159
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The chop suey letterform in historical Los Angeles Chinatowns

Received 27 Dec 2022, Accepted 17 Nov 2023, Published online: 13 Dec 2023

References

  • Agha, A. 2007. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Backhaus, Peter. 2005. “Signs of Multilingualism in Tokyo—A Diachronic Look at the Linguistic Landscape.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175–176: 103–121.
  • Backhaus, Peter. 2007. Linguistic Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Urban Multilingualism in Tokyo. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Bateson, Gregory. 1955. “A Theory of Play and Fantasy.” Psychiatric Research Reports 2: 39–51.
  • Bateson, Gregory. 1972. “A Theory of Play and Fantasy.” In Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, edited by Gregory Bateson, 177–193. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company.
  • Beggarstaff Brothers. 1899. “A Trip to Chinatown (Poster).” Les Maitre de L'affiche 4: 62.
  • Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, Elana Shohamy, Muhammad Hasan Amara, and Nira Trumper-Hecht. 2006. “Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel.” International Journal of Multilingualism 3 (1): 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383.
  • Bingham, E. R. 1942. The Saga of the Los Angeles Chinese. Unpublished Master's thesis. Department of History and Government, Occidental College, Los Angeles.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blommaert, Jan. 2013. Chronicles of Complexity: Ethnography, Superdiversity, and Linguistic Landscapes. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Boswell, Terry. E. 1986. “A Split Labor Market Analysis of Discrimination Against Chinese Immigrants, 1850–1882.” American Sociological Review 51 (3): 352–371. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095307.
  • Boudon, Raymond. 1990. La Place du Désordre. Critique des Théories du Changement Social. Paris: Quadrige.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983. La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Translated by Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson and Edited by John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Polity Press. Original work published in 1982.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 2021. Forms of Capital. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Chang, Iris. 2004. The Chinese in America: A Narrative History. Penguin.
  • Cho, Jenny. 2009. Chinatown in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing.
  • Cook, Vivian. 2013. “The Language of the Street.” Applied Linguistics Review 4 (1): 43–81. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2013-0003.
  • Coupland, Nikolas. 2012. “Bilingualism on Display: The Framing of Welsh and English in Welsh Public Spaces.” Language in Society 41 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404511000893.
  • Coupland, Nikolas, and Peter Garrett. 2010. “Linguistic Landscapes, Discursive Frames and Metacultural Performance: The Case of Welsh Patagonia.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2010 (205): 7–36.
  • Derrida, Jacques. 1981. Dissemination. [English Translation; Originally Published in French in 1972]. University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Frosh, Paul. 2011. “Framing Pictures, Picturing Frames: Visual Metaphors in Political Communications Research.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 35 (2): 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859911410242. 11410242.
  • Garfield, Simon. 2012. Just My Type: A Book About Fonts. New York: Gotham Books.
  • Goffman, Erving. 1963. Behavior in Public Places. New York: Free Press.
  • Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gorter, Durk. 2006. “Introduction: The Study of the Linguistic Landscape as a New Approach to Multilingualism.” International Journal of Multilingualism 3 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668382.
  • Gow, William. 2010. “Christine Sterling and the Residents of China City – LA Chinatown Remembered.” Gum Saan Journal 32 (1). Accessed August, 4, 2020. https://lachinatown.chssc.org/neighborhoods/christine-sterling-and-the-residents-of-china-city/
  • Gow, William. 2018. “A Night in Old Chinatown.” Pacific Historical Review 87 (3): 439–472. https://doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.3.439.
  • Greenwood, Roberta S., and Margie Akin. 1996. Down by the Station: Los Angeles Chinatown, 1880–1933. Monumenta Archaeologica 18. Los Angeles.: Institute of Archaeology, University of California.
  • Gyory, Andrew. 1998. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Hall, Stuart., Jessie Evans, and Sean Nixon. (1997) 2013. Representation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. London: Arnold.
  • Heller, Monica. 2003. “Globalization, the New Economy, and the Commodification of Language and Identity.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7 (4): 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.x.
  • Heller, Monica. 2010. “The Commodification of Language.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104951.
  • Heller, Monica, and Alexandre Duchêne. 2012. “Pride and Profit: Changing Discourses of Language, Capital, and Nation-State.” In Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit, edited by Alexandre Duchêne, and Monica Heller, 1–21. New York: Routledge.
  • Heller, Monica, Joan Pujolar, and Alexandre Duchêne. 2014. “Linguistic Commodification in Tourism.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 18 (4): 539–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12082.
  • H. H. Thorp Mfg. Co. 1885. Catalogue and Price List of Type and Machinery Manufactured by the H. H. Thorp Mfg. Co. Cleveland Type Foundry.
  • Huntington Library. 2011. Views of Chinatown and Related Neighborhoods in Downtown Los Angeles. San Marino, California: The Huntington Library.
  • The Inland Printer. 1918. “The Advancement of Frank B. Berry.” The Inland Printer 1918 (62): 216.
  • Izadi, Dariush, and Vahid Parvaresh. 2016. “The Framing of the Linguistic Landscapes of Persian Shop Signs in Sydney.” Linguistic Landscape. An International Journal 2 (2): 182–205. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.2.04iza.
  • Jackson, William. 1879. “Design for a Font of Ornamental Printing-Types. United States Patent Office.” Design Patent 10: 977.
  • Jaffe, Alexandra. 2000. “Nonstandard Orthography and Nonstandard Speech.” special Issue of The Journal of Sociolinguistics 4 (4): 497–621.
  • Jaffe, Alexandra, Jannis Androutsopoulos, Mark Sebb, and Sally Johnson. 2012. Orthography as Social Action: Scripts, Spelling, Identity and Power, edited by Alexandra Jaffe, Jannis Androutsopoulos, Mark Sebb, and Sally Johnson. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Järlehed, Johan. 2015. “Ideological Framing of Vernacular Type Choices in the Galician and Basque Semiotic Landscape.” Social Semiotics 25 (2): 165–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2015.1010316.
  • Järlehed, Johan, and Adam Jaworski. 2015. “Typographic Landscaping: Creativity, Ideology, Movement.” A Special Issue of Social Semiotics 25 (2): 117–253.
  • Jaworski, Adam, and Crispin Thurlow. 2010a. “Introducing Semiotic Landscapes.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, edited by Adam Jaworski, and Crispin Thurlow, 1–40. London: Continuum.
  • Jaworski, Adam, and Crispin Thurlow. 2010b. Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, edited by Adam Jaworski, and Crispin Thurlow. London: Continuum.
  • Jaworski, Adam, and Simone. Yeung. 2010. “Life in the Garden of Eden: The Naming and Imagery of Residential Hong Kong.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni, 153–181. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Kallen, Jeffrey. 2010. “Changing Landscapes: Language, Space, and Policy in the Dublin Linguistic Landscape.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, edited by Adam Jaworski, and Crispin Thurlow, 41–58. Continuum.
  • Kasanga, Luanga A. 2012. “Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of a Commercial Neighbourhood in Central Phnom Penh.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33 (6): 553–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.683529.
  • Kress, Gunther R. and Theo van Leeuwen. 1996. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. Psychology Press.
  • Lau, Jenny Kwok Wah. 2013. “Marion E. Wong.” In Women Film Pioneers Project, edited by Jane Gaines, Radha Vatsal, and Monica Dall’Asta. New York, NY: Columbia University Libraries.
  • Leeman, Jennifer, and Gabriella Modan. 2009. “Commodified Language in Chinatown: A Contextualized Approach to Linguistic Landscape.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (3): 332–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00409.x.
  • Leeman, Jennifer, and Gabriella Modan. 2010. “Selling the City: Language, Ethnicity, and Commodified Space.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Eliezer, and Monica Barni, 182–198. Multilingual Matters.
  • Lew-Williams, Beth. 2018. The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America. Harvard University Press.
  • Li, Yu. 2019. Chop Suey Letterform Around the World. Google map. https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=16brUnpFTduKWgJBN75_WEozNp0nO-jT0&usp=sharing.
  • Lillis, Theresa, and Carolyn McKinney. 2013. “The Sociolinguistics of Writing in a Global Context: Objects, Lenses, Consequences.” Special Issue of Journal of Sociolinguistics 17 (4): 415–569.
  • Lyman, Stanford M. 1974. Chinese Americans. New York: Random House.
  • Magra, Iliana, and Christine Hauser. 2020. “Lululemon Fires Employee Over ‘Bat Fried Rice’ Shirt.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/business/lululemon-bat-fried-rice-shirt-coronavirus.html.
  • Mannur, Anita. 2005. “‘Peeking Ducks’ and ‘Food Pornographers’: Commodifying Culinary Chinese Americanness.” In Culture, Identity, Commodity: Diasporic Chinese Literatures in English, edited by Tseen Khoo, and Kam Louie, 19–38. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Martínez, Francia E. 2020. “Una Lectura Lingüística, Visual y Cultural del Paisaje de Ocho Ciudades de Colombia.” Hispanic Research Journal 21 (5): 545–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682737.2020.1903703.
  • Meletis, Dimitrios. 2023. “'Is Your Font Racist?' Metapragmatic Online Discourses on the use of Typographic Mimicry and its Appropriateness.” Social Semiotics 33 (5): 1046–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1989296.
  • Moriarty, Mairead. 2014. “Contesting Language Ideologies in the Linguistic Landscape of an Irish Tourist Town.” International Journal of Bilingualism 18 (5): 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484209.
  • Murphy, Keith M. 2017. “Fontroversy! Or, How to Care About the Shape of Language.” In Language and Materiality: Ethnographic and Theoretical Explorations, edited by Jillian R. Cavanaugh, and Shalini Shankar, 63–86. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nikolaou, Alexander. 2017. “Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Athens: The Case of Shop Signs.” International Journal of Multilingualism 14 (2): 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2016.1159209.
  • Oakland Tribune. 1916. “First Chinese Film Drama Written and Portrayed by Girl.” Oakland Tribune. (May 11, 1916)
  • Papen, Uta. 2012. “Commercial Discourses, Gentrification and Citizens’ Protest: The Linguistic Landscape of Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 16 (1): 56–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00518.x.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta. 2009. “Language Conflict in Post-Soviet Linguistic Landscapes.” Journal of Slavic Linguistics 17 (1/2): 247–274. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsl.0.0025.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta. 2017. “Russian-Friendly: How Russian Became a Commodity in Europe and Beyond.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20 (4): 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1115001.
  • Presutti, Stefano. 2022. “Spanish Tilde as a Visual Semiotic Marker of Pan-Hispanism.” Social Semiotics, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2022.2035653.
  • Quito, Anne. 2021. Karate, Wonton, Chow Fun: The End of ‘Chop Suey’ Fonts. CNN.
  • Railton, Ben. 2013. The Chinese Exclusion Act: What it Can Teach Us About America. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rasinger, Sebastian M. 2014. “Linguistic Landscapes in Southern Carinthia (Austria).” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (6): 580–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889142.
  • Reed, Brijit. 2019. “The Past, Present, and Future of LA’s Chinatown Communities.” Curiosity Magazine. July 24, 2019.
  • Rezaei, Szeed, and Maedeh Tadayyon. 2018. “Linguistic Landscape in the City of Isfahan in Iran: The Representation of Languages and Identities in Julfa.” Multilingua 37 (6): 701–720. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2017-0031.
  • Scollon, Ron, and Suzanne Wong Scollon. 2003. Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Seals, Corinne A. 2011. “Reinventing the Linguistic Landscape of a National Protest.” Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 21 (1): Article 1.
  • Shaw, Paul. 2008. “Stereotypes.” Print 62 (4): 109–110.
  • Shohamy, Elana, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni. 2010. Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Shohamy, Elana, and Durk Gorter. 2009. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, edited by Elana Shohamy, and Durk Gorter. New York: Routledge.
  • Siapera, Eugenia. 2010. Cultural Diversity and Global Media: The Mediation of Difference. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Soennichsen, John. 2011. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Spitzmüller, Jürgen. 2012. “Floating Ideologies: Metamorphoses of Fraphic ‘Germanness’.” In Orthography as Social Action: Scripts, Spelling, Identity and Power, edited by Alexandra Jaffe, Jannis Androutsopoulos, Mark Sebb, and Sally Johnson, 255–288. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Spitzmüller, Jürgen. 2015. “Graphic Variation and Graphic Ideologies: A Metapragmatic Approach.” Social Semiotics 25 (2): 126–141.
  • Sterling, Crystal. 1938. Statement on China City. In the Collection of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
  • Strasburg, J. 2012. “Abercrombie & Glitch: Asian Americans Rip Retailer for Stereotypes on T-Shirts.” SF Gate. January 30, 2012
  • Stroud, Christopher, and Sibonile Mpendukana. 2009. “Towards a Material Ethnography of Linguistic Landscape: Multilingualism, Mobility and Space in a South African Township.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (3): 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00410.x.
  • Tan, Peter K. W. 2011. “Mixed Signals: Names in the Linguistic Landscape Provided by Different Agencies in Singapore.” Onoma 46: 227–250.
  • Thompson, Bill. 2018. “Daughter of the Dragon.” In The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films, edited by Salvador Jiménez Murguía, 133–136. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Thorp, H. H. 1883. Printing Type Patent No. 14,150. July 31, 1883.
  • Vliegenthart, Rens, and Liesbet van Zoonen. 2011. “Power to the Frame: Bringing Sociology Back to Frame Analysis.” European Journal of Communication 26 (2): 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111404838.
  • Wang, Crystal. 2018. “Designing the Chinese American Brand.” Noteworthy – The Journal Blog. January 24, 2018.
  • Warde, Beatrice. [1932]1995. “The Crystal Goblet or Printing Should be Invisible.” In Typographers on Type, edited by Ruari McLean, 73–77. New York: Norton.
  • Willberg, Hans Peter, and Friedrich Forssman. 2010. Lesetypografie. 5th ed. Mainz: Hermann Schmidt.
  • Yang, Jeff. 2012. “Is Your Font Racist?” The Wall Street Journal. June 20, 2012

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.