Sources of Variability in Children's Drawings

REFERENCES

• Baer , J. ( 1994 ). Divergent thinking is not a general trait: A multidimensional training experiment . Creativity Research Journal , 7 , 35 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , P. R. , Guilford , J. P. , & Wilson , R. C. ( 1957 ). Relations of creative responses to working time and instructions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 53 , 82 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cropley , A. J. ( 1999 ). Creativity and cognition: Producing effective novelty . Roeper Review , 21 , 253 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , R. , & Armeli , S. ( 1997 ). Can salient reward increase creative performance without reducing intrinsic creative interest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 , 704 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , R. , Haskins , F. , & Gambleton , P. ( 1999 ). Promised reward and creativity: Effects of prior experience . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 , 308 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , D. H. , & Goldsmith , L. T. ( 1991 ). Nature's gambit: Child prodigies and the development of human nature. New York , NY : Teachers College, Columbia University .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , H. ( 1980 ). Artful scribbles: The significance of children's drawings . New York , NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Guilford , J. P. ( 1968 ). Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications . San Diego , CA : EDITS .
   Google Scholar
• Harrington , D. M. ( 1975 ). Effects of explicit instructions to be “creative” on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking tests . Journal of Personality , 43 , 434 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , J. , Goetz , E. M. , & Baer , D. M. ( 1977 ). The training of creativity as an operant and an examination of its generalization characteristics . In B. C. Etzel , J. M. LeBlanc & D. M. Bear (Eds.), New developments in behavioral research: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 441 – 471 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Korzenik , D. ( 1995 ). The changing concept of artistic giftedness . In C. Golomb (Ed.), The development of artistically gifted children (pp. 1 – 30 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Matlzman , I. ( 1960 ). On the training of originality . Psychological Record , 67 , 229 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Milbrath , C. ( 1998 ). Patterns of artistic development in children: Comparative studies of talent. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Rivers , L. ( 1987 , March 31 ). Improvisation and the creative process in jazz and the visual arts. Presentation given at Barnard College, Columbia University, NY .
   Google Scholar
• Runco , M. A. ( 1986 ). Flexibility and originality in children's divergent thinking . Journal of Psychology , 120 , 345 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runco , M. A. ( 1991 ). Divergent thinking . Norwood , NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Runco , M. A. ( 1999 ). Divergent thinking . In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (pp. 577 – 582 ). New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Runco , M. A. , & Okuda , S. M. ( 1991 ). The instructional enhancement of the flexibility and originality scores of divergent thinking tests . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 5 , 435 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runco , M. A. , Jilles , J. J. , & Reiter-Palmon , R. ( 2005 ). Explicit instructions to be creative and original: A comparison of strategies and criteria as targets with three types of divergent thinking tests . Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving , 15 , 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Scheerer , M. ( 1963 ). Problem-solving . Scientific American , 208 , 118 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 1999 ). Learned variability levels: Implications for creativity . Creativity Research Journal , 12 , 37 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2001a ). Variations on Guilford's creative abilities . Creativity Research Journal , 13 , 277 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2001b ). Variability, constraints, and creativity: Shedding light on Claude Monet . American Psychologist , 36 , 355 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2006 ). Creativity from constraints: The psychology of breakthrough . NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2009 ). Using constraints to create novelty: A case study . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts , 3 , 174 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2010 ). Using constraints to develop creativity in the classroom . In R. A. Beghetto & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing creativity in the classroom , (pp. 88 – 112 ). New York : NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. ( 2012 ). Creativity and operant research: Selection and reorganization of responses . In M. Runco (Ed.), Handbook of creativity research, Vol. 2 (pp. 147 – 171 ). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , P. D. , Holtz , D. , Massel , T. , Carlis , A. , & Eisenberg , J. ( 2008 ). Sources of variability in children's problem solving . International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving , 18 , 49 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Torrance , E. P. ( 1990 ). The Torrance tests of creative thinking: Norms-technical manual. Bensenville , IL : Scholastic Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , T. B. ( 1994 ). Structured imagination: The role of category structure in exemplar generation . Cognitive Psychology , 27 , 1 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willats , J. ( 2005 ). Making sense of children's drawings . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Winner , E. ( 1996 ). Gifted children: Myths and realities . New York , NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar