Changing Concepts of Neuroanatomy Teaching in Medical Education

REFERENCES

• Rifkin , B , Ackerman , M and Folkenberg , J . 2006 . Human anatomy: Depicting the body from the renaissance to today , London : Thames and Hudson .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , A. 1997 . The anatomical Renaissance: The resurrection of the anatomical projects of the Ancients , Suffolk, UK : Scolar .
   Google Scholar
• Mayr , E. 1982 . The growth of biological thought , Cambridge, MA : Belknap .
   Google Scholar
• Drake , R , McBride , J M , Lachman , N and Pawlina , W . 2009 . Medical education in the anatomical sciences: The winds of change continue to blow . Anatomical Sciences Education , 2 : 253 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateen , F and D’Eon , M . 2008 . Neuroanatomy: A single institution study of knowledge loss . Medical Teacher , 30 : 537 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crossman , A R and Neary , D . 1998 . Neuroanatomy: An illustrated colour text. , London : Churchill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Sierles , F . 2010 . The revolution is upon us . Academic Medicine , 85 : 799 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , B J , Jozefowicz , R , Kissela , B and Lewis , S L . May 2010 . Neurology education: Current and emerging concepts in residency and fellowship training . Neurologic Clinics , : 475 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irby , D , Cooke , M and O’Brien , B . 2010 . Calls for reform of medical education by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching: 1910 and 2010 . Academic Medicine , 85 : 220 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kligler , B , Maizes , V Schachter , S . 2004 . Core competencies in integrative medicine for medical school curricula: A proposal . Academic Medicine , 79 : 521 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , E , Mackey , M and Spear , S . 2004 . Medical education as a process management problem . Academic Medicine , 79 : 721 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousager , J and Johannessen , H . 2010 . Humanities in undergraduate education: A literature review . Academic Medicine , 85 : 988 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howick , WH. 1980 . Philosophies of education , 2nd ed. , Danville, IL : Interstate Printers .
   Google Scholar
• Genn , J M . 2001 . AMEE Medical Education Guide No. 23 (Part 1): Curriculum, environment, climate, quality and change in medical education—A unifying perspective . Medical Teacher , 23 : 337 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , D . 2003 . Applying educational theory in practice . British Medical Journal , 326 : 213 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colliver , J . 1999 . Constructivism with a dose of pragmatism: A cure for what ails educational research . Advances in Health Sciences Education , 4 : 187 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogalniceanu , P , Palman , J Madani , H . 2010 . Traditional undergraduate anatomy education—A contemporary taboo? . ANZ Journal of Surgery , 80 : 6 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Older , J . 2004 . Anatomy: A must for teaching the next generation . Surgeon , 2 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridsdale , L , Massey , R and Clark , L . 2007 . Preventing neurophobia in medical students, and so future doctors . Practical Neurology , 7 : 116 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jozefowicz , R . 1994 . Neurophobia: The fear of neurology among medical students . Archives of Neurology , 51 : 328 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schon , F , Hart , P and Fenandez , C . 2002 . Is clinical neurology really so difficult? . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 72 : 557 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan , E , Walsh , C and Tubridy , N . 2007 . “Neurophobia”—Attitudes of medical students and doctors in Ireland to neurological teaching . European Journal of Neurology , 14 : 1109 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinchuk , A , Flanagan , E , Tubridy , J , Miller , W and McCullough , L . 2010 . Attitudes of US medical trainees towards neurology education: “Neurophobia”—A global issue . BMC Medical Education , 10 : 49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterson , S W and Steward , I J . 2005 . Survey of clinicians’ attitudes to the anatomical teaching and knowledge of medical students . Clinical Anatomy , 18 : 380 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flexner , A . 1910 . Medical education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Bulletin No. 4 , Boston, MA : Updyke .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , J N . 2006 . Linking neuroscience theory to practice to help overcome student fear of neurology . Medical Teacher , 28 : 651 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , E and Seet , R . 2008 . Demystifying neurology: Preventing ‘neurophobia’ among medical students . Nature Clinical Practice Neurology , 4 : 462 – 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haines , D , Hutchins , J and Lynch , J . 2002 . Medical neurobiology: Do we teach neurobiology in a format that is relevant to the clinical setting? . The Anatomical Record , 269 : 99 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKeown , P P , Heylings , D J , Stevenson , M , McKelvey , K J , Nixon , J R and McCluskey , D R . 2003 . The impact of curricular change on medical students’ knowledge of anatomy . Medical Education , 37 : 954 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , L and King , M . 2007 . Assessment of medical student clinical competencies in the neurology clinic . Neurology , 6 : 597 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Krontiris-Litowitz , J . 2008 . Using truncated lectures, conceptual exercises, and manipulatives to improve learning in the neuroanatomy classroom . Advances in Physiology Education , 32 : 152 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svirko , E and Mellanby , J . 2008 . Attitudes to e-learning, learning style, and achievements in learning neuroanatomy by medical students . Medical Teacher , 30 : e219 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings-Gagliardi , S and Mazor , K . 2009 . Effects of review on medical students’ recall of different types of neuroanatomical content . Academic Medicine , 84 ( 10 Suppl ) : S34 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Harden , R M and Stamper , N . 1999 . What is a spiral curriculum? . Medical Teacher , 21 : 141 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , P D , Scherokman , B , Jozefowicz , M D and the American Academy of Neurology Undergraduate Education Subcommittee . 1999 . How much neurology should a medical student learn? A position statement of the AAN Undergraduate Education Subcommittee . Academic Medicine , 74 : 23 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel , G . 1977 . The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine . Science , 196 : 129 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , R , Waldstein , S Chesney , M . 2009 . The rebirth of neuroscience in psychosomatic medicine Part 1: Historical context, methods, and relevant basic science . Psychosomatic Medicine , 71 : 117 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , R and Potter , R . 2001 . Functional neuroanatomy of psychiatric disorders: A didactic course for residents . Academic Psychology , 25 : 148 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy , T and Hughes , J . 2006 . A neural systems-based neurobiology and neuropsychiatry course: Integrating biology, psychodynamics, and psychology in the psychiatric curriculum . Academic Psychiatry , 30 : 410 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downar , J , Krizova , A , Ghaffar , O and Zaretsky , A . 2010 . Neuroimaging week: A novel, engaging, and effective curriculum for teaching neuroimaging to junior psychiatric residents . Academic Psychiatry , 34 : 119 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , J , Stewart , J and Rieder , R . 2007 . Neurobiological formulations: Integrating clinical and biological psychiatry . Academic Psychiatry , 3 : 479 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Harden , R M , Crosby , J R and Davis , M H . 1999 . AMEE Guide No. 14: Outcome-based education: Part 1—An introduction to outcome-based education . Medical Teacher , 21 : 7 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , M , Irby , D and O’Brien , B . 2010 . Educating physicians: A call for reform of medical school and residency , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass–Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching .
   Google Scholar
• Hodges , B . 2010 . A tea-steeping or i-Doc model for medical education? . Academic Medicine , 85 : S34 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education . Nov- ember 7, 2010 . Common program requirements: General competencies Available at: http://www.acgme.org/outcome/comp/GeneralCompetenciesStandards21307.pdf. Accessed
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons CanMEDS . July 7, 2010 . Available at: http://rcpsc.medical.org/publications/roles_e.html. Accessed
   Google Scholar
• Elkind , M . 2005 . Dr. Strangelove, or how I learned to stop worrying and love the core competencies . Neurology , 64 : E3 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , K . 2002 . Thinking about learning: Implications for principle-based professional education . Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions , 22 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cribb , A and Bignold , S . 1999 . Towards the reflexive medical school: The hidden curriculum and medical education research . Studies in Higher Education , 24 : 195 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas , J and Shaffir , W . 1991 . Becoming doctors: The adoption of a cloak of competence , Greenwich, CT : JAI .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , J , Nnguyen , V Mourra , S . 2009 . Relationship of creative projects in anatomy to medical student professionalism, test performance and stress: An exploratory study . BMC Medical Education , 9 : 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geranmayeh , F and Ashkan , K . 2008 . Mind on canvas: Anatomy, signs, and neurosurgery in art . British Journal of Neurosurgery , 22 : 563 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz , W . 2006 . Using gross anatomy to teach and assess professionalism in the first year of medical school . Clinical Anatomy , 19 : 437 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman , N and Pawlina , W . 2006 . Integrating professionalism in early medical education: The theory and application of reflective practice in the anatomy curriculum . Clinical Anatomy , 19 : 456 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menken , M . 2002 . Demystifying neurology . British Medical Journal , 324 : 1469 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , M B . 2010 . An outsider's perspective on a provocative proposal: What would Flexner think? . Anatomical Sciences Education , 3 : 101 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar