References
- Alliance Française. (2019). Why engage? Alliance Française website. Retrieved from https://www.fondation-alliancefr.org/?cat=791
- American Association of University Professors. (2014). Report on partnerships with foreign governments: The case of Confucius Institutes. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/report/confucius-institutes
- BBC. (2015). Diaocha: Faguo Liang Kongzi Xuyuan guanbi de beihou [Investigation: Behind the closure of the Lyon Confucius Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2015/01/150126_congfuciousinstitute_france
- Belanger, L. (1999). Redefining cultural diplomacy: Cultural security and foreign policy in Canada. Political Psychology, 20(4), 677–699.
- British Council. (2019a). About British Council. British Council website. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.om/en/about
- British Council. (2019b). Our organisation. British Council website. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation
- British Council. (2019c). Take an exam. British Council website. Retrieved from https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/choose-ielts/what-ielts
- Chen, Y., & Yu, Z. (2016). Kongzi Xueyuan Hanyu jiaoshi duiwu fazhan xianzhuang ji cunzai de wenti [Problems and suggestions regarding teacher shortage of the Confucius Institutes]. Journal of World Education, 10. Retrieved from http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0624/07/12810717_570300790.shtml
- Chey, J. (2008). Chinese “soft power” – diplomacy and the Confucius Institute. Sydney Papers, 20(1), 32–46.
- China File. (2014). The debate over Confucius Institutes PART II. Retrieved from http://www.chinafile.com/conversation/debate-over-confucius-institutes-part-ii
- Confucius Institute. (2014). Annual development report. Retrieved from http://www.hanban.org/report/2014.pdf
- Cowan, G., & Arsenault, A. (2008). Moving from monologue to dialogue to collaboration: The three layers of public diplomacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 10–30.
- Cox, R. (1983). Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method. Millennium, 12(2), 162–175.
- Cummings, M. C. (2009). Cultural diplomacy and the United States government: A survey. Washington: Centre for Arts and Culture.
- Fiskesjö, M. (2015). Stockholm University terminating its Confucius Institute. Retrieved from http://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/discussions/56521/stockholm-university-terminating-its-confucius-institute
- Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge. Brighton: Harvester.
- Foucault, M. (1982). Subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), 777–795.
- Golden, D. (2011, 2 November). China says no talking Tibet as Confucius funds US universities. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-01/china-says-no-talking-tibet-as-confucius-funds-u-s-universities
- Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Eds.). New York: International Publications.
- Guo, X. (2008). Repackaging Confucius. Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy. Retrieved from http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2008_guo_repackaging-confucius.pdf
- Guttenplan, D. (2012, 4 March). Critics worry about influence of Chinese Institutes on US campuses. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/us/critics-worry-about-influence-of-chinese-institutes-on-us-campuses.html
- Ham, P. (2005). Power, public diplomacy and the Pax Americana. In J. Melissen (Ed.), New public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations (pp. 47–66). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hanban [Confucius Institute]. (2014). Confucius China Studies Program. Hanban website. Retrieved from http://english.hanban.org/node_43075.htm
- Hanban [Confucius Institute]. (2019a). About Confucius Institute/Classroom. Hanban website. Retrieved from http://www.hanban.org/confuciousinstitutes/node_10961.htm
- Hanban [Confucius Institute]. (2019b). Constitution and by-laws of the Confucius Institutes. Hanban website. Retrieved from http://english.hanban.org/node_7880.htm.
- Hartig, F. (2012). Confucius Institutes and the rise of China. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 17(1), 53–76.
- Hubbert, J. (2014, 5 May). The anthropology of Confucius Institutes. Society of East Asian Anthropology. Retrieved from http://www.aaanet.org/sections/seaa/2014/05/the-anthropology-of-confucius-institutes/
- Hughes, C. R. (2014). Confucius Institutes and the university: Distinguishing the political mission from the cultural. Issues & Studies, 50(4), 45–83.
- Huntington, S. P. (1998). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. London: Touchstone.
- Jacobs, A., & Yu, J. M. (2014, 2 October). Another US university severs ties to Confucius Institute. New York Times. Retrieved from http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/penn-state-severs-ties-to-confucius-institute/
- Kahn-Ackermann, M. (2014). Kongzi Xueyuan xuyao tingzhi kuozhang qu zhua zhiliang [Confucius Institute should shift focus from expansion to quality]. Retrieved from http://cul.qq.com/a/20141204/014701.htm
- Li, K., & Dai, Z. (2011). Evaluation of Confucius Institute’s media environment in the US. World Economy and Politics, 7, 76–93.
- Little, M. (2010). Confucius Institutes: Getting schooled by Beijing, Chinese regime uses academic institutes to expand its soft power. Retrieved from http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=27757
- Liu, C. (2010, 14 August). No need to fuss over Confucius Institutes. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-08/14/content_11152936.htm
- Liu, Y. (2014). Remarks at the first global “Confucius Institute Day”. Confucius Institutes Magazine, Special Issue, 35, 17–19. Retrieved from http://www.confucius-institute-magazine.com/revistas/english35/
- Louie, K. (2011). Confucius the chameleon: Dubious envoy for “Brand China”. Boundary 2, 38(1), 77–100.
- McClellan, M. (2004). Public diplomacy in the context of traditional diplomacy. Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/45.htm
- McCord, E. (2014, 27 March). Confucius Institutes: Hardly a threat to academic freedoms. The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/confucius-institutes-hardly-a-threat-to-academic-freedoms/
- Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), New public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations (pp. 3–28). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mosher, S. W. (2012). Confucius Institutes: Trojan horses with Chinese characteristics. Testimony presented to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, House Committee on Foreign Affairs presented March 28. Retrieved from http://pop.org/content/confucius-institutes-trojan-horses-chinese-characteristics
- Nye, J. (2005, 29 December). The rise of China’s soft power. Wall Street Journal Asia. Retrieved from http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/1499/rise_of_chinas_soft_power.html
- Pan, S.-Y. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China’s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Education and Development Studies, 2(1), 22–33.
- Paradise, J. (2009). China and international harmony: The role of Confucius Institutes in bolstering Beijing’s soft power. Asian Survey, 49(4), 647–669.
- Pennycook, A. (2013). The cultural politics of English as an international language. New York: Routledge.
- Qu, Y., Zhao, H., & Cheng, Y. (2012, 2 December). Confucius Institutes go beyond borders. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-12/02/content_15978436.htm
- Redden, E. (2012, 4 January). Confucius says… Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/01/04/debate-over-Chinese-funded-institutes-american-universities
- Redden, E. (2014, 24 July). Another Confucius Institute to close. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2014/10/01/another-confucius-institute-close
- Ren, Z. (2010, June). Confucius Institutes: China’s soft power? George Washington University, Rising Powers Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.risingpowersinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/policycommentary_jun2010_confuciusinstitute.pdf
- Ricking, C. (2012). Critics fear influence of Chinese state on Confucius Institute affiliates. Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/critics-fear-influence-of-chinese-state-on-confucius-institute-affiliates/a-15688977
- Sahlins, M. (2015). Confucius Institute: Academic malware. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
- Said, E. (1993). Culture and imperialism. New York: Random House.
- Shambaugh, D. (2013). China goes global: The partial power. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Starr, D. (2009). Chinese language education in Europe: The Confucius Institutes. European Journal of Education, 44(1), 65–82.
- Taylor, P. M. (1997). Global communications, international affairs and the media since 1945. London: Routledge.
- Xinhua. (2007, 10 April). Confucius Institute becomes the brightest brand of China’s soft power. Xinhua. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-04/10/content_5955253.htm
- Xinhua. (2013, 11 March). Confucius Institute will achieve a global distribution network covering nearly 500 major cities by 2020. Xinhua. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/2013lh/2013-03/11/c_114979560.htm
- Xinhua (2015, 29 January). Yuan Guiren: Gaoxiao laoshi bixu shouhao zhengzhi, falv, dade sandao dixian [Yuan Guiren: University teachers must abide by political, legal and moral bottom lines]. Xinhua. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/2015-01/29/c_1114183715.htm
- Xu, L. (2011). Report of the 2012 work and 2013 plan of the Confucius Institute Headquarters. Retrieved from http://www.hanban.org/report/2012.pdf
- Yang, J. (2011, 2 September). Promoting public diplomacy. China Daily. Retrieved from http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2011-09/02/content_13603197.htm
- Zaharna, R. S. (2014). China’s Confucius Institute: Understanding the relational structure and relational dynamics of network collaboration. In J. Wang (Ed.), Confucius Institutes and the globalization of China’s soft power (pp. 9–33). Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.
- Zhu, C. (2012). Zhongguo wenhua “zouchuqu” weihe kunnan chongchong? [Why is the “Going Global” of Chinese culture beset by difficulties?]. Zhongguo Wenhua Chanye Pinglun [Review of Chinese Cultural Industry], 2, 84–104.