References
- Aljunied, S. M. K. (2010). Ethnic resurgence, minority communities, and state policies in a network society: The dynamics of Malay identity formation in postcolonial Singapore. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 17(2–3), 304–326.
- Ang, A. (2017, 17 June). Confronting Chinese privilege in Singapore. Observer+. Retrieved from https://observer.news/singapore/confronting-chinese-privilege-singapore/
- Barr, M. D. (2006). Beyond technocracy: The culture of elite governance in Lee Hsien Loong’s Singapore. Asian Studies Review, 30(1), 1–18.
- Barr, M. D. (2013). Turning conservative Muslims into “good citizens”. In J. Camilleri & S. Schottmann (Eds.), Culture, religion and conflict in Muslim Southeast Asia (pp. 70–88). London & New York: Routledge.
- Barr, M. D. (2016). Ordinary Singapore: The decline of Singapore exceptionalism. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(1), 1–17.
- Barr, M. D., & Low, J. (2005). Assimilation as multiracialism: The case of Singapore’s Malays. Asian Ethnicity, 6(3), 161–182.
- Barr, M. D., & Skrbiš, Z. (2008). Constructing Singapore: Elitism, ethnicity and the nation-building project. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
- Bloodworth, J. (2016). The myth of meritocracy: Why working-class kids still get working-class jobs. London: Biteback.
- Bokhorst‐Heng, W. (1999). Singapore’s Speak Mandarin campaign: Language ideological debates and the imagining of the nation. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 235–265). Berlin: Mouton.
- Chan, L. M. (2008). Polytechnic education. In F. Birger, S. K. Lee, & C. B. Goh (Eds.), Toward a better future: Education and training for economic development in Singapore since 1965 (pp. 135–148). Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
- Chua, B. H. (1995). Communitarian ideology and democracy in Singapore. London & New York: Routledge.
- Clemente, J. A. R., Daganzo, M. A. A., Bernardo, A. B. I., & Pangan, C. A. C. (2016). Filipino adolescents’ conception of socioeconomic mobility: A consensual qualitative research. Child Indicators Research, 1–24.
- Crawford, N. C. (2004). Understanding discourse: A method of elite argument analysis. Qualitative Methods, Spring, 2(1), 22–25.
- Dierkes-Thrun, P. (2015, 4 March). Chinese privilege, gender and intersectionality in Singapore: A conversation between Adeline Koh and Sangeetha Thanapal. Boundary 2. Retrieved from http://www.boundary2.org/2015/03/chinese-privilege-gender-and-intersectionality-in-singapore-a-conversation-between-adeline-koh-and-sangeetha-thanapal/
- Frosh, P. (2012). Indifferent looks: Visual inattention and the composition of strangers. In G. Rose & D. P. Tolia-Kelly (Eds.), Visuality/materiality: Images, objects and practices (pp. 171–190). Surrey & Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.
- Gopinathan, S., Ho, W. K., & Saravanan, V. (2004). Ethnicity management and language education policy. In A. E. Lai (Ed.), Beyond rituals and riots (pp. 228–247). Singapore: Eastern University Press.
- Gramsci, A. (1973). Letters from prison. ( L. Lawner, Trans.). New York & London: Harper & Row.
- Hall, S. (1986). Gramsci’s relevance for the study of race and ethnicity. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 5–27.
- Hill, M., & Lian, K. F. (1995). The politics of nation building and citizenship in Singapore. London & New York: Routledge.
- Hirsch, M. (2015). Invitation to the sociology of international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hirschman, C. (1986). The making of race in colonial Malaya: Political economy and racial ideology. Sociological Forum, 1, 330–361.
- Hochschild, J. L. (1995). Facing up to the American Dream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Howarth, D. (2010). Power, discourse, and policy: Articulating a hegemony approach to Critical Policy Studies. Critical Policy Studies, 3(3–4), 309–335.
- Huxley, T. (2000). Defending the Lion City: The armed forces of Singapore. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
- Koh, A. (2005). Imagining the Singapore “nation” and “identity”: The role of the media and national education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 25(1), 75–91.
- Koh, A. (2014). Doing class analysis in Singapore’s elite education: Unravelling the smokescreen of “meritocratic” talk. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 12(2), 196–210.
- Kong, L., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2003). The politics of landscapes in Singapore: Constructions of “nation” (1st edition). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
- Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford & New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.
- Lay, B., & Lee, J. (2017, 28 May). Ah Boys To Men 4 audition accused of being racist, debate ensues, nation clearly divided. Mothership. Retrieved from https://mothership.sg/2017/05/ah-boys-to-men-4-audition-accused-of-being-racist-debate-ensues-nation-clearly-divided/
- Lee, H. L. (2013, August). Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s National Day Rally 2013 (English). Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/prime-minister-lee-hsien-loongs-national-day-rally-2013-english
- Lee, H. L. (2015, October). Transcript of Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the OnePeople.Sg’s Community Leaders’ Conference. The Grassroots Club. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/transcript-speech-prime-minister-lee-hsien-loong-onepeoplesgs-community-leaders
- Lee, H. L. (2016, November). Parliamentary Debate on the Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/pm-lee-hsien-loong-parliamentary-debate-constitution-amendment-bill
- Lee, K. Y. (2010, July). Speech by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew on the occasion of the opening of The Bhai Maharaj Singh Memorial. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/speech-minister-mentor-lee-kuan-yew-occasion-opening-bhai-maharaj-singh-memorial
- Lian, K. F. (2008). Is there a social policy in Singapore? In K. F. Lian & C. K. Tong (Eds.), Social policy in post-industrial Singapore (pp. 21–44). Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- Lim, L. (2016). Analysing meritocratic (in)equality in Singapore: Ideology, curriculum and reproduction. Critical Studies in Education, 57(2), 160–174.
- Lim, L. (2007). Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes, 26(4), 446–473.
- Littler, J. (2018). Against meritocracy: Culture, power and myths of mobility. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
- Mathews, M. (2016). Channel NewsAsia–Institute of Policy Studies (CNA–IPS) survey on race relations. Singapore: Institute of Policy Studies. Retrieved from http://lkyspp2.nus.edu.sg/ips/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/04/CNA-IPS-survey-on-race-relations_190816.pdf
- McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women’s studies. Retrieved from http://www.collegeart.org/pdf/diversity/white-privilege-and-male-privilege.pdf
- McIntosh, P. (1989). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Peace and Freedom Magazine, July/August, 10–12.
- Ministry of Finance. (2015). Income growth, inequality and mobility trends in Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.mof.gov.sg/Portals/0/Feature%20Articles/Income%20Growth,%20Distribution%20and%20Mobility%20Trends%20in%20Singapore.pdf
- Moore, Q. R. (2000). Multiracialism and meritocracy: Singapore’s approach to race and inequality. Review of Social Economy, 58(3), 339–360.
- Mutalib, H. (2012a). Singapore Malays: Being ethnic minority and Muslim in a global city-state. London & New York: Routledge.
- Mutalib, H. (2012b). Singapore’s ethnic relations’ scorecard. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(1), 31–55.
- Ng, I. Y. H. (2007). Intergenerational income mobility in Singapore. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy (Topics), 7(2), 1–33.
- Parekh, B. (2000). Rethinking multiculturalism: Cultural diversity and political theory. London: Macmillan.
- Parekh, B. (2006). Rethinking multiculturalism: Cultural diversity and political theory. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
- Parekh, B. (2008). A new politics of identity: Political principles for an interdependent world. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
- Programme for International Student Assessment. (2013). PISA 2012 results: Excellence through equity giving every student the chance to succeed. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-volume-II.pdf
- Rahim, L. Z. (2001). The Singapore dilemma: The political and educational marginality of the Malay community. United States: Oxford University Press.
- Rahim, L. Z. (2009). Singapore in the Malay world: Building and breaching regional bridges. New York: Routledge.
- Rahim, L. Z. (2012). Governing Muslims in Singapore’s secular authoritarian state. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 66(2), 169–185.
- Rubdy, R. (2001). Creative destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English movement. World Englishes, 20(3), 341–355.
- Sen, A. (2000). Merit and justice. In K. Arrow, S. Bowles, & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.), Meritocracy and economic inequality (pp. 5–16). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Singstat. (2015a). Monthly digest of statistics Singapore. Singapore: Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/monthly_digest/mdsapr15.pdf
- Singstat. (2015b). Yearbook of statistics. Retrieved from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2015/yos2015.pdf
- Stoljar, N. (2014). Tiptoe stance: Social scripts, psychological freedom, and autonomy. In M. A. L. Oshana (Ed.), Personal autonomy and social oppression: Philosophical perspectives (pp. 105–123). London: Routledge.
- Talib, N., & Fitzgerald, R. (2015). Inequality and meritocracy. Critical Discourse Studies, 12(4), 445–462.
- Tan, C. (2005). Change and continuity: Chinese language policy in Singapore. Language Policy, 5(1), 41–62.
- Tan, E. K. B. (2015). Keeping the faith: A study of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in ASEAN. Research Collection School of Law: Human Rights Resource Centre. Retrieved from http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/2385
- Tan, E. S. (2004). Does class matter?: Social stratification and orientations in Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific.
- Tan, K. P. (2008). Meritocracy and elitism in a global city: Ideological shifts in Singapore. International Political Science Review, 29(1), 7–27.
- Tan, K. P. (2012). The ideology of pragmatism: Neo-liberal globalisation and political authoritarianism in Singapore. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 42(1), 67–92.
- Tan, N. (2013). Manipulating electoral laws in Singapore. Electoral Studies, 32(4), 632–643.
- Tan, N. (2015). Why are gender reforms adopted in Singapore? Party pragmatism and electoral incentives. Pacific Affairs, 89(2), 369–393.
- Taylor, C. (1994). Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Teo, C. H. (2016a, November). Speech by DPM Teo Chee Hean at 2nd Reading of Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/speech-dpm-teo-chee-hean-2nd-reading-constitutional-republic-singapore-amendment-bill
- Teo, C. H. (2016b, July). DPM Teo Chee Hean at the 60th Anniversary of Dunman High School. Dunman High School. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/dpm-teo-chee-hean-60th-anniversary-dunman-high-school
- Vadaketh, S. T. (2017, 10 September). On Singapore’s presidential election. Musings from Singapore. Retrieved from https://sudhirtv.com/2017/09/10/on-singapores-presidential-election/
- Wee, L. (2003). Linguistic instrumentalism in Singapore. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 24(3), 211–224.
- Wee, L., & Bokhorst‐Heng, W. D. (2005). Language policy and nationalist ideology: Statal narratives in Singapore. Multilingua, 24, 159–183.
- World Economic Forum. (2017). Global gender gap report 2017 – Singapore. Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2017/dataexplorer/#economy=SGP
- Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Young, I. M. (2004). Responsibility and global labor justice. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(4), 365–388.
- Young, M. (1958). The rise of meritocracy: An essay on education and equality. Victoria: Penguin Books.
- Zannia, N. (2016, 9 August). Netizens outraged at the proposed amendments of elected presidency. The Online Citizen. Retrieved from https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/09/08/netizens-outraged-at-the-proposed-amendments-of-elected-presidency/