Media Multitasking in Medical Students: A Theory-Based Approach to Understanding this Behavior

References

• Guze PA. Using technology to meet the challenges of medical education. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2015;126:260–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demographics of Mobile Device Ownership and Adoption in the United States. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Technology. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas-Osorio M, Alvarez-Risco A. Intention to use smartphones among peruvian university students. Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol. 2019;13(03):40–52. doi:10.3991/ijim.v13i03.9356.
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, Wang Y, Tao D, Jiang L, Li S. Antecedents of smartphone multitasking: roles of demographics, personalities and motivations. INTR. 2021;31(4):1405–1443. doi:10.1108/INTR-09-2019-0388.
   Google Scholar
• Raza MY, Khan AN, Khan NA, Ali A, Bano S. Dark side of social media and academic performance of public sector schools students: Role of parental school support. J Public Affairs. 2020;20(3):e2058. doi:10.1002/pa.2058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Risco A, Del-Aguila-Arcentales S, Yáñez JA, Rosen MA, Mejia CR. Influence of technostress on academic performance of university medicine students in peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability. 2021;13(16):8949. doi:10.3390/su13168949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellur S, Nowak KL, Hull KS. Make it our time: In class multitaskers have lower academic performance. Comput. Hum Behav. 2015;53:63–70. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter SP, Greenberg K, Walker MS. The impact of computer usage on academic performance: evidence from a randomized trial at the United States Military Academy. Econ Educ Rev. 2017;56:118–132. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried CB. In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning. Comput. Educ. 2008;50(3):906–914. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass AL, Kang M. Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance. Educ. Psychol. 2019;39(3):395–408. doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1489046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace-Martin M, Gay G. Web browsing, mobile computing and academic performance. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 2001; 4(3):95–107.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen WC, Forste R. The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2011;14(5):275–280. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junco R. In-class multitasking and academic performance. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2012;28(6):2236–2243. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraushaar JM, Novak DC. Examining the affects of student multitasking with laptops during the lecture. J. Inform. Syst. Educ. 2010;21(2):241–251.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznekoff JH, Titsworth S. The impact of mobile phone usage on student learning. Commun. Educ. 2013;62(3):233–252. doi:10.1080/03634523.2013.767917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravizza SM, Hambrick DZ, Fenn KM. Non-academic internet use in the classroom is negatively related to classroom learning regardless of intellectual ability. Comput. Educ. 2014;78:109–114. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravizza SM, Uitvlugt MG, Fenn KM. Logged in and zoned out: how laptop internet use relates to classroom learning. Psychol Sci. 2017;28(2):171–180. doi:10.1177/0956797616677314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junco R, Cotten SR. Perceived academic effects of instant messaging use. Comput. Educ. 2011;56(2):370–378. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.08.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risko EF, Buchanan D, Medimorec S, Kingstone A. Everyday attention: Mind wandering and computer use during lectures. Comput. Educ. 2013;68:275–283. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei FYF, Wang YK, Klausner M. Rethinking college students’ self-regulation and sustained attention: does text messaging during class influence cognitive learning? Commun. Educ. 2012;61(3):185–204. doi:10.1080/03634523.2012.672755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui DC, Myerson J, Hale S. Note-taking with computers: exploring alternative strategies for improved recall. J. Educ. Psychol. 2013;105(2):299–309. doi:10.1037/a0030367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembrooke H, Gay G. The laptop and the lecture: the effects of multitasking in learning environments. J. Comput. High. Educ. 2003;15(1):46–64. doi:10.1007/BF02940852.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznekoff JH, Munz S, Titsworth S. Mobile phones in the classroom: examining the effects of texting, Twitter, and message content on student learning. Commun. Educ. 2015;64(3):344–365. doi:10.1080/03634523.2015.1038727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler H, Kang SHK, Ip RY. Does multitasking impair studying? depends on timing. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 2013;27(5):593–599. doi:10.1002/acp.2919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burak L. Multitasking in the university classroom. Int. J. Scholar Teach Learn. 2012;6(2):1–12. doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2012.060208.
   Google Scholar
• Sana F, Weston T, Cepeda NJ. Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers. Comput. Educ. 2013;62:24–31. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Risco A, Estrada-Merino A, Anderson-Seminario M, de l. M, et al. Multitasking behavior in online classrooms and academic performance: case of university students in Ecuador during COVID-19 outbreak. ITSE. 2021;18(3):422–434. doi:10.1108/ITSE-08-2020-0160.
   Google Scholar
• Jamet E, Gonthier C, Cojean S, Colliot T, Erhel S. Does multitasking in the classroom affect learning outcomes? A naturalistic study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020;106:106264. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welford AT. Single-channel operation in the brain. Acta Psychol (AMST). 1967;27:5–22. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90040-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophir E, Nass C, Wagner AD. Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(37):15583–15587. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903620106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler H, Johnston JC. Chronometric evidence for central postponement in temporally overlapping tasks. Quarter. J. Experim. Psychol. Sec A. 1989;41(1):19–45. doi:10.1080/14640748908402351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein JS, Meyer DE, Evans JE. Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2001;27(4):763–797. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruthruff E, Pashler HE, Klaassen A. Processing bottlenecks in dual-task performance: structural limitation or strategic postponement? Psychon Bull Rev. 2001;8(1):73–80. doi:10.3758/bf03196141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher EH, Seymour TL, Glass JM, et al. Virtually perfect time sharing in dual-task performance: uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(2):101–108. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens CD. Applied Attention Theory. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Routledge; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Finn AN, Ledbetter AM. Teacher power mediates the effects of technology policies on teacher credibility. Commun Educ. 2013;62(1):26–47. doi:10.1080/03634523.2012.725132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledbetter AM, Finn AN. Teacher technology policies and online communication apprehension as predictors of learner empowerment. Commun. Educ. 2013;62(3):301–317. doi:10.1080/03634523.2013.794386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• How Teens and Parents Navigate Screen Time and Device Distractions. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Technology. Published August 22, 2018. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/08/22/how-teens-and-parents-navigate-screen-time-and-device-distractions/.
   Google Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu DM, Strayer DL, Medeiros-Ward N, Watson JM. Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLOS One. 2013;8(1):e54402 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson JM, Strayer DL. Supertaskers: profiles in extraordinary multitasking ability. Psychon Bull Rev. 2010;17(4):479–485. doi:10.3758/PBR.17.4.479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kononova AG, Yuan S. Take a break: Examining college students’ media multitasking activities and motivations during study- or work-related tasks. J Mass Commun Educ. 2017;72(2):183–197. doi:10.1177/1077695816649474.
   Google Scholar
• Wood E, Zivcakova L, Gentile P, Archer K, De Pasquale D, Nosko A. Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning. Comput. Educ. 2012;58(1):365–374. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeykelis L, Cummings JJ, Reeves B. Multitasking on a single device: arousal and the frequency, anticipation, and prediction of switching between media content on a computer. J Commun. 2014;64(1):167–192. doi:10.1111/jcom.12070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy G, Gray K, Tse J. ‘Net Generation’ medical students: technological experiences of pre-clinical and clinical students. Med Teach. 2008;30(1):10–16. doi:10.1080/01421590701798737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeter C. The pitfalls of multitasking: a case study. MedEdPORTAL. 2016; 12(10354) doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10354.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman JA, Kononova A, Moldovan T, Cotten SR. A pilot study examining the effects of educational setting and stress on multitasking among medical students. Med Sci Educ. 2019;29(1):139–148. doi:10.1007/s40670-018-00648-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah AV, Mullens DJ, Van Duyn LJ, Januchowski RP. Multitasking behaviors of osteopathic medical students. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 2014;114(8):654–659. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods B, Byrne A, Bodger O. The effect of multitasking on the communication skill and clinical skills of medical students. BMC Med. Educ. 2018;18(1):76 doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1183-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans CH, Schneider E, Shostrom V, Schenarts PJ. Surgery interrupted”: The effect of multitasking on cognitive and technical tasks in medical students. Am. J. Surg. 2017;213(2):268–272. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.09.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaugset LM, Farrell S, Carney M, et al. Can you multitask? Evidence and limitations of task switching and multitasking in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68(2):189–195. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heng KW. Teaching and evaluating multitasking ability in emergency medicine residents - what is the best practice? Int J Emerg Med. 2014;7:41 doi:10.1186/s12245-014-0041-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. Hove: Psychology Press; 2010. xix, p. 518.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy M, Bleakley A, Fishbein M, et al. Differentiating between precursor and control variables when analyzing reasoned action theories. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(1):225–236. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9560-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger M, Polet J, Lintunen T. The reasoned action approach applied to health behavior: Role of past behavior and tests of some key moderators using meta-analytic structural equation modeling. Soc Sci Med. 2018; 213:85–94. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaala S. The nature and predictive value of mothers’ beliefs regarding infants’ and toddlers’ TV/video viewing: applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction. Media Psychol. 2014; 17(3):282–310. doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.872995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan C, Shen GQ, Choi S. Experiential and instrumental attitudes: Interaction effect of attitude and subjective norm on recycling intention. J. Environ. Psychol. 2017;50:69–79. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar