Non-Heterosexual Medical Students Are Critically Vulnerable to Mental Health Risks: The Need to Account for Sexual Diversity in Wellness Initiatives

References

• Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, et al. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(21):2214–2236.,doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, et al. A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self-harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):70. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswalt SB, Wyatt TJ. Sexual orientation and differences in mental health, stress, and academic performance in a national sample of U.S. college students. J Homosex. 2011;58(9):1255–1280. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.605738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Derbyshire K, Schreiber LRN, Lust K, Christenson G. Mental health and clinical correlates in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer young adults. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(1):75–78. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.844697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagirmanjian FR, McDaniel AE, Shadick R. Sexual orientation and college students' reasons for nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(8):1011–1018. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1268631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantjes J, Lochner C, Saal W, et al. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of common mental disorders among first-year university students in post-apartheid South Africa: implications for a public mental health approach to student wellness. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):922–Published 2019 Jul 10. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7218-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. GINI Index (World Bank estimate). World Bank website. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI. Published 2020. Accessed June 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez-Restrepo C, de Santacruz C, Rodriguez MN, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015. Protocolo del estudio [Colombia 2015 National Mental Health Survey. Study protocol]. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2016;45 Suppl 1:2–8. doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2016.04.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO Collaborating Centre in Mental Health. WHO (Five) Well Being Index (1998 version). WHO Collaborating Centre in Mental Health website. 1998. https://www.psykiatri-regionh.dk/who-5/Documents/WHO5_Spanish.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Campo-Arias A, Miranda-Tapia GA, Cogollo Z, Herazo E. Reproducibility of the Well-Being Index (WHO-5 WBI) among adolescent students. Salud Uninorte. 2015;31(1):18–24. doi:10.14482/sun.31.1.5493.
   Google Scholar
• Simancas-Pallares M, Díaz-Cárdenas S, Barbosa-Gómez P, Buendía-Vergara M, Arévalo-Tovar L. Psychometric properties of the WHO-5 well-being index in partially edentulous patients. Rev Fac Med. 2016;64(4):701–705. doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v64n4.52235.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez CA, Briceño AM, Álvarez K, Abufhele M, Delgado I. Transcultural adaptation and validation of a satisfaction with life scale for Chilean adolescents. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2018;89(1):51–58. doi:10.4067/S0370-41062018000100051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabito-Alcón MF, Rodríguez-Molina JM. Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in people with gender dysphoria. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2016;44(2):47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias L, Herrera JA. El APGAR familiar en el cuidado primario de salud. Colombia Méd. 1994;25(1):26–28.
   Google Scholar
• Forero LM, Avendaño MC, Duarte ZJ, Campo-Arias A. Internal consistency and factorial analysis of family functioning APGAR scale in middle school students. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2006;35(1):23–29.
   Google Scholar
• Tejada PA, Jaramillo LE, Sánchez-Pedraza R, Sharma V. Revisión crítica sobre los instrumentos para la evaluación psiquiátrica en atención primaria. Rev Fac Med. 2014;62(1):101–110. doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v62n1.43759.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez DE, Cardozo AC, Ellmer D, Trujillo EM. Short report: cross sectional comparison of anxiety and depression symptoms in medical students and the general population in Colombia. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2020:1–6. doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1757130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. The diagnostic validity of the Athens Insomnia Scale. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(3):263–267. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00604-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenclares A, Jiménez-Genchi A. Estudio de validación de la traducción al español de la Escala Atenas de Insomnio. Salud Mental. 2005;28(5):34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Monterrosa A, Ulloque L, Carriazo S. Quality of sleep, insomnia, and academic performance in students of medicine. Rev Facul Ciencias Salud. 2014;11(2):58–97.
   Google Scholar
• Constaín GA, Ricardo Ramírez C, Rodríguez-Gázquez M. d L Á, et al. [Diagnostic validity and usefulness of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 for the assessment of eating disorders risk in a Colombian female population]. Aten Primaria. 2014;46(6):283–289. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2013.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constaín GA, Rodríguez-Gázquez M. d L Á, Ramírez Jiménez GA, et al. [Diagnostic validity and usefulness of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 for the assessment of eating disorders risk in a Colombian male population]. Aten Primaria. 2017;49(4):206–213. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2016.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: guidelines for use in primary health care/Thomas F. Babor … [et al.], 2nd ed. WHO website. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67205. Published 2001. Accessed June 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): manual for use in primary care/prepared by R. Humeniuk… [et al]. WHO website. https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/assist/en/. Published 2010. Accessed June 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Baams L, De Luca SM, Brownson C. Use of mental health services among college students by sexual orientation. LGBT Health. 2018;5(7):421–430. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar MS, Sontag-Padilla L, Ramchand R, Seelam R, Stein BD. Mental health service utilization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning or queer college students. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(3):294–301. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LE, Salway T, Tarasoff LA, MacKay JM, Hawkins BW, Fehr CP. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Res. 2018;55(4-5):435–456. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr DL, Ding K, Chaya J. Substance use of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual college students. Am J Health Behav. 2014;38(6):951–962. doi:10.5993/AJHB.38.6.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucassen MF, Stasiak K, Samra R, Frampton CM, Merry SN. Sexual minority youth and depressive symptoms or depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(8):774–787. doi:10.1177/0004867417713664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda-Mendizábal A, Castellví P, Parés-Badell O, et al. Sexual orientation and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;211(2):77–87. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.196345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapinski J, Sexton P. Still in the closet: the invisible minority in medical education. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14(1):171. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall WJ. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer youth: a systematic review. J Homosex. 2018;65(3):263–316. doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1317467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran TE, Chen CY, Tryon GS. Bully victimization, depression, and the role of protective factors among college LGBTQ students. J Community Psychol. 2018;46(7):871–884. doi:10.1002/jcop.21978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomicic A, Gálvez C, Quiroz C, et al. [Suicide in lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans populations: systematic review of a decade of research (2004-2014)]. Rev Med Chil. 2016;144(6):723–733. doi:10.4067/S0034-98872016000600006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broad J, Matheson M, Verrall F, et al. Discrimination, harassment and non-reporting in UK medical education. Med Educ. 2018;52(4):414–426. doi:10.1111/medu.13529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann E, Brown M. The inclusion of LGBT + health issues within undergraduate healthcare education and professional training programmes: a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;64:204–214. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.02.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie KF, Sawning S, Shaw MA, et al. Changes in medical student implicit attitudes following a health equity curricular intervention. Med Teach. 2018;40(4):372–378. doi:10.1080/0142159X.2017.1403014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar