Tribological Performance of EP Lubricants with Phosphorus-Based Additives

REFERENCES

• Holmberg , K. , Andersson , P. and Erdemir , A. 2012 . Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Passenger Cars . Tribology International , 47 : 221 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartz , W. J. 1993 . Lubrication of Gearings , Michigan : Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bansal , V. , Dohhen , K. C. , Sarin , R. , Sarpal , A. S. and Bhatnagar , A. K. 2002 . Sulphur-Phosphous Components in Gear Oils: Part 1, Oxidation Stability Studies by 31P-NMR Spectroscopic Techniques . Tribology International , 35 ( 12 ) : 819 – 828 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mang , T. and Dresel , W. 2001 . Tribology of Gears: Lubricants and Lubrications , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mortier , R. M. and Orszulik , S. T. 1997 . Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, , 2nd ed. , New York : Blackie Academic and Professional .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , S. M. and Gates , R. S. 2005 . Boundary Lubrication Films: Formation and Lubrication Mechanism . Tribology International , 38 : 305 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uetz , H. , Khosrawi , M. A. and Fohl , J. 1984 . Mechanism of Reaction Layer Formation in Boundary Lubrication . Wear , 100 : 301 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajdas , C. K. 2005 . Importance of the Triboemission Process for Tribochemical Reaction . Tribology International , 38 : 337 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden , C. , Soto , C. and Spencer , N. D. 1997 . Adsorption and Surface Chemistry in Tribology . Tribology International , 30 ( 12 ) : 881 – 888 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minfray , C. , Martin , J. M. , Esnouf , C. , Mogne , T. L. , Kersting , R. and Hagenhoff , B. 2004 . A Multi-Technique Approach of Tribofilm Characterization . Thin Solid Films , 447–448 : 272 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , X. , Liu , W. , Qiao , Y. , Xue , Q. and Dang , H. 1993 . Industrial Gear Oil—A Study of the Interaction of Anti-Wear and Extreme-Pressure Additives . Tribology International , 26 ( 6 ) : 395 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komvopoulos , K. , Do , V. , Yamaguchi , E. S. , Yeh , S. W. and Ryason , P. R. 2003 . Effect of Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Containing Additives and Metal Deactivator on the Tribological Properties of Boundary Lubricated Steel Surfaces . Tribology Transactions , 46 ( 3 ) : 315 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komvopoulos , K. , Do , V. , Yamaguchi , E. S. , Yeh , S. W. and Ryason , P. R. 2004 . XPS Analysis of AW Tribofilms Produced on Boundary Lubricated Steel Surfaces from Sulfur and Phosphorus Containing Additives and Metal Deactivator Additive . Tribology Transactions , 47 ( 3 ) : 321 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komvopoulos , K. , Pernama , S. A. , Ma , J. , Yamaguchi , E. S. , Yeh , S. W. and Ryason , P. R. 2005 . Synergistic Effects of Boron-, Sulfur-, and Phosphorus-Containing Lubricants in Boundary Lubrication of Steel Surfaces . Tribology Transactions , 48 ( 2 ) : 218 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura , M. and Fujita , K. 1981 . Organic Sulfur and Phosphorus Compounds as Extreme-Pressure Additives . Wear , 72 ( 1 ) : 45 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R. D. , More , K. L. , Darragh , C. V. and Nixon , H. P. 2005 . Transmission Electron Microscopy of Boundary Lubricated Bearing Surfaces. Part 2: Mineral Oil Lubricant with Sulfur and Phosphorus Containing Gear Oil Additives . Tribology Transactions , 48 : 299 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R. D. , Nixon , H. P. , Darragh , C. V. , Howe , J. Y. and Coffey , D. W. 2007 . Effects of Extreme Pressure Additive Chemistry on Rolling Element Bearing Surface Durability . Tribology International , 40 : 1649 – 1654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , E. S. , Neustadter , E. L. , Silver , H. B. and Upsdell , N. T. 1971 . The Effect of Chemical Structure on the Load-Carrying Properties of Amine Phosphates . Wear , 18 ( 4 ) : 269 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami , I. , Hirao , K. , Memita , M. and Mori , S. 2007 . Investigation of Anti-Wear Additives for Low Viscous Synthetic Esters: Hydroxyalkyl Phosphonates . Tribology International , 40 ( 4 ) : 626 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami , I. , Kikuta , S. and Okabe , H. 1998 . Anti-Wear and Friction Reducing Additives Composed of Ortho-Phenylene Phosphate-Amine Salts for Polyether Type Base Stocks . Tribology International , 31 ( 6 ) : 305 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , T. , Uetz , H. , Fohl , J. and Khosrawi , M. A. 1982 . The Reaction Layer Formed on Steel by Additives Based on Sulfur and Phosphorus Compounds under Conditions of Boundary Lubrication . Wear , 77 : 139 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia , H. 1986 . A Study on the Anti-Wear Behavior of S-P-Type Gear Oil Additives in Four-Ball and Falex Machines . Wear , 112 ( 3–4 ) : 355 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue , Q. and Liu , W. 1994 . Tribochemistry and the Development of AW and EP Oil Additives—A Review . Lubrication Science , 7 : 81 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Najman , M. N. , Kasrai , M. , Bancroft , G. M. and Miller , A. 2002 . Study of the Chemistry of Films Generated from Phosphate Ester Additives on 52100 Steel Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy . Tribology Letters , 13 ( 3 ) : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riga , A. , Cahoon , J. and Pistillo , W. R. 2001 . Organophosphorus Chemistry Structure and Performance Relationships in FZG Gear Tests . Tribology Letters , 9 ( 3–4 ) : 219 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , A. , Eglin , M. , Piras , F. M. , Matsumoto , K. and Spencer , N. D. 2004 . Surface Analytical Studies of Surface-Additive Interactions, by Means of in Situ and Combinatorial Approaches . Wear , 256 ( 6 ) : 578 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , K. 2005 . Surface Chemical and Tribological Investigations of Phosphorus-Containing Lubricant Additives , Switzerland : Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. A. 1994 . Engineering Tribology , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zecchino , M. and Cohen , D. K. 2005 . Optical Profiling Quantifies Wear . Advanced Materials and Processes , : 32 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley , N. CasaXPS, Version 2.1.25. Available at: http://www.casaxps.com (accessed April 26, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Moulder , J. F. , Stickle , W. F. , Sobol , P. E. and Bomben , K. D. 1992 . Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy , Eden Prairie , MN : Perkin-Elmer Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , C. D. , Naumkin , A. V. , Kraut-Vass , A. , Allison , J. W. and Powell , C. J. Jr. 2003 . “ NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database. NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 3.4 ” . Available at: http://srdata.nist.gov/xps (accessed April 26, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , Y. and Hirano , F. 1980 . Effect of Different Phosphate Esters on Frictional Characteristics . Tribology International , 13 ( 4 ) : 165 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , Y. and Hirano , F. 1982 . The Effect of the Addition of Phosphate Esters to Paraffinic Base Oils on Their Lubricating Performance under Sliding Conditions . Wear , 78 ( 3 ) : 285 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar