacy of Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder compared to healthy developing children. Metab Brain Dis. 2017;32(2):607–15. doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9948-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RJ, Kogan V, Shelton JF, Delwiche L, Hansen RL, Ozonoff S, et al. Combined prenatal pesticide exposure and folic acid intake in relation to autism spectrum disorder. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(9):097007. doi:10.1289/EHP604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JB, Audhya T, Geis E, Gehn E, Fimbres V, Pollard EL, et al. Comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention for autism spectrum disorder-A randomized, controlled 12-month trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):369. doi:10.3390/nu10030369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altun H, Kurutaş EB, Şahin N, Güngör O, Fındıklı E. The levels of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, homocysteine and complex B vitamin in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychopharm Neurosci. 2018;16(4):383–90. doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.4.383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnhill K, Gutierrez A, Ghossainy M, Marediya Z, Devlin M, Sachdev P, et al. Dietary status and nutrient intake of children with autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2018;50:51–9. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, et al. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(2):247–56. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich AJ, Volk HE, Tancredi DJ, McConnell R, Lurmann FW, Hansen RL, Schmidt RJ. Joint effects of prenatal air pollutant exposure and maternal folic acid supplementation on risk of autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2018;11(1):69–80. doi:10.1002/aur.1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine SZ, Kodesh A, Viktorin A, Smith L, Uher R, Reichenberg A, Sandin S. Association of maternal use of folic acid and multivitamin supplements in the periods before and during pregnancy With the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(2):176–84. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-M, Shen Y-D, Li Y-J, Xun G-L, Liu H, Wu R-R, et al. Maternal dietary patterns, supplements intake and autism spectrum disorders: a preliminary case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018b;97(52):e13902. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan R, Riley AW, Volk H, Caruso D, Hironaka L, Sices L, et al. Maternal multivitamin intake, plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2018;32(1):100–11. doi:10.1111/ppe.12414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharman Moser S, Davidovitch M, Rotem RS, Chodick G, Shalev V, Koren G. High dose folic acid during pregnancy and the risk of autism; The birth order bias: a nested case-control study. Reprod Toxicol. 2019;89:173–7. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaekers VT, Sequeira JM, DiDuca M, Vrancken G, Thomas A, Philippe C, et al. Improving outcome in infantile autism with folate receptor autoimmunity and nutritional derangements: a self-controlled trial. Autism Res Treat. 2019;2019:7486431. doi:10.1155/2019/7486431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saha S, Saha T, Sinha S, Rajamma U, Mukhopadhyay K. Autistic traits and components of the folate metabolic system: an explorative analysis in the eastern Indian ASD subjects. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(11):860–7. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1570442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RJ, Iosif A-M, Guerrero Angel E, Ozonoff S. Association of maternal prenatal vitamin Use With risk for autism spectrum disorder recurrence in young siblings. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):391–8. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yektaş Ç, Alpay M, Tufan AE. Comparison of serum B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:2213–9. doi:10.2147/NDT.S212361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou M, Sun C, Liang S, Sun Y, Li D, Li L, et al. Fisher discriminant analysis for classification of autism spectrum disorders based on folate-related metabolism markers. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;64:25–31. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bent S, Chen Y, McDonald MG, Widjaja F, Wahlberg J, Hendren RL. An examination of changes in urinary metabolites and behaviors with the Use of leucovorin calcium in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Adv Neurodev Disord. 2020;4(3):241–6. doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00157-8.
   Google Scholar
• Egorova O, Myte R, Schneede J, Hägglöf B, Bölte S, Domellöf E, et al. Maternal blood folate status during early pregnancy and occurrence of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a study of 62 serum biomarkers. Mol Autism. 2020;11(1):7. doi:10.1186/s13229-020-0315-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo M, Li L, Zhang Q, Chen L, Dai Y, Liu L, et al. Vitamin and mineral status of children with autism spectrum disorder in hainan province of China: associations with symptoms. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(10):803–10. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1558762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard E, Leheup B, Guéant-Rodriguez R-M, Oussalah A, Quadros EV, Guéant J-L. Folinic acid improves the score of autism in the EFFET placebo-controlled randomized trial. Biochimie. 2020;173:57–61. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan M, Yang T, Zhu J, Li Q, Lai X, Li Y, et al. Maternal folic acid and micronutrient supplementation is associated with vitamin levels and symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Reprod Toxicol. 2020;91:109–15. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batebi N, Moghaddam HS, Hasanzadeh A, Fakour Y, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Folinic acid as adjunctive therapy in treatment of inappropriate speech in children with autism: a double-blind and placebo-controlled randomized trial. Child Psychiat Hum D. 2021;52(5):928–38. doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01072-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Yang T, Chen L, Dai Y, Wu L-J, Jia F-Y, et al. Serum folate status Is primarily associated With neurodevelopment in children With autism spectrum disorders aged three and under – a multi-center study in China. Front Nutr. 2021;8:661223. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.661223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brieger KK, Bakulski KM, Pearce CL, Baylin A, Dou JF, Feinberg JI, et al. The association of prenatal vitamins and folic acid supplement intake with odds of autism spectrum disorder in a high-risk sibling cohort, the early autism risk longitudinal investigation (EARLI). J Autism Dev Disord. 2022;52(6):2801–11. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05110-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40–6. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arija V, Esteban-tableuerola P, Morales-Hidalgo P, Jardí C, Canals-Sans J. Nutrient intake and adequacy in children with autism spectrum disorder: EPINED epidemiological study. Autism. 2023;27(2):371–88. doi:10.1177/13623613221098237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaza-Diaz J, Flores-Rojas K, Torre-Aguilar Mdl, Gomez-Fernández AR, Martín-Borreguero P, Perez-Navero JL, et al. Dietary patterns, eating behavior, and nutrient intakes of spanish preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3551. doi:10.3390/nu13103551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicer AH, Alsaffar AA. Body mass index, dietary intake and feeding problems of turkish children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(11):3978–87. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meguid N, Anwar M, Zaki S, Kandeel W, Ahmed N, Tewfik I. Dietary patterns of children with autism spectrum disorder: a study based in Egypt. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2015;3(2):262–7. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2015.051.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart PA, Hyman SL, Schmidt BL, Macklin EA, Reynolds A, Johnson CR, et al. Dietary supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorders: common, insufficient, and excessive. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(8):1237–48. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marí-Bauset S, Llopis-González A, Zazpe I, Marí-Sanchis A, Suárez-Varela MM. Nutritional impact of a gluten-free casein-free diet in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(2):673–84. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2582-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp WG, Postorino V, McCracken CE, Berry RC, Criado KK, Burrell TL, Scahill L. Dietary intake, nutrient status, and growth parameters in children with autism spectrum disorder and severe food selectivity: an electronic medical record review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(10):1943–50. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi S, Urooj A, D’Souza MJ. Dietary patterns and anthropometric measures of Indian children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(4):1586–98. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3850-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Guo M, Yang T, Lai X, Tang T, Chen J, et al. Nutritional status and symptoms in preschool children With autism spectrum disorder: a two-center comparative study in Chongqing and hainan province, China. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:469. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Xu Y, Pang D, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Li M, et al. Interrelation between homocysteine metabolism and the development of autism spectrum disorder in children. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:947513. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.947513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topal Z, Tufan AE, Karadag M, Gokcen C, Akkaya C, Sarp AS, et al. Evaluation of peripheral inflammatory markers, serum B12, folate, ferritin levels, and clinical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nord J Psychiatry. 2022;76(2):150–7. doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1946712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi A, Liu D, Wu H, Zhu R, Deng Y, Yao L, et al. Serum binding folate receptor autoantibodies lower in autistic boys and positively-correlated with folate. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;172:116191. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belardo A, Gevi F, Zolla L. The concomitant lower concentrations of vitamins B6, B9, and B12 may cause methylation deficiency in autistic children. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;70:38–46. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan R, Selhub J, Paul L, Ji Y, Wang G, Hong X, et al. A prospective birth cohort study on cord blood folate subtypes and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(5):1304–17. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Guo C, Kuang M, Lin L, Xu G, Pan N, et al. Examining associations of folic acid supplements administered to mothers during pre-conceptional and prenatal periods with autism spectrum disorders in their offspring: insights from a multi-center study in China. Front Pub He [Internet]. 2024;12. [cited 2024 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389fpubh.2024.1321046
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti DV, Carter AS, Gray SAO. Vineland adaptive behavior scales. In: Volkmar FR, editor. Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders [Internet]. New York, NY: Springer; 2013. p. 3281–4. [cited 2023 Jun 27]. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_255.
   Google Scholar
• Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Hearsey K. Structured teaching in the TEACCH system. In: Schopler E, Mesibov GB, editor. Learning and cognition in autism [Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1995. p. 243–68. [cited 2023 Jun 21]. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_13.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng X, Zhang Y, Jsw Kwong, Zhang C, Li S, Sun F. The methodologicalquality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. Journal of Evidence-BasedMedicine. 2015;8(1):2–10. doi:10.1111/jebm.12141.
   Google Scholar
• Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obara T, Ishikuro M, Tamiya G, Ueki M, Yamanaka C, Mizuno S, et al. Potential identification of vitamin B6 responsiveness in autism spectrum disorder utilizing phenotype variables and machine learning methods. Sci Rep. 2018;8:14840. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33110-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robea M-A, Luca A-C, Ciobica A. Relationship between vitamin deficiencies and Co-occurring symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(5):245. doi:10.3390/medicina56050245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di J, Li J, O’Hara B, Alberts I, Xiong L, Li J, Li X. The role of GABAergic neural circuits in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2020;80(2):73–85. doi:10.1002/jdn.10005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European union. EFSA Journal. 2013;11(10):3408. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3408.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US). DRI dietary reference intakes: applications in dietary assessment [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000; [cited 2023 Jun 29]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222890/.
   Google Scholar
• Buro AW, Gray HL, Kirby RS, Berkman K, Agazzi H, Shaffer-Hudkins E. Diet quality in an ethnically diverse sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder compared with nationally representative data. Disabil Health J. 2021;14(1):100981. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung SSY, Chan R, Li L, Chan D, Leung J, Leung T. Eating behaviors and diet quality in Chinese preschoolers with and without autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 2021;237:258–66.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raspini B, Prosperi M, Guiducci L, Santocchi E, Tancredi R, Calderoni S, et al. Dietary patterns and weight status in Italian preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):4039. doi:10.3390/nu13114039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JB, George F, Audhya T. Abnormally high plasma levels of vitamin B6 in children with autism not taking supplements compared to controls not taking supplements. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2006;12(1):59–63. doi:10.1089/acm.2006.12.59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Salvo ML, Safo MK, Contestabile R. Biomedical aspects of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate availability. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012;4(3):897–913. doi:10.2741/E428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jennings L, Basiri R. Amino acids, B vitamins, and choline may independently and collaboratively influence the incidence and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2896. doi:10.3390/nu14142896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp WG, Berry RC, McCracken C, Nuhu NN, Marvel E, Saulnier CA, et al. Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(9):2159–73. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1771-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito M, Mirizzi P, Fadda R, Pirollo C, Ricciardi O, Mazza M, Valenti M. Food selectivity in children with autism: guidelines for assessment and clinical interventions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(6):5092. doi:10.3390/ijerph20065092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weir DG. The pathogenesis of folic acid deficiency in man. Ir J Med Sci. 1974;143(1):3–20. doi:10.1007/BF03004735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell RM, Krasinski SD, Samloff IM, Jacob RA, Hartz SC, Brovender SR. Folic acid malabsorption in atrophic gastritis: possible compensation by bacterial folate synthesis. Gastroenterology. 1986;91(6):1476–82. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(86)90204-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilo E, Zimmerman J, Mason JB, Golner B, Russell R, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Folate synthesized by bacteria in the human upper small intestine is assimilated by the host. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(4):991–8. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8613033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudeau MS, Madden RF, Parnell JA, Gibbard WB, Shearer J. Dietary and supplement-based complementary and alternative medicine use in pediatric autism spectrum disorder. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1783. doi:10.3390/nu11081783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian C. Overview of nutritional therapy for autism spectrum disorder. Adv Neurobiol. 2020;24:527–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Souza Silva E, Castro K, Valle SC, dos Santos Vaz J. (2023). Dietary assessment methods applied in clinical and epidemiological studies in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 26]. doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00353-3.
   Google Scholar
• González-Domenech PJ, Díaz Atienza F, García Pablos C, Fernández Soto ML, Martínez-Ortega JM, Gutiérrez-Rojas L. Influence of a combined gluten-free and casein-free diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a 12-month follow-Up clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(3):935–48. doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04333-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller A, Rimestad ML, Friis Rohde J, Holm Petersen B, Bruun Korfitsen C, Tarp S, et al. The effect of a combined gluten- and casein-free diet on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):470. doi:10.3390/nu13020470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marí-Bauset S, Zazpe I, Mari-Sanchis A, Llopis-González A, Morales-Suárez-Varela M. Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Child Neurol. 2014;29(12):1718–27. doi:10.1177/0883073814531330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diab L, Krebs NF. Vitamin excess and deficiency. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(4):161–79. doi:10.1542/pir.2016-0068.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasmussen SA, Fernhoff PM, Scanlon KS. Vitamin B12 deficiency in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2001;138(1):10–7. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.112160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom HJ, Smulders Y. Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34(1):75–81. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9177-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoccoro A, Conti E, Scaffei E, Calderoni S, Coppedè F, Migliore L, Battini R. DNA methylation biomarkers for young children with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9138. doi:10.3390/ijms24119138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phunsawat P, Chiangjong W, Chutipongtanate S, Dumrongwongsiri O, Thommachot P, Butdawong W, Chuthapisith J. Folate receptor alpha autoantibodies in children with autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers. 2022;27(8):715–9. doi:10.1080/1354750X.2022.2125579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbaghi O, Ghanavati M, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Nazarian B, et al. Effects of folic acid supplementation on oxidative stress markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6):871. doi:10.3390/antiox10060871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberman L, Pascual-Leone A. Changes in plasticity across the lifespan: cause of disease and target for intervention. Prog Brain Res. 2013;207:91–120. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00016-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power JD, Schlaggar BL. Neural plasticity across the lifespan. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. 2017;6(1). doi:10.1002/wdev.216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird J, Jacob C, Barker M, Fall CHD, Hanson M, Harvey NC, et al. Developmental origins of health and disease: a lifecourse approach to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Healthcare. 2017;5(1):14. doi:10.3390/healthcare5010014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota T, King BH. Autism spectrum disorder: a review. JAMA. 2023;329(2):157–68. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry A, Condillac RA, Freeman NL. Best practices and practical strategies for assessment and diagnosis of autism. J Dev Disabil. 2002;9(2):61–75.
   Google Scholar
• Kaat AJ, Lecavalier L, Aman MG. Validity of the aberrant behavior checklist in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(5):1103–16. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1970-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino JN, Gruber CP. (In press): the Social Responsiveness Scale: (SRS). Manual. Los Angeles (CA): Western Psychological Services; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan M, Urrutia RP, Hudson KN, Middleton JC, Kahwati LC. Folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2023;330(5):460–6. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.9864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar