- 1838 . Sydney Morning Herald , 12 September (hereafter SMH)
- Webby , E. 1987 . “ ‘A Benefit Performance at the Royal Victoria’ ” . In Australians 1838 Edited by: Atkinson , A. and Aveling , M. 266 Sydney The Jim Crow routine was devised in 1828 by the American performer T.D. Rice
- Finn , E. 1883 . “ ‘Garryowen’ ” . In Chronicles of Early Melbourne from 1835 to 1852 vol. 1 , 45 Melbourne 2 vols
- Brewer , F.C. 1892 . The Drama and Music in New South Wales 11 Sydney claims that the first ‘Zip Coon’ routine was performed at Signor Dalle Cases's Olympic Amphitheatre in 1842 by John Hydes but the first reference I can find for Hydes is at the Royal Victoria in 1848
- 1890 . Argus , 20 September
- Toll , R.C. 1977 . Blacking Up: The Ministrel Show in Nineteenth Century America 3 – 21 . New York
- Saxton , A. 1975 . ‘Blackface Minstrelsy and Jacksonian Ideology’ . American Quarterly , 27 : 3 – 28 .
- Wittke , C. 1930 . Tambo and Bones: A History of the American Minstrel Stage 5 Durham
- Bratton , J.S. 1981 . ‘English Ethiopians: British Audiences and Black‐Face Acts, 1835–1865’ . The Yearbook of British Studies , 2 : 127 – 42 .
- Barth , G. 1980 . City People: The Rise of Modem City Culture in Nineteenth Century America 7 – 27 . 192 – 228 . New York
- 4 June 1854 . Clipper 4 June , New York 28 May 1860
- Huggins , N.I. 1971 . Harlem Renaissance 248 New York
- Hitchcock , H.W. , ed. 1980 . Stephen Foster: Minstrel Show Songs New York
- Dennison , S. 1982 . Scandalise My Name: Black Imagery in American Popular Music 241 New York
- 1902 . Clipper , 12 July 9 July 1904
- Maclean , A.F. Jr. 1965 . American Vaudeville As Ritual 20 – 1 . Lexington
- Reynolds , H. 1928 . Minstrel Memories: The Story of Burnt Cork Minstrelsy in Great Britain from 1836 to 1927 76 London
- 1854 . Clipper , 4 June 28 May 1860, 27 August 1864, 15 August 1868
- Walvin , J. 1978 . Beside the Seaside: A Social History of the Popular Seaside Holiday 77 London
- 26, 27, 29, 30 April 1844 . Virginia Minstrel programmes 26, 27, 29, 30 April , Dublin 1,2,3,4 May 1843 (city not listed), 21 October 1843 (Hull); Sheet Music, ‘Christy's Minstrels Complete Repertoire of Songs, Ballads and Plantation Melodies’, n.p., n.d.; Programmes, Christy Minstrels (London) and Moore and Burgess Christy Minstrels, Harvard Theatre Collection (hereafter HTC)
- Rehin , G.F. 1981 . ‘Blackface Street Minstrels in Victorian London and its Resorts: Popular Culture and its Racial Connotations as Revealed in Polite Opinion’ . Journal of Popular Culture , 15 : 33 – 5 .
- 15 July 1866 . Era 15 July , London 23 July, 8 October 1871
- 1875 . Programmes, Hague's Minstrels , 14 March 4 September, 17 November 1876, 11 August 1879
- 1879 . Programmes, Mohawk Minstrels , 28 May 2 August 1880, HTC. On ‘coon’ songs in the halls
- Pulling , C. 1952 . They Were Singing and What They Sang About 151 204 London
- Gorn , E.J. 1986 . The Manly Art: Bare‐Knuckle Prize Fighting in America 129 – 39 . Ithaca
- 1834 . Sydney Gazette , 7 July
- Booth , M.R. 1977 . ‘East End and West End: Class and Audience in Victorian London’ . Theatre Research International , 2 : 103
- 1841 . Sydney Gazette , 15 December 24 March 1842
- 1842 . Sydney Free Press , 25 January
- Oppenheim , H. “ ‘Colonial Theatre: The Rise of the Legitimate Stage in Australia’ ” . In MS 3266 , 48 Mitchell Library . (hereafter ML)
- Leon , M. St . 1983 . Spangles and Sawdust: The Circus in Australia 14 – 18 . Richmond
- 1850 . Bell's Life in Sydney , 6 April
- 1883 . New York Herald , 22 June (clipping in HTC)
- 1833 . Sydney Gazette , 21 February 31 January, 3 May, 24 July 1834, 15 January 1842
- 1847 . Port Phillip Herald , 2 December
- 1837 . Hobart Town Courier , 7 May
- 1827 . Monitor , 15 November
- 1833 . Sydney Gazette , 21 February 2 August 1841
- 1837 . Hobart Town Courier , 4 August
- 1835 . The Australian , 17 April
- 1843 . Bell's Life in Sydney , 19 February
- 1883 . New York Herald , 22 June
- 1865 . Bell's Life in Victoria , 14 October
- 1879 . Many companies first toured New Zealand before travelling on to Australia . Clipper , 25 January
- Waterhouse , R. 1986 . ‘Antipodean Odyssey: Charles B. Hicks and the New Georgia Minstrels in Australia, 1877–1880’ . Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , 72 : 19 – 39 .
- 1870 . L'Entr'acte , 10 March 14 September
- 1873 . Age , 2 August
- 1882 . Stage , 9 September
- 1890 . Programme , 3 April
- 14 March 1885 . Programmes 14 March , Adelaide ML
- 1877 . Adelaide Advertiser , 9 October
- 1877 . Launceston Examiner , 10 August
- Summerfield , P. 1981 . “ ‘The Effingham Arms and the Empire: Deliberate Selection in the Evolution of Music Hall in London’ ” . In Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure Edited by: Yeo , E. and Yeo , S. 155 – 86 . Brighton
- MacKenzie , J.M. , ed. 1986 . “ ‘Patriotism and Empire: Music Hall Entertainments, 1870–1914’ ” . In Imperialism and Popular Culture 17 – 47 . Manchester
- 1906 . Town and Country Journal , 21 March
- 1864 . Bell's Life of Victoria , 5 March
- 1870 . Bell's Life of Sydney , 9 April
- 1887 . Report of the Royal Commission . . . to Inquire into the Construction of Theatres, Public Halls and other Places of Public Amusement or Concourse Sydney By 1887 not a single music hall was listed for Sydney, Appendix D
- 1886 . Bulletin , 22 May
- 1878 . Brisbane Courier , 2 March
- Maas , E. 1913 . The Tivoli Souvenir 7 – 25 . Sydney
- West , J. 1978 . Theatre in Australia 74 – 89 . Sydney
- McDermott , C. 1984 . “ ‘National Vaudeville’ ” . In The Australian Stage: A Documentary History Edited by: Love , H. 135 – 42 . Sydney
- 1909 . Theatre , 1 April 1 March 1910
- 1911 . Theatre , 1 April 1 April 1914
- Lambert , E. 1945 . Mo's Memoirs 30 – 8 . Melbourne
- Lack , J. 1978 . ‘Working Class Leisure’ . Victorian Historical Magazine , 49 : 49 – 50 .
- Inglis , K.S. 1974 . The Australian Colonists: An Exploration of Social History, 1788–1870 117 – 36 . Melbourne
- 1914 . Clipper , 13 June
- 1893–1912 . Tivoli Programmes 4 vols. , Sydney
- 1912 . Clipper , 6 July
- 1913 . Clipper , 7 June
- Leavitt , M.B. 1912 . Fifty Years in Theatrical Management New York
- Frohman , D. 1935 . Daniel Frohman Presents: An Autobiography New York
- Lake , M. 1986 . ‘The Politics of Respectability: Identifying the Masculinist Context’ . Historical Studies , 22 : 116 – 31 .
- Houghton , W.E. 1950 . The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830–1870 79 341 – 93 . New Haven
- Halttunen , K. 1982 . Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle Class Culture in America, 1830–1870 56 – 152 . New Haven
- 1850 . Bathurst Free Press and Mining Mail , 29 June
- 1863 . South Australian Register , 16 December
- Williams , M. 1983 . Australia on the Popular Stage, 1829–1929 85 Melbourne
- 1878 . L'Entr'acte , 24 April
- Lorimer , D.A. 1978 . Colour, Class and the Victorians: English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid‐Nineteenth Century 16 87 126 – 31 . 178 – 203 . Leicester
- Bolt , C. 1971 . Race and the Victorians 75 – 108 . 156 – 205 . London
- Frederickson , G.M. 1971 . The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro‐American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 228 – 55 . New York
- 1865 . Era , 27 August
- 1893–1912 . Tivoli Programmes four vols. , Sydney ML.
- 1855 . Age , 4 December
- 1856 . Ballarat Times , 13 March
- 1878 . SMH , 22 November
- McCalman , J. 1985 . Struggletown: Public and Private Life in Richmond, 1900–1965 13 59 Melbourne
- 1913 . Theatre , 1 December 2 February 1914, 2 January 1922
- 1914 . Theatre , 13 December
- 1907 . Bulletin , 24 January
- 1909 . Theatre , 1 July
- Summerfield . ‘Patriotism’ . 27 – 8 .
- Connolly , C.N. 1978 . ‘Class, Birthplace, Loyalty: Australian Attitudes to the Boer War’ . Historical Studies , 18 : 210 – 32 . For the limited enthusiasm in Australia for the Boer War
- 1920 . “ ‘Leonard Nelson Songster’ ” . 16 Sydney ML
- Chance , V. 1987 . “ ‘Chaotic, Eclectic and Grand: The World of Australian Vaudeville, 1918 to the Depression’ ” . 60 University of Sydney . B.A. thesis
- Waterhouse , R. 1989 . “ ‘Popular Culture and Pastimes in Australia’ ” . In The Transmission of Culture to Australia Edited by: Meaney , N.K.
- Davison , G. 1978 . The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne 236 – 56 . Melbourne
- Couvares , F. 1984 . The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrialising City, 1877–1919 99 – 104 . Albany
- 1920 . Tivoli Music and Song Annual Sydney n.p., ML.
- Mooney , H.F. 1954 . ‘Songs, Singers and Society, 1890–1954’ . American Quarterly , 6 : 222 – 6 .
- Degler , C. 1980 . At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present 298 – 304 . New York
- 1909 . Theatre , 1 April 1 August 1912
- 1925 . Triad , 2 February
- Waters , E. 1962 . “ ‘Some Aspects of the Popular Arts in Australia, 1880–1915’ ” . 27 215 Australian National University . Ph.D. thesis, notes that in the 1890s ballad recitations formed a part of the entertainment in variety theatres on Sundays when sacred concerts replaced the usual fare. Even this modest offering of Australian ‘culture’ disappeared at the turn of the century
- White , R. 1978 . ‘“Americanisation” and Popular Culture in Australia’ . Teaching History , 12 : 3 – 21 .
- 1980 . ‘Combating Cultural Aggression: Australian Opposition to Americanisation’ . Meanjin , 39 : 275 – 89 .
- Serle , G. 1967 . ‘Godzone: 6 Austerica Unlimited?’ . Meanjin , 26 : 237 – 49 .
- ∗ I would like to thank Jim Gilbert, Larry Levine, Graham White and Shane White for helpful comments, Hilary Weatherburn for research assistance, and Joanna Martin for typing. Research funds were provided by ARC.
Australian Historical Studies
Volume 23, 1989 - Issue 93