Exploring the Factors that Influence Ethical Spanish Use among Medical Students and Solutions for Improvement

References

• Shin H. W. Language Use and English-Speaking Ability (US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2000), p. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Harlan LC, Bernstein AB, Kessler LG. Cervical cancer screening: who is not screened and why?Am J Public Health. 1991;81(7):885–890. doi:10.2105/ajph.81.7.885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greek AA, Kieckhefer GM, Kim H, Joesch JM, Baydar N. Family perceptions of the usual source of care among children with asthma by race/ethnicity, language, and family income. J Asthma. 2006;43(1):61–69. doi:10.1080/02770900500448639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasquillo O, Orav EJ, Brennan TA, Burstin HR. Impact of language barriers on patient satisfaction in an emergency department. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(2):82–87. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00293.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales LS, Cunningham WE, Brown JA, Liu H, Hays RD. Are Latinos less satisfied with communication by health care providers?J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(7):409–417. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.06198.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civil Rights Act. Vol. 42 U.S.C. §2000d, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Vela M, Fritz C, Jacobs EA. Establishing medical students’ cultural and linguistic competence for the care of Spanish-speaking limited English proficient patients. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016;3(3):484–488. doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0165-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols L. v., Vol. 414 U.S. 5631974.
   Google Scholar
• 65 Fed. Reg. 50121. August 16, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Chen AH, Youdelman MK, Brooks J. The legal framework for language access in healthcare settings: Title VI and beyond. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(Suppl 2):362–367. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0366-2.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs B, Ryan AM, Henrichs KS, Weiss BD. Medical interpreters in outpatient practice. Ann Fam Med. 2018;16(1):70–76. doi:10.1370/afm.2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond L, Izquierdo K, Canfield D, Matsoukas K, Gany F. A systematic review of the impact of patient-physician non-English language concordance on quality of care and outcomes. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(8):1591–1606. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04847-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Perez-Stable EJ, Gregorich SE, et al. Increased access to professional interpreters in the hospital improves informed consent for patients with limited English proficiency. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(8):863–870. doi:10.1007/s11606-017-3983-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond LC, Schenker Y, Curry L, Bradley EH, Fernandez A. Getting by: underuse of interpreters by resident physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(2):256–262. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0875-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenker Y, Perez-Stable EJ, Nickleach D, Karliner LS. Patterns of interpreter use for hospitalized patients with limited English proficiency. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(7):712–717. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1619-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ask Doctor Alice: Is the doctor in? Not if you don’t speak English. Asian Journal Publications; October 29–November 4, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Vanstone M, Grierson L. Medical student strategies for actively negotiating hierarchy in the clinical environment. Med Educ. 2019;53(10):1013–1024. doi:10.1111/medu.13945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monrouxe LV, Rees CE, Dennis I, Wells SE. Professionalism dilemmas, moral distress and the healthcare student: insights from two online UK-wide questionnaire studies. BMJ Open. 2015;5(5):e007518. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaufberg EH, Batalden M, Sands R, Bell SK. The hidden curriculum: what can we learn from third-year medical student narrative reflections?Acad Med. 2010;85(11):1709–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angoff NR, Duncan L, Roxas N, Hansen H. Power day: addressing the use and abuse of power in medical training. J Bioeth Inq. 2016;13(2):203–213. doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9714-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins LS, Braddock CH, III, Fryer-Edwards KA. Using the American Board of Internal Medicine’s "Elements of Professionalism" for undergraduate ethics education. Acad Med. 2002;77(6):523–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monrouxe LV, Rees CE. "It’s just a clash of cultures": emotional talk within medical students’ narratives of professionalism dilemmas. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2012;17(5):671–701. doi:10.1007/s10459-011-9342-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees CE, Monrouxe LV, McDonald LA. Narrative, emotion and action: analysing ‘most memorable’ professionalism dilemmas. Med Educ. 2013;47(1):80–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04302.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight LV, Rees CE. "Enough is enough, I don’t want any audience": exploring medical students’ explanations of consent-related behaviours. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2008;13(4):407–426. doi:10.1007/s10459-006-9051-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees CE, Monrouxe LV. Medical students learning intimate examinations without valid consent: a multicentre study. Med Educ. 2011;45(3):261–272. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03911.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpas PJ, Bagg W, Yielder J, Merry AF. Medical students, sensitive examinations and patient consent: a qualitative review. N Z Med J. 2018;131(1482):29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp M, Sadler J. Moral distress in medical student reflective writing. AJOB Empir Bioeth. 2019;10(1):70–78. doi:10.1080/23294515.2019.1570385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brainard AH, Brislen HC. Viewpoint: learning professionalism: a view from the trenches. Acad Med. 2007;82(11):1010–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vela MB, Fritz C, Press VG, Girotti J. Medical students’ experiences and perspectives on interpreting for LEP patients at two US medical schools. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016;3(2):245–249. doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0134-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini J, Mitchell C, Epstein-Peterson ZD, et al. Student and faculty reflections of the hidden curriculum. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2017;34(1):57–63. doi:10.1177/1049909115616359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempp H, Seale C. The hidden curriculum in ­undergraduate medical education: qualitative study of medical students’ perceptions of teaching. BMJ. 2004;329(7469):770–773. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7469.770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores G, Mendoza FS. Dolor aquí? Fiebre?: a little knowledge requires caution. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(7):638–640. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.7.638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morales R, Rodriguez L, Singh A, et al. National survey of medical Spanish curriculum in U.S. medical schools. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(10):1434–1439. doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3309-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learning objectives for medical student education–guidelines for medical schools: report I of the Medical School Objectives Project. Acad Med. 1999;74(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LCGME Accreditation Standards. https://www.iaomc.org/lcme.htm. Accessed 2021 April 30.
   Google Scholar
• Prince D, Nelson M. Teaching Spanish to emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(1):32–36. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03076.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker JD, Chen AH, Glass RI. Foreign language assessment and training in U.S. medical education is a must. Acad Med. 2012;87(3):257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Jones K, Regenstein M, Ramos C. Talking with Patients: How Hospitals Use Bilingual Clinicians and Staff to Care for Patients with Language Needs. Washington, DC: George Washington University; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond L, Chung S, Ferguson W, Gonzalez J, Jacobs EA, Gany F. Relationship between self-assessed and tested non-English-language proficiency among primary care providers. Med Care. 2014;52(5):435–438. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken G. Medical students as certified interpreters. AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(3):E232–238. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2019.232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortega P, Diamond L, Aleman MA, Medical Spanish Summit, et al. Medical Spanish standardization in U.S. medical schools: consensus statement from a multidisciplinary expert panel. Acad Med. 2020;95(1):22–31. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KC, Winickoff JP, Kim MK, et al. Resident physicians’ use of professional and nonprofessional interpreters: a national survey. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1050–1053. doi:10.1001/jama.296.9.1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh E. Not just "getting by": factors influencing providers’ choice of interpreters. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(1):75–82. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3066-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs EA, Sadowski LS, Rathouz PJ. The impact of an enhanced interpreter service intervention on hospital costs and patient satisfaction. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(Suppl 2):306–311. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0357-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karliner LS, Perez-Stable EJ, Gregorich SE. Convenient access to professional interpreters in the hospital decreases readmission rates and estimated hospital expenditures for patients with limited English proficiency. Med Care. 2017;55(3):199–206. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandl EJ, Schreiter S, Schouler-Ocak M. Are trained medical interpreters worth the cost? A review of the current literature on cost and cost-effectiveness. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020;22(1):175–181. doi:10.1007/s10903-019-00915-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm M, Hargraves JL, Ferguson WJ, Reed G. Professional language interpretation and inpatient length of stay and readmission rates. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1294–1299. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2041-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampers LC, McNulty JE. Professional interpreters and bilingual physicians in a pediatric emergency department: effect on resource utilization. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(11):1108–1113. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.11.1108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aujoulat I, Jacquemin P, Rietzschel E, et al. Factors associated with clinical inertia: an integrative review. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:141–147. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S59022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andres E, Wynia M, Regenstein M, Maul L. Should I call an interpreter?-How do physicians with second language skills decide?J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24(2):525–539. doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuriddin A, Mooney G, White AIR. Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10256):949–951. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32032-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagano T. Demographics of adult heritage language speakers in the United States: differences by region and language and their implications. Mod Lang J. 2015;99(4):771–792. doi:10.1111/modl.12272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuland DS, Frasier PY, Slatt LM, Aleman MA. A longitudinal medical Spanish program at one US medical school. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(7):1033–1037. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0598-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar