References
Primary legal sources
- US Racketeer Influenced and Criminal Organizations (RICO) Act 1970 (Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1961–1968).
- New York Penal Code 1967 (NY).
Books, chapters and journal articles
- Giorgio Agamben (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Standford University Press.
- Giorgio Agamben (2005) The State of Exception, University of Chicago Press.
- Michael Asimow (1996) ‘When Lawyers Were Heroes’ 30 University of San Francisco Law Review 11.
- Jason Bainbridge (2006) ‘Lawyers, Justice and the State: The Sliding Signifier of Law in Popular Culture’ 15(1) Griffith Law Review 153–176. doi: 10.1080/10383441.2006.10854569
- Jason Bainbridge (2007) ‘“This Is the Authority. This Planet Is under Our Protection” – An Exegesis of Superheroes’ Interrogations of Law’ 3(3) Law, Culture and the Humanities 455–476. doi: 10.1177/1743872107081431
- Jason Bainbridge (2012) ‘Spider-Man, The Question and the Meta-Zone: Exception, Objectivism and the Comics of Steve Ditko’ 16 Law Text Culture 217.
- Jason Bainbridge (2015) ‘“The Call to Do Justice”: Superheroes, Sovereigns and the State During Wartime’ International Journal for the Semiotics of Law (published online). doi:10.1007/s11196-015-9424-y.
- Adam Barkman (2013) ‘Superman: From Anti-Christ to Christ-Type’ in Mark D White (ed) Superman and Philosophy: What Would the Man of Steel Do?, John Wiley & Sons.
- Charles K Bellinger (2009) ‘The Joker Is Satan, and So Are We: Girard and the Dark Knight’ 13(1) Journals of Religion and Film 5.
- Walter Benjamin (1986) ‘Critique of Violence’ in Peter Demetz (ed) Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, translated by Edmund Jephcott, Schoken Books.
- Benjamin L Berger (2008) ‘On the Book of Job, Justice and The Precariousness of the Criminal Law’ 4 Law Culture and the Humanities 98–118. doi: 10.1177/1743872107086147
- Joseph Campbell (1973) The Hero with a Thousand Faces (3rd ed), Princeton University Press.
- Hans-Christian Christiansen (2000) ‘Comics and Film: A Narrative Perspective’ in A Magnussen and HC Christiansen (eds) Comics & Culture: Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics, Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Norman Cohn (2001) Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith, Yale University Press.
- Robert M Cover (1986) ‘Violence and the Word’ 95 The Yale Law Journal 1601. doi: 10.2307/796468
- Jacques Derrida (1992) ‘Force of Law: The “Mystical Foundation of Authority”’ in Drucilla Cornell et al (eds) Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, Routledge.
- Peter Fitzpatrick (2001) Modernism and the Grounds of Law, Cambridge University Press.
- Vincent M Gaine (2011) ‘Genre and Super-Heroism: Batman in the New Millenium’ pp 111–128 in RJ Gray and B Kaklamanidou (eds) The 21st Century Superhero: Essays on Gender, Genre and Globalization in Film, McFarland & Company.
- Thomas Giddens (2015) ‘Navigating the Looking Glass: Severing the Lawyer's Head in Arkham Asylum’ 24(3) Griffith Law Review.
- Richard J Gray and Betty Kaklamanidou (eds) (2011) The 21st Century Superhero: Essays on Gender, Genre and Globalization in Film, McFarland & Company.
- Thomas Hobbes (1952) ‘Leviathan’ in Robert Maynard Hutchins (ed), Great Books of the Western World Volume 23: Machiavelli and Hobbes, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- John Ip (2011) ‘The Dark Knight's War on Terrorism’ 9(1) Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 209.
- Renee Jeffery (2008) Evil and International Relations: Human Suffering in an Age of Terror, Palgrave Macmillian.
- Vilja Johnson (2014) ‘“It's What You Do That Defines You”: Christopher Nolan's Batman as Moral Philosopher’ 47 The Journal of Popular Culture 952–967. doi: 10.1111/jpcu.12181
- Orit Kamir (2005) ‘Anatomy of Hollywood's Hero-Lawyer: A Law and Film Study of the Wes Honor-Based Values and Gender Politics Underlying Anatomy of a Murder’ 35 Studies in Law, Politics and Society 67–105. doi: 10.1016/S1059-4337(04)35003-9
- Orit Kamir (2009) ‘Michael Clayton: Hollywood's Contemporary Hero-Lawyer: Beyond ‘Outsider Within’ and ‘Insider Without'’ 42 Suffolk University Law Review 829.
- Immanuel Kant (1996) Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals in Practical Philosophy, translated and edited by Mary J Gregor, Cambridge University Press.
- Immanuel Kant (1998) Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and Other Writings, in Allen Wood and George di Giovanni, Cambridge University Press.
- Jacques Lacan (1989) ‘Kant with Sade’ 51 October 55.
- John Lawrence, and Robert Jewett (2002) The Myth of the American Superhero, William B Eerdman Publishing Co.
- William P MacNeil (2007) Lex Populi: The Jurisprudence of Popular Culture, Stanford University Press.
- William P MacNeil (2012) Novel Judgements: Legal Theory as Fiction, Routledge.
- Desmond Manderson (2011) ‘Trust Us Justice: 24, Popular Culture, and the Law’ in A Sarat (ed) Imagining Legality: Where Law Meets Popular Culture, The University of Alabama Press.
- Michael Marano (2008) ‘Ra's Al Ghul: Father Figure as Terrorist’ in D O'Neil (ed) Batman Unauthorised: Vigilantes, Jokers, and Heroes in Gotham City, BenBella Books.
- Todd McGowan (2009) ‘The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight’ Jump Cut 51, Spring 2009.
- Todd McGowan (2012) The Fictional Christopher Nolan, University of Texas Press.
- Mervi Miettinen (2011) ‘Representing the State of Exception: Power, Utopia, Visuality and Narrative in Superhero Comics’ in M Stocchetti and K Kukkonen (eds) Images in Use: Towards the Critical Analysis of Visual Communication, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- John Milbank (2003) Being Reconciled: Ontology and Pardon, Routledge.
- John Milbank (2010) ‘Paul Against Biopolitics’ in J Milbank, S Žižek and C Davis (eds) Paul's New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology, Brazos Press.
- Dale Mitchell (2015) ‘Paradoxes and Patriarchy: A Legal Reading of She-Hulk’ 24(3) Griffith Law Review.
- Christine Muller (2011) ‘Power, Choice and September 11 in The Dark Knight’ in Richard J Gray and Betty Kaklamanidou (eds) The 21st Century Superhero: Essays on Gender, Genre and Globalization in Film, McFarland & Company.
- Pramod K Nayar (2006) Reading Culture: Theory, Praxis, Politics, Sage.
- Michael Nichols (2011) ‘“I Think You and I Are Destined to Do This Forever”: A Reading of the Batman/Joker Comic and Film Tradition Through the Combat Myth’ 23(2) Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 236. doi: 10.3138/jrpc.23.2.236
- Adolph Nissen (1877) Das Iustitium: Eine Studie aus der romischen Rectsgeschichte, Gebhardt.
- Timothy D Peters (2007) ‘Unbalancing Justice: Overcoming the Limits of the Law in Batman Begins’ 16(1) Griffith Law Review 247. doi: 10.1080/10383441.2007.10854590
- Timothy D Peters (2012) ‘Comic Book Mythology: Shyamalan's Unbreakable and the Grounding of Good in Evil’ 16 Law Text Culture 243.
- Timothy D Peters (2014) ‘ Reading the Law Made Strange: A Theological Jurisprudence of Popular Culture’ PhD Thesis, Griffith Law School, Griffith University.
- Timothy D Peters (2016) ‘Reading the Law Made Strange: Cultural Legal Studies, Theology and Speculative Fiction’ in Cassandra Sharp and Marett Leiboff (eds) Cultural Legal Studies: Law's Popular Cultures and the Metamorphosis of Law, Routledge.
- Nickie D Phillips (2010) ‘The Dark Knight: Constructing Images of Good vs. Evil in an Age of Anxiety’ in M Deflem (ed) Popular Culture, Crime and Social Control (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance Volume 14), Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Dennis A Rendleman (2009) ‘Two Faces of Criminal Prosecution: Harvey Dent, Mike Nifong, Craig Watkin's' 9 The Journal of the Institute of Justice & International Studies 171.
- Richard Reynolds (1992) Super Heroes: Modern Mythology, University Press of Mississippi.
- Bradford W Reyns and Billy Henson (2010) ‘Superhero Justice: The Depiction of Crime and Justice in Modern-Age Comic Books and Graphic Novels’ 14 Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance 45. doi: 10.1108/S1521-6136(2010)0000014006
- C. K. Robertson (2005) ‘The True Übermensch: Batman as Humanistic Myth’ in BJ Oropeza (ed) The Gospel According to Superheroes: Religion and Popular Culture, Peter Lang.
- Ken Schenck (2005) ‘Superman: A Popular Culture Messiah’ in BJ Oropeza (ed) The Gospel According to Superheroes: Religion and Popular Culture, Peter Lang.
- Johannes Schlegel and Frank Habermann (2011) ‘“You Took My Advice about Theatricality a Bit … Litearlly”: Theatricality and Cybernetics of Good and Evil in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, Spider-Man, and X-Men’ in RJ Gray and B Kaklamanidou (eds) The 21st Century Superhero: Essays on Gender, Genre and Globalization in Film, McFarland & Company.
- Carl Schmitt (2005) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, The University of Chicago Press.
- Carl Schmitt (2014) Dictatorship, Polity Press.
- Cassandra Sharp (2011) ‘Religion and Justice: Atonement as an Element of Justice in Both Western Law and Christian Thought’ in R Mohr and N Hosen (eds) Law and Religion in Public Life: The Contemporary Debate, Routledge.
- Cassandra Sharp (2012) ‘“Riddle Me This … ?” Would the World Need Superheroes if the Law Could Actually Deliver “Justice”?’ 16 Law Text Culture 353.
- Anthony Peter Spanakos (2011) ‘Exceptional Recognition: The U.S. Global Dimension in The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man and Avatar’ in RJ Gray and B Kaklamanidou (eds) The 21st Century Superhero: Essays on Gender, Genre and Globalization in Film, McFarland & Company.
- Andrew E Taslitz (2004) ‘Daredevil and the Death Penalty’ 1 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 699.
- Shaun Trent (2009) ‘How America Learned to Stop Worrying and Cynically ENJOY! The Post-9/11 Superhero Zeitgeist’ 6(1) Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 103. doi: 10.1080/14791420802663728
- Scott Vollum and Cary D Adkinson (2003) ‘The Portrayal of Crime and Justice in the Comic Book Superhero Mythos’ 10(2) Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture 96.
- Slavoj Žižek (2010) Living in the End Times, Verso.
- Slavoj Žižek (2012a) ‘ The People's Republic of Gotham’, New Statesman, 24 August 2012.
- Alenka Zupančič (2000) Ethics of the Real: Kant, Lacan, Verso.
Films
- The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) directed by Marc Webb, Columbia Pictures.
- The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) directed by Marc Webb, Marvel Enterprises.
- Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) directed by Joss Whedon, Marvel Studios.
- Batman (1989) directed by Tim Burton, Warner Brothers Pictures.
- Batman Begins (2005) directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Brothers Pictures.
- Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (forthcoming) directed by Zack Snyder, DC Entertainment.
- Captain America (2011) directed by Joe Johnston, Paramount Pictures.
- Captain America: Winter Soldier (2014) directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, Marvel Entertainment.
- The Dark Knight (2008) directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Brothers Pictures.
- The Dark Knight Rises (2012) directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Brothers Pictures.
- Fort Apache (1948) directed by John Ford, Argosy Pictures.
- Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) directed by James Gunn, Marvel Studios.
- Iron Man 2 (2010) directed by Jon Favreau, Paramount Pictures.
- Iron Man 3 (2013) directed by Shane Black, Marvel Studios.
- Man of Steel (2013) directed by Zack Snyder, Warner Brothers Pictures.
- The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence (1962) directed by John Ford, Paramount Pictures.
- Marvel's The Avengers (2012) directed by Joss Whedon, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.
- Thor (2011) directed by Kenneth Branagh, Paramount Pictures.
- Thor: The Dark World (2013) directed by Alan Taylor, Marvel Studios.
Comic books and graphic novels
- Frank Miller, Klaus Janson and Lynn Varley (1986) The Dark Knight Returns, DC Comics.
- Alan Moore, Brian Bolland and Richard Starkings (1988) Batman: The Killing Joke, DC Comics.
Websites and blogs
- Cogitamus (2008) ‘The Dark Knight and international politics’.
- Slavoj Žižek (2012b) ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat in Gotham City’.
Newspaper and magazine articles
- Spencer Ackerman (2008) ‘ Batman's ‘Dark Knight’ Reflects Cheney Policy’, The Washington Independent, 21 July 2008.
- Joe Allen (2008) ‘ Batman's war on terror’, Counterpunch, 2 August 2008.
- Andrew Bolt (2008) ‘ Batman Bush true dark Knight’, Herald Sun, 30 July 2008.
- Richard Crouse (2009) ‘ Dark Knight has Reviewer Seeking New Words for Awesome’, CTV, 18 July 2009.
- Andrew Klavan (2008) ‘ What Bush and Batman Have in Common’, Wall Street Journal, 25 July 2008.
- NY Times Editorial Board (2008) ‘ Batman and the War on Terror’, The New York Times, 21 July 2008.
- Tyler O'Neil (2012) ‘ Dark Knight and Occupy Wall Street: The Humble Rise’, Hillsdale Natural Law Review, 21 July 2012.
- Christopher Orr (2008) ‘ Batman as Bush Ctd’, The New Republic, 17 July 2008.
- Matthew Yglesias (2008) ‘ Dark Knight Politics’, The Atlantic, 24 July 2008.
Songs, music and other media
- Tina Turner (1985) ‘We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)’ by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle, Mad Max: Beyond The Thunderdome, Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, Capitol Records.