A review of arguments for raising the age of criminal responsibility

References

• Allard, T., McCarthy, M., & Stewart, A. (2020). The costs of Indigenous and non-Indigenous offender trajectories. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 594(April), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. L., Ahmed, S. P., & Blakemore, S. J. (2021). Navigating the social environment in adolescence: The role of social brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 89(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armytage, P., & Ogloff, J. (2017). Youth Justice review and strategy: Meeting needs and reducing offending. Melbourne: Department of Justice and Community Safety (Vic).
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Youth justice in Australia 2019-20. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/e593cc05-884c-4a47-bce6-0dcc76fc1a66/aihw-juv-134.pdf.aspx?inline=true
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Adults in prison. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/adults-in-prison
   Google Scholar
• Baldry, E., Briggs, D. B., Goldson, B., & Russell, S. (2018). Cruel and unusual punishment: An inter-jurisdictional study of the criminalisation of young people with complex support needs. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(5), 636–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., McGreevy, M., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Reducing incarceration rates in Australia through primary, secondary, and tertiary crime prevention. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 32(6), 618–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403420979178
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus open, 2, 8–14.
   Google Scholar
• Benthin, A., Slovic, P., & Severson, H. (1993). A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception. Journal of Adolescence, 16(2), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1993.1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, C., Watkins, R. E., Mutch, R. C., Marriott, R., Freeman, J., Kippin, N. R., … & Giglia, R. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and youth justice: A prevalence study among young people sentenced to detention in Western Australia. BMJ Open, 8(2), e019605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A., & Charles, A. (2021). The minimum age of criminal responsibility: The need for a holistic approach. Youth Justice, 21(2), 153–171.
   Google Scholar
• Cauffman, E., Donley, S., & Thomas, A. (2017). Raising the Age. Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, 16, 73. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauffman, E., Gillespie, M. L., Beardslee, J., Davis, F., Hernandez, M., & Williams, T. (2023). Adolescent contact, lasting impact? Lessons learned from two longitudinal studies spanning 20 years of developmental science research with justice-system-involved youths. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 24(3), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/15291006231205173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancey, G., Wang, S., & Lin, B. (2020). Youth justice in Australia: Themes from recent inquiries. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 605, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Corsaro, N., & Engel, R. S. (2020). Community-Based crime reduction in Tulsa: An application of Petersilia’s multi-stakeholder collaborative approach to improve policy relevance and reduce crime risk. Justice Quarterly, 37, 1199–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1825775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of Attorneys-General. (2020). Draft Final Report of the Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group. https://www.ag.gov.au/about-us/publications/standing-council-attorneys-general-communiques
   Google Scholar
• Cunneen, C., Russell, S., & Schwartz, M. (2021). Principles in diversion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people from the criminal jurisdiction. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 33(2), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2020.1813386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellar, K., Roberts, L., Bullen, J., Downe, K., & Kane, R. (2022). Overrepresentation of young indigenous offenders: Differences in criminogenic risk/needs and implications for practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 0306624X221113525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte Access Economics. (2019). Additional analysis of transition to success program evaluation. https://desbt.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/17434/t2s-supplementary-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dreyfus M. (2022, 9 December). Standing Council of Attorneys-General Communique. https://ministers.ag.gov.au/media-centre/standing-council-attorneys-general-communique-09-12-2022
   Google Scholar
• Ernst & Young. (2020). Supervised community accommodation—Evaluation, multi-criteria analysis and policy options report. https://desbt.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/17439/sca-december-2020-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fagan, A., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Farrington, D. P. (2019). Communities that care: Building community engagement and capacity to prevent youth behavior problems. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, B., Stewart, A., Hurren, E., Little, S., & Allard, T. (2020). Dual-system involvement: Exploring the overlap between domestic and family violence and child maltreatment perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), NP6733-NP6759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, K., & Case, S. (2018). The future of youth justice. Youth Justice, 18(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225418791416
   Google Scholar
• Homel, R. (2021). Developmental crime prevention in the twenty-first century: Generating better evidence embedded in large-scale delivery systems. J Dev Life Course Criminology, 7, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00163-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaensch, R. (2023). Clear pathway to reform Tasmania’s youth justice system. https://www.premier.tas.gov.au/site_resources_2015/additional_releases/clear-pathway-to-reform-tasmanias-youth-justice-system#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWe%20will%20make%20Tasmania%20the,of%20detention%20to%2016%20years.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklinski, M. R., Fagan, A. A., Hawkins, J. D. et al. (2015). Benefit–cost analysis of a randomized evaluation of Communities That Care: Monetizing intervention effects on the initiation of delinquency and substance use through grade 12. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 165–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. E., & Sim, M. P. (2013). Developmental factors affecting children in legal contexts. Youth Justice, 13(2), 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• Legislative Council Legal and Social Issues Committee (LSIC). (2018). Inquiry into youth justice centres in Victoria: Final report. PP no. 372. Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/447-lsic-lc/inquiry-into-youth-justice-centres-in-victoria.
   Google Scholar
• McAra, L., & McVie, S. (2018). Transformations in youth crime and justice across Europe: Evidencing the case for diversion. In B. Goldson (Ed.), Juvenile justice in Europe (pp. 73–103). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McAra, L., & McVie, S. (2023). Raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility: Lessons from the Scottish experience. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2272362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, M., Chisholm, M., Yenara, A., Garling, T., Vogels, W., van Vuuren, J., & Modderman, C. (2023). Transformational mentoring experiences for first nations young people: A scoping review. Australian Social Work, 76(3), 379–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motz, R. T., Barnes, J. C., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Cullen, F. T., Houts, R., … Moffitt, T. E. (2020). Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins. Criminology; An Interdisciplinary Journal, 58(2), 307–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSW Health & NSW Juvenile Justice. (2016). 2015 Young people in custody health survey: Key findings for all young people. Sydney: NSW Health & NSW Juvenile Justice. https://www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/publications/research-publications
   Google Scholar
• Northern Territory Government. (n.d.). https://nt.gov.au/law/young-people/raising-minimum-age-of-criminal-responsibility#:~:text=On%201%20August%202023%2C%20the,from%2010%20to%2012%20years
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, G. (2021). Racial profiling, surveillance and over-policing: The over-incarceration of young First Nations males in Australia. Social Sciences, 10(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020068
   Google Scholar
• Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Kuklinski, M. R. et al. Effects of communities that care on males’ and females’ drug use and delinquency 9 years after baseline in a community-randomized trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56, 217–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, J. M., Allard, T., Thompson, C. M., Dennison, S., Little, S., Lockwood, K., Kisely, S., Putland, E., & Stewart, A. (2022). Psychiatric disorders and offending in an Australian birth cohort: Overrepresentation in the health and criminal justice systems for Indigenous Australians. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56(12), 1587–1601. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211063814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooley, K. (2020). What are the characteristics of effective youth offender programs? Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 604, 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Premier of Victoria. (2023). https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/keeping-young-people-out-criminal-justice-system
   Google Scholar
• Premier of Victoria. (2023). Keeping young people out of the criminal justice system. https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/keeping-young-people-out-criminal-justice-system
   Google Scholar
• Productivity Commission. (2021). Australia’s prison dilemma. https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/prison-dilemma
   Google Scholar
• Productivity Commission. (2024). Report on government services 2024. Productivity Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government. (2018). Report on Youth Justice, Mr Robert Atkinson AO APM, Special Advisor to Minister for Child Safety, Youth and Women and Minister for Prevention of Domestic Violence, 8 June 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government. (n.d.). About Youth Justice. Available at https://desbt.qld.gov.au/youth-justice/about
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government. (2018b). Department of Child Safety, Youth and Women. Report on Youth Justice Government response to recommendations, December 2018, https://www.youthjustice.qld.gov.au/resources/youthjustice/reform/gov-response-atkinson-report.docx
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government. (2019). Youth Justice Strategy 2019-2023. Working Together, Changing the Story. https://www.cyjma.qld.gov.au/resources/dcsyw/youth-justice/reform/strategy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government. (2022). Services in the Youth Justice System. https://www.dcssds.qld.gov.au/resources/dcsyw/youth-justice/reform/services-youth-justice-system.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government Statistician’s Office. (2021). Youth Offending: Research Brief. Queensland Government. Available at https://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/issues/10321/youth-offending-april-2021-edn.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Parliament. (March 2022). Report No.16 of the Community Support and Services Committee, the Criminal Law (Raising the Age of Responsibility) Amendment Bill 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Rivenbark, J. G., Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Houts, R. M., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018). The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: Evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roettger, M., Lockwood, K., & Dennison, S. (2019). Indigenous people in Australia and New Zealand and the intergenerational effects of incarceration. Indigenous Justice Clearing House Research Brief, 26.
   Google Scholar
• Shulman, E. P., Smith, A. R., Silva, K., Icenogle, G., Duell, N., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, Y. (2023). Old enough to offend but not to buy a hamster: The argument for raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility, psychiatry. Psychology and Law, 30(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2022.2134229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smallwood, R., Woods, C., Power, T., & Usher, K. (2021). Understanding the impact of historical trauma due to colonization on the health and well-being of indigenous young peoples: A systematic scoping review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620935955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A., Livingston, M., & Dennison, S. (2008). Transitions and turning points: Examining the links between child maltreatment and juvenile offending. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A., Ogilvie, J. M., Thompson, C., & Dennison, S. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of mental illness and incarceration: An analysis by gender and indigenous status. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2019). General Comment No. 24 on children’s rights in the child justice system.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2015). Monetary value of early developmental crime prevention and its policy significance. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, B. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (2021). Early developmental crime prevention forged through knowledge translation: A window into a century of prevention experiments. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 7, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F. (2001). The labor market consequences of incarceration. Crime & Delinquency, 47, 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047003007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S. (2017). Childhood victimization: Risk factor for delinquency. In M. E. Colton & S. Gore (Eds.), Adolescent stress (pp. 201–222). Routledge.
   Google Scholar