References
- Adorno, Theodor. 2001. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. New Sussex: Psychology Press.
- Alim, Samy H., Jooyoung Lee, and Lauren Mason Carris. 2011. “Moving the Crowd, ‘Crowding’ the Emcee: The Coproduction and Contestation of Black Normativity in Freestyle Rap Battles.” Discourse Society 22: 422–439.10.1177/0957926510395828
- Bennett, A. 1999. “Subcultures or Neo-tribes? Rethinking the Relationship between Youth, Style and Musical Taste.” Sociology 33 (3): 599–617.
- Blair, M. Elizabeth. 1993. “Commercialization of the Rap Music Youth Subculture.” The Journal of Popular Culture 27 (3): 21–33.10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00021.x
- Fine, G. A., and Kleinman, S. 1979. “Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 85 (1): 1–20.10.1086/ajs.1979.85.issue-1
- George, Nelson. 1998. Hip-Hop America. New York: Penguin Publishing.
- Gladney, Marvin J. 1995. “The Black Arts Movement and Hip-Hop.” African American Review 29 (2): 291–301.10.2307/3042308
- Hall, S., and T. Jefferson. 1976. Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain. Oxford: Routledge.
- Hebdige, Dick. 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge.
- Hesmondhalgh, D. 2005. “Subcultures, Scenes or Tribes? None of the Above.” Journal of Youth Studies 8 (1): 21–40.10.1080/13676260500063652
- Huq, R. 2006. Beyond Subculture: Pop, Youth and Identity in a Postcolonial World. London: Routledge.
- Latysheva, T. V. 2011. “The Essential Nature and Types of the Youth Subculture Phenomenon.” Russian Education and Society 53 (8): 73–88.10.2753/RES1060-9393530805
- Lee, John. 1980. “Looking for Love.” Urban Cowboy Soundtrack, Mesa: Asylum Records.
- Maffesoli, M. 1996. The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society. London: Sage.
- Martin, Greg. 2009. “Subculture, Style, Chavs and Consumer Capitalism: Towards a Critical Cultural Criminology of Youth.” Crime Media Culture 5: 123–145.10.1177/1741659009335613
- McCulloch, K., A. Stewart, and N. Lovegreen. 2006. “We Just Hang Out Together: Youth Cultures and Social Class.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (5): 539–556.10.1080/13676260601020999
- Muhammad, Kareem. 2012. “Pearly Whites: Minstrelsy’s Connection to Contemporary Rap Music.” Race, Gender and Class 19 (1–2): 305–321.
- Muhammad, Kareem. 2015. “Everyday People: Public Identities in Contemporary Hip-Hop Culture.” Social Identities.
- Nas. 2006. “Hip-Hop Is Dead.” In Hip-Hop Is Dead. New York: Def Jam.
- Redhead, Steve. 1993. The Passion and the Fashion: Football Fandom in the New Europe. Farnham, England: Avebury.
- Redhead, Steve. 2012. “Soccer Casuals: A Slight Return to Youth Culture.” International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 1: 65–82.
- Shildrick, T. A., and R. MacDonald. 2006. “In Defence of Subculture: Young People, Leisure and Social Divisions.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (2): 125–140.10.1080/13676260600635599
- Swedenburg, Ted. 2004. “Homies in the ‘Hood: Rap’s Commodification of Insubordination.” That’s the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, New York: Routledge.
- Thornton, S. 1995. Club Culture: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity.
- Watkins, S. Craig. 2004. Black Youth and the Ironies of Capitalism. Popular Music: Sage.
- Willis, Paul. 1977. Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Young, J. 1999. The Exclusive Society. London: Sage.