Trumping foreign policy: public diplomacy, framing, and public opinion among middle power publics

References

• Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Brian F. Schaffner. 2014. “Does Survey Mode Still Matter? Findings from a 2010 Multi-Mode Comparison.” Political Analysis 22 (3): 285–303. doi:10.1093/pan/mpt025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardanaz, Martin, M. Victoria Murillo, and Pablo M. Pinto. 2013. “Sensitivity to Issue Framing on Trade Policy Preferences: Evidence from a Survey Experiment.” International Organization 67 (2): 411–437. doi:10.1017/S0020818313000076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, Reg, J. Michael Brick, Nancy A. Bates, Mike Battaglia, Mick P. Couper, Jill A. Dever, Krista J. Gile, and Roger Tourangeau. 2013. “Summary Report of the AAPOR Task Force on Non-Probability Sampling.” Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 1 (2): 90–143. doi:10.1093/jssam/smt008.
   Google Scholar
• Bizer, George Y, and Richard E Petty. 2005. “How We Conceptualize Our Attitudes Matters: The Effects of Valence Framing on the Resistance of Political Attitudes.” Political Psychology 26 (4): 553–568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00431.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, Alan, and Kim Richard Nossal. 2013. “A Conservative Foreign Policy? Canada and Australia Compared.” In Conservatism in Canada, edited by Farney James, and Rayside David, 139–164. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bow, Brian. 2009. The Politics of Linkage: Power, Interdependence, and Ideas in Canada-US Relations. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breton, Charles, Fred Cutler, Sarah Lachance, and Alex Mierke-Zatwarnicki. 2017. “Telephone Versus Online Survey Modes for Election Studies: Comparing Canadian Public Opinion and Vote Choice in the 2015 Federal Election.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 50 (4): 1005–1036. doi:10.1017/S0008423917000610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, Stephen. 2006. As Others See Us: The Causes and Consequences of Foreign Perceptions of America. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, Andrea, Yannick Dufresne, and Aaron Martin. 2016. “Wedge Politics: Mapping Voter Attitudes to Asylum Seekers Using Large-Scale Data During the Australian 2013 Federal Election Campaign.” Policy and Internet 8 (4): 478–498. doi:10.1002/poi3.128moo
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Linchiat, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2009. “National Surveys Via RDD Telephone Interviewing Versus the Internet: Comparing Sample Representativeness and Response Quality.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73 (4): 641–678. doi:10.1093/poq/nfp075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiozza, Giacomo. 2007. “Disaggregating Anti-Americanism: An Analysis of Individual Attitudes.” In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, and Robert O. Keohane, 93–126. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chiozza, Giacomo. 2009a. “A Crisis Like No Other? Anti-Americanism at the Time of the Iraq War.” European Journal of International Relations 15 (2): 257–289. doi:10.1177/1354066109103139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiozza, Giacomo. 2009b. Anti-Americanism and the American World Order. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments.” Journal of Communication 57 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Andrew F., Richard A. Higgott, and Kim Richard Nossal. 1993. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, Monti Narayan. 2014. Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dragojlovic, Nicolas Isak. 2011. “Priming and the Obama Effect on Public Evaluations of the United States.” Political Psychology 32 (6): 989–1006. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00849.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” The Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1041–1066. doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, James N., Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, and Arthur Lupia. 2006. “The Growth and Development of Experimental Research in Political Science.” American Political Science Review 100 (4): 627–635. doi: 10.1017/S0003055406062514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, James N., and Thomas J. Leeper. 2012. “Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (4): 875–896. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everts, Philip, and Pierangelo Isernia. 2015. Public Opinion, Transatlantic Relations and the Use of Force. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, John. 2008. Applied Regression Analysis and Generalized Linear Models. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Golan, Guy J., and Sung-Un Yang. 2013. “Diplomat in Chief? Assessing the Influence of Presidential Evaluations on Public Diplomacy Outcomes among Foreign Publics.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (9): 1277–1292. doi:10.1177/0002764213487735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, Benjamin E., and Yusaku Horiuchi. 2009. “Spinning the Globe? U.S. Public Diplomacy and Foreign Public Opinion.” The Journal of Politics 71 (3): 863–875. doi:10.1017/S0022381609090768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, Benjamin E., Yusaku Horiuchi, and Takashi Inoguchi. 2005. “American Foreign Policy and Global Opinion: Who Supported the War in Afghanistan?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (3): 408–429. doi:10.1177/0022002705276506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravelle, Timothy B. 2014a. “Love Thy Neighbo(u)r? Political Attitudes, Proximity and the Mutual Perceptions of the Canadian and American Publics.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 135–157. doi:10.1017/S0008423914000171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravelle, Timothy B. 2014b. “Partisanship, Border Proximity, and Canadian Attitudes Toward North American Integration.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 26 (4): 453–474. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edu006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravelle, Timothy B. 2017. “Partisanship, Local Context, Group Threat, and Canadian Attitudes Toward Immigration and Refugee Policy.” Migration Studies. doi:10.1093/migration/mnx058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravelle, Timothy B., and Erick Lachapelle. 2015. “Politics, Proximity and the Pipeline: Mapping Public Attitudes Toward Keystone XL.” Energy Policy 83: 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravelle, Timothy B., Thomas J. Scotto, Jason Reifler, and Harold D. Clarke. 2014. “Foreign Policy Beliefs and Support for Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party.” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 20 (2): 111–130. doi:10.1080/11926422.2014.936477.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Donald P., Shang E. Ha, and John G. Bullock. 2010. “Enough Already About ‘Black Box’ Experiments: Studying Mediation Is More Difficult Than Most Scholars Suppose.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628 (1): 200–208. doi:10.1177/0002716209351526.
   Google Scholar
• Guisinger, Alexandra. 2017. American Opinion on Trade: Preferences Without Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guisinger, Alexandra, and Elizabeth N. Saunders. 2017. “Mapping the Boundaries of Elite Cues: How Elites Shape Mass Opinion Across International Issues.” International Studies Quarterly 61 (2): 425–441. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, Jens, and Michael J. Hiscox. 2006. “Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade.” International Organization 60 (2): 469–498. doi:10.1017/S0020818306060140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiscox, Michael J. 2006. “Through a Glass and Darkly: Attitudes Toward International Trade and the Curious Effects of Issue Framing.” International Organization 60 (3): 755–780. doi:10.1017/S0020818306060255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai, Kosuke, Gary King, and Elizabeth A. Stuart. 2008. “Misunderstandings Between Experimantalists and Observationalists About Causal Inference.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 171 (2): 481–502. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00527.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, William G. 2000. “Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (4): 750–767. doi:10.2307/2669279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslyn, Mark R., and Donald P. Haider-Markel. 2006. “Should We Really ‘Kill’ the Messenger? Framing Physician-Assisted Suicide and the Role of Messengers.” Political Communication 23 (1): 85–103. doi:10.1080/10584600500477104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, Peter J., and Robert O. Keohane, eds. 2007. Anti-Americanisms in World Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, Peter J., Robert O. Keohane, Peter J. Katzenstein, and Robert O. Keohane, eds. 2007. “Varieties of Anti-Americanism: A Framework for Analysis.” In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, 9–38. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, Joshua D. 2016. Resolve in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krupnikov, Yanna, and Adam Seth Levine. 2014. “Cross-Sample Comparisons and External Validity.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 1 (1): 59–80. doi:10.1017/xps.2014.7.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklinski, James H., and Norman L. Hurley. 1994. “On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking.” Journal of Politics 56 (3): 729–751. doi: 10.2307/2132190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, Ziva. 1999. Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, Arend. 1971. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Review 65 (3): 682–693. doi: 10.2307/1955513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. Scott, and Jeremy Freese. 2014. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. 3rd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lupia, Arthur. 2002. “Who Can Persuade Whom?: Implications from the Nexus of Psychology and Rational Choice Theory.” In Thinking About Political Psychology, edited by James H. Kuklinski, 51–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield, Edward D., and Diana C. Mutz. 2009. “Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety.” International Organization 63 (3): 425–457. doi:10.1017/S002U8183lMMM
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, Ian. 2003. “Border Protection, the 2001 Australian Election and the Coalition Victory.” Australian Journal of Political Science 38 (3): 445–463. doi:10.1080/1036114032000133985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Charles. 2014. “Re-Examining the Australian Public’s Attitude to Military Casualties: Post-Heroic or Defeat-Phobic?” Australian Journal of International Affairs 68 (5): 515–530. doi:10.1080/10357718.2014.899309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Charles. 2015. “Public Support for ANZUS: Evidence of a Generational Shift?” Australian Journal of Political Science 50 (3). Taylor & Francis: 442–461. doi:10.1080/10361146.2015.1052370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Charles. 2016. “Free Riders in Spite of Themselves? Public Opinion, Elite Behavior, and Alliance Burden Sharing in Australia.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 28 (2): 196–216. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullinix, Kevin J., Thomas J. Leeper, James N. Druckman, and Jeremy Freese. 2015. “The Generalizability of Survey Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 2 (2): 109–138. doi:10.1017/XPS.2015.19.
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, Diana C. 2011. Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nanos, Nik, and Mitra Thompson. 2012. “Canadians See Energy As Important to Their Future Prosperity; Think Export Markets Should Be Diversified Beyond the US.” Policy Options 33 (2): 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, Thomas E., Zoe M. Oxley, and Rosalee A. Clawson. 1997. “Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects.” Political Behavior 19 (3): 221–246. doi:10.1023/A:1024834831093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye, Joseph S. 2008. “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1177/0002716207311699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patience, Allan. 2014. “Imagining Middle Powers.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 68 (2): 210–224. doi:10.1080/10357718.2013.840557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pornpitakpan, Chanthika. 2004. “The Persuasiveness of Source Credibility: A Critical Review of Five Decades’ Evidence.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (2): 243–281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00431.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poushter, Jacob. 2015. What Canada’s New Government Might Mean for U.S. Relations. Washington, DC. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/20/what-canadas-new-government-might-mean-for-u-s-relations/.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ravenhill, John. 1998. “Cycle of Middle Power Activism: Constraint and Choice in Australian and Canadian Foreign Policies.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 52 (3): 309–327. doi:10.1080/10357719808445259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravenhill, John. 2001. “Allies but Not Friends: The Economic Relationship.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 55 (2): 249–259. doi:10.1080/10357710120066939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokkan, Stein. 1966. “Comparative Cross-National Research: The Context of Current Efforts.” In Comparing Nations: The Use of Quantitative Data in Cross-National Research, edited by Richard L. Merritt, and Stein Rokkan, 3–26. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schatz, Edward, and Renan Levine. 2010. “Framing, Public Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism in Central Asia.” International Studies Quarterly 54 (3): 855–869. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00612.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotto, Thomas J., Jason Reifler, David Hudson, and Jennifer VanHeerde-Hudson. 2017. “We Spend How Much? Misperceptions, Innumeracy, and Support for the Foreign Aid in the United States and Great Britain.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 4 (2): 119–128. doi:10.1017/XPS.2017.6.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Eric R.A.N. 2002. Energy, the Environment, and Public Opinion. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson, Laura B., and Jean Crête. 2011. “Studying Political Behavior: A Comparison of Internet and Telephone Surveys.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 23 (1): 24–55. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tingley, Dustin. 2014. “Survey Research in International Political Economy: Motivations, Designs, Methods.” International Interactions 40 (3): 443–451. doi:10.1080/03050629.2014.900614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, Jacob Poushter, and Janell Fetterolf. 2017. U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump’s Leadership. Washington, DC. http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/.
   Google Scholar
• Yeager, David S., Jon A. Krosnick, Linchiat Chang, Harold S. Javitz, Matthew S. Levendusky, Alberto Simpser, and Rui Wang. 2011. “Comparing the Accuracy of RDD Telephone Surveys and Internet Surveys Conducted with Probability and Non-Probability Samples.” Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (4): 709–747. doi:10.1093/poq/nfr020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, John, and Stanley Feldman. 1992. “A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions Versus Revealing Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 36 (3): 579–616. doi:10.2307/2111583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar