The challenge of measuring children’s attitudes toward wildlife in rural India

References

• Bettinger, T. L., Kuhar, C. W., Lehnhardt, K., Cox, D., & Cress, D. (2010). Discovering the unexpected: Lessons learned from evaluating conservation education programs in Africa. American Journal of Primatology, 72(5), 445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne-Nuñez, C., & Jonker, S. A. (2008). Attitudes toward wildlife and conservation across Africa: A review of survey research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13(1), 47–70.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. K. (2013). Coding indepth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carleton-Hug, A., & Hug, J. W. (2010). Challenges and opportunities for evaluating environmental education programs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(2), 159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., & Palmer, T. M. (2015). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances, 1(5), e1400253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, Y. T. Y., Chow, C. F., & So, W. W. M. (2018). A train-the-trainer design for green ambassadors in an environmental education programme on plastic waste recycling. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 27(1), 24–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, C. K., Kim, B. Y., & Stoltman, J. P. (2020). Animal identity and space as represented in South Korean geography textbooks. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard, J. A., & Cram, F. (2019). Culturally responsive approaches to evaluation: Empirical implications for theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. J Pers Soc Psychol, 78(3), 397–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettmann-Easler, D., & Pease, J. L. (1999). Evaluating the effectiveness of residential environmental education programs in fostering positive attitudes toward wildlife. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(1), 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, J. A., Monroe, M. C., & Simmons, B. (2012). Evaluating your environmental education programs: A workbook for practitioners. Washington, DC: North American Association for Environmental Education.
   Google Scholar
• Genc, M., Genc, T., & Rasgele, P. G. (2018). Effects of nature-based environmental education on the attitudes of 7th grade students towards the environment and living organisms and affective tendency. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 27(4), 326–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford, R., & Sussman, R. (2012). Environmental attitudes. In S. D. Clayton (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (p. 65–80). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giridhar, S. (2019). Ordinary people, extraordinary teachers: The heroes of real India. Chennai, India: Westland Publications Private Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, N. (2017). Putting oneself in the shoes of another: Issues of empathy and intercultural understanding in the Australian geography curriculum. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 26(4), 269–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8–21.
   Google Scholar
• IUCN (2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org. [accessed at 14 December 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S. K., & McDuff, M. D. (1997). Success factors and evaluation in conservation education programmes. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 6(3), 204–221.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., & Manoli, C. C. (2010). The 2-MEV scale in the United States: A measure of children's environmental attitudes based on the theory of ecological attitude. The Journal of Environmental Education, 42(2), 84–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn, B. R. P., Bjerke, T., & Nyahongo, J. (2006). Living with problem animals—Self-reported fear of potentially dangerous species in the Serengeti Region. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(6), 397–409.
   Google Scholar
• Karanth, K. K., Gopalaswamy, A. M., Prasad, P. K., & Dasgupta, S. (2013). Patterns of human–wildlife conflicts and compensation: Insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biological Conservation, 166, 175–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, K. K., & Kudalkar, S. (2017). History, location, and species matter: Insights for human–wildlife conflict mitigation from India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 22(4), 331–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, K. K., & Vanamamalai, A. (2020). Wild Seve: A novel conservation intervention to monitor and address human-wildlife conflict. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R. (1985). Attitudes toward animals: Age-related development among children. In Advances in animal welfare science (pp. 43–60). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhar, C. W., Bettinger, T. L., Lehnhardt, K., Townsend, S., & Cox, D. (2007). Into the forest: The evolution of a conservation education program at Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 6(2), 159–166.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, K. (1988). Origins of India's" textbook culture. Comparative Education Review, 32(4), 452–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, L. R., Green, G. T., & Castleberry, S. B. (2011). Construction and validation of an instrument to measure environmental orientations in a diverse group of children. Environment and Behavior, 43(1), 72–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, L. R., Szczytko, R., Bowers, E. P., Stephens, L. E., Stevenson, K. T., & Floyd, M. F. (2019). Outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature: Troubling trends among rural youth? Environment and Behavior, 51(8), 966–991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathison, S. (1988). Why triangulate? Educational Researcher, 17(2), 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• MECAP Measurement Tools (2019). Empathy towards animals: Pre/Post survey protocol and instruments. Measuring Empathy: A Collaborative Assessment Project. Retrieved from https://www.informalscience.org/measuring-empathy-collaborative-assessment-project.
   Google Scholar
• Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 179–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkov, M., Dutt, P., Schachner, M., Morales, O., Sanchez, C., Jandosova, J., … Mudd, B. (2017). A revision of Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24(3), 386–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooley, J. A., & O’Connor, M. (2000). Environmental education and attitudes: Emotions and beliefs are what is needed. Environment and Behavior, 32(5), 711–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Stern, M. J., Frensley, B. T., & Moore, D. (2019). Identifying and developing crosscutting environmental education outcomes for adolescents in the twenty-first century (EE21). Environmental Education Research, 25(9), 1281–1299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W. (2000). New environmental theories: Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 391–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In Schmuck, P., Schultz, W. P., & Milfont, T. L. (Eds.) Psychology of sustainable development. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Stoicovy, C. (2002). A case for culturally responsive pedagogy. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 11(1), 80–84.
   Google Scholar
• Swain, S.D., Weathers, D., & Niedrich, R. W. (2008). Assessing three sources of misresponse to reversed Likert items. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(1), 116–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syeed, E. (2018). Conflict between covers: Confronting official curriculum in Indian textbooks. Curriculum Inquiry, 48(5), 540–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, R. E., Teel, T., Bruyere, B., & Laurence, S. (2019). Metrics and outcomes of conservation education: A quarter century of lessons learned. Environmental Education Research, 25(2), 172–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Vijver, F., & Tanzer, N. K. (2004). Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(2), 119–135.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, G. B. (2004). Cognitive interviewing: A tool for improving questionnaire design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Young, A., Khalil, K. A., & Wharton, J. (2018). Empathy for animals: A review of the existing literature. Curator: The Museum Journal, 61(2), 327–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimbardo, P. G., & Leippe, M. R. (1991). The psychology of attitude change and social influence. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
   Google Scholar