References
- Adhikari D, Yang Y. 2015. Selective stabilization of aliphatic organic carbon by iron oxide. Sci Rep. 5(11214). doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11214.
- [APHA] American Public Health Association. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington (DC).
- Beutel M, Dent S, Reed B, Marshall P, Gebremariam S, Moore B, Cross B, Gantzer P, Shallenberger E. 2014. Effects of hypolimnetic oxygen addition on mercury bioaccumulation in Twin Lakes, Washington, USA. Sci Total Environ. 496:688–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.117.
- Beutel MW, Cox SE, Gebremariam S. 2016. Effects of chironomid density and dissolved oxygen on mercury efflux from profundal lake sediment. Lake Reservoir Manage. 32(2):158–167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2016.1143065.
- Beutel MW, Duvil R, Cubas FJ, Grizzard TJ. 2017. Effects of nitrate addition on water column methylmercury in Occoquan Reservoir, Virginia, USA. Water Res. 110:288–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.022.
- Beutel MW, Fuhrmann B, Herbon G, Chow A, Brower S, Pasek J. 2020. Cycling of methylmercury and other redox-sensitive compounds in the profundal zone of a hypereutrophic water supply reservoir. Hydrobiologia. 847(21):4425–4446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04192-3.
- Beutel MW, Horne AJ. 1999. A review of the effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation on lake and reservoir water quality. Lake Reservoir Manage. 15(4):285–297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149909354124.
- Bigham GN, Murray KJ, Masue-Slowey Y, Henry AE. 2017. Biogeochemical controls on methylmercury in soils and sediments: implications for site management. Integr Environ Assess Manage. 13(2):249–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1822.
- Bose-O’Reilly SK, McCarty M, Steckling N, Lettmeier B. 2010. Mercury exposure and children’s health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 40:186–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002.
- Bravo AG, Zopfi J, Buck M, Xu J, Bertilsson S, Schaefer JK, Poté J, Cosio C. 2018. Geobacteraceae are important members of mercury-methylating microbial communities of sediments impacted by waste water releases. ISME J. 12(3):802–812. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-017-0007-7.
- California Water Boards. 2013. Statewide mercury control program for reservoirs. Fact sheet for the statewide mercury program; [cited 5 July 2020]. Available from https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/mercury/reservoirs/docs/factsheet.pdf.
- Chen CY, Borsuk ME, Bugge DM, Hollweg T, Balcom PH, Ward DM, Mason RP. 2014. Benthic and pelagic pathways of methylmercury bioaccumulation in estuarine food webs of the Northeast United States. PLOS One. 9(2):e89305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089305.
- Colleran E, Finnegan S, Lens P. 1995. Anaerobic treatment of sulphate-containing waste streams. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 67(1):29–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872194.
- Dean JW. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. SEPM J Sediment Res. 44(1):242–248.
- Diao M, Sinnige R, Kalbitz K, Huisman J, Muyzer G. 2017. Succession of bacterial communities in a seasonally stratified lake with an anoxic and sulfidic hypolimnion. Front Microbiol. 14(8):2511. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02511.
- Díez EG, Loizeau J-L, Cosio C, Bouchet S, Adatte T, Amouroux D, Bravo AG. 2016. Role of settling particles on mercury methylation in the oxic water column of freshwater systems. Environ Sci Technol. 50(21):11672–11679. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03260.
- Duvil R, Beutel MW, Fuhrmann B, Seelos M. 2018. Effect of oxygen, nitrate and aluminum addition on methylmercury efflux from mine-impacted reservoir sediment. Water Res. 144:740–751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.071.
- Eckley CS, Gilmour CC, Janssen S, Luxton TP, Randall PM, Whalin L, Austin C. 2020. The assessment and remediation of mercury contaminated sites: a review of current approaches. Sci Total Environ. 707:136031. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136031.
- Eckley CS, Hintelmann H. 2006. Determination of mercury methylation potentials in the water column of lakes across Canada. Sci Total Environ. 368(1):111–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.042.
- Feyte S, Tessier A, Gobeil C, Cossa D. 2010. In situ adsorption of mercury, methylmercury and other elements by iron oxyhydroxides and organic matter in lake sediments. Appl Geochem. 25(7):984–995. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.005.
- Fleming EJ, Mack EE, Green PG, Nelson DC. 2006. Mercury methylation from unexpected sources: molybdate-inhibited freshwater sediments and an iron-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 72(1):457–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.1.457-464.2006.
- Flores RM. 2014. Origin of coal as gas source and reservoir rocks. Coal and coalbed gas. Waltham (MA): Elsevier Science. p. 97–165.
- Fuhrmann B, Beutel MW, O’Day PA, Tran C, Funk A, Brower S, Pasek J, Seelos M. 2021. Effects of mercury, organic carbon, and microbial inhibition on methylmercury cycling at the profundal sediment-water interface of a sulfate-rich hypereutrophic reservoir. Environ Pollut. 268(115853):115853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115853.
- Futsaeter G, Wilson S. 2013. The UNEP global mercury assessment: sources, emissions and transport. In: E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 1. p. 36001–36044. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130136001.
- Galang O, Faisst W, Rasmus J, Horne A, Hannoun I, Cohen A, Sayre J. 2014. Lake Hodges Reservoir water quality assessment study. San Diego (CA); [cited 5 July 2020]. Available from https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/lhr-water-quality-study.pdf.
- Gilmour CC, Riedel GS, Ederington MC, Bell JT, Gill GA, Stordal MC. 1998. Mercury methylation and sulfur cycling in the Northern Everglades. Biogeochemistry. 40(2–3):327–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005972708616.
- Gobeil C, Cossa D. 1993. Mercury in sediments and sediment pore water in the Laurentian Trough. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 50(8):1794–1800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-201.
- Guo F, Xu J, Fein JB, Huang Q, Rong X. 2020. Crystal Face-dependent methylmercury adsorption onto mackinawite (FeS) nanocrystals: a DFT-D3 study. Chem Eng J. 420(127594). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127594.
- Harvey HR, Tuttle JH, Bell JT. 1995. Kinetics of phytoplankton decay during simulated sedimentation: changes in biochemical composition and microbial activity under oxic and anoxic conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 59(16):3367–3377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00217-N.
- Hecky RE, Ramsey DJ, Bodaly RA, Strange NE. 1991. Increased methylmercury contamination in fish in newly formed freshwater reservoirs. In: Suzuki T, Imura N, Clarkson TW, editors. Advances in mercury toxicology. Boston (MA): Sprinker. p. 33–52.
- Herrin RT, Lathrop RC, Gorski PR, Andren AW. 1998. Hypolimnetic methylmercury and its uptake by plankton during fall destratification: a key entry point of mercury into lake food chains? Limnol Oceanogr. 43(7):1476–1486. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.7.1476.
- Hintelmann H, Harris R. 2004. Application of multiple stable mercury isotopes to determine the adsorption and desorption dynamics of Hg(II) and MeHg to sediments. Mar Chem. 90(1–4):165–173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.03.015.
- Hollweg T, Gilmour C, Mason R. 2009. Methylmercury production in sediments of Chesapeake Bay and the mid-Atlantic continental margin. Mar Chem. 114(3–4):86–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.04.004.
- Horne AJ. 2019. Hypolimnetic oxygenation 1: win–win solution for massive salmonid mortalities in a reservoir tailwater hatchery on the Mokelumne River, California. Lake Reservoir Manage. 35(3):308–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2019.1649770.
- Horne AJ, Beutel M. 2019. Hypolimnetic oxygenation 3: an engineered switch from eutrophic to a meso-/oligotrophic state in a California reservoir. Lake Reservoir Manage. 35(3):338–353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2019.1648613.
- Horne AJ, Goldman CR. 1994. Limnology. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill.
- Horvat M, Bloom NS, Liang L. 1993. Comparison of distillation with other current isolation methods for the determination of methyl mercury compounds in low level environmental samples. Part 1. Sediments. Anal Chim Acta. 282(1):153–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)80364-Q.
- Hylander LD, Meili M. 2003. 500 years of mercury production: global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions. Sci Total Environ. 304(1–3):13–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00553-3.
- Karimi R, Chen CY, Folt CL. 2016. Comparing nearshore benthic and pelagic prey as mercury sources to lake fish: the importance of prey quality and mercury content. Sci Total Environ. 565:211–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.162.
- Karimi R, Chen CY, Pickhardt PC, Fisher NS, Folt CL. 2007. Stoichiometric controls of mercury dilution by growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104(18):7477–7482. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611261104.
- Korthals ET, Winfrey MR. 1987. Seasonal and spatial variations in mercury methylation and demethylation in an oligotrophic lake. Appl Environ Microbiol. 53(10):2397–2404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.10.2397-2404.1987.
- Kronberg R, Schaefer JK, Björn E, Skyllberg U. 2018. Mechanisms of methyl mercury net degradation in alder swamps: the role of methanogens and abiotic processes. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 5(4):220–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00081.
- Lalonde K, Mucci A, Ouellet A, Gélinas Y. 2012. Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron. Nature. 483(7388):198–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10855.
- Marvin-Dipasquale MC, Lutz MA, Krabbenhoft DP, Aiken GR, Orem WH, Hall BD, Brigham ME. 2008. Total mercury, methylmercury, methylmercury production potential, and ancillary streambed-sediment and pore-water data for selected streams in Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida, 2003–2004. Reston (VA): National Water-Quality Assessment, USGS.
- Molongoski JJ, Klug MJ. 1980. Anaerobic metabolism of particulate organic matter in the sediments of a hypereutrophic lake. Freshwater Biol. 10(6):507–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1980.tb01225.x.
- Pak KR, Bartha R. 1998. Mercury methylation and demethylation in anoxic lake sediments and by strictly anaerobic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3):1013–1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.3.1013-1017.1998.
- Paranjape AR, Hall BD. 2017. Recent advances in the study of mercury methylation in aquatic systems. Facets. 2(1):85–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0027.
- Podar M, Gilmour CC, Brandt CC, Soren A, Brown SD, Crable BR, Palumbo AV, Somenahally AC, Elias DA. 2015. Global prevalence and distribution of genes and microorganisms involved in mercury methylation. Sci Adv. 1(9):e1500675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500675.
- Seelos M, Beutel M, Austin CA, Wilkinson E, Leal C. 2021. Effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation fish tissue mercury in reservoirs near the new Almaden Mining District, California, USA. Environ Pollut. 268:115759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115759.
- Skyllberg U. 2008. Competition among thiols and inorganic sulfides and polysulfides for Hg and MeHg in wetland soils and sediments under suboxic conditions: illumination of controversies and implications for MeHg net production. J Geophys Res. 113(G2):1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000745.
- Slotton DG, Reuter JE, Goldman CR. 1995. Mercury uptake patterns of biota in a seasonally anoxic Northern California reservoir. In: Porcella DB, Huckabee JW, Wheatley B, editors. Mercury as a global pollutant. Whistler (BC): Springer. p. 841–850.
- Ullrich SM, Tanton TW, Abdrashitova SA. 2001. Mercury in the aquatic environment: a review of factors affecting methylation. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 31(3):241–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/20016491089226.
- [USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Method 300.0: determination of inorganic anions in water by ion chromatography. Cincinnati (OH): USEPA.
- [USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Method 1630: methyl mercury in water by distillation, aqueous ethylation, purge and trap, and CVAFS. EPA-821-r-01-020. Washington (DC): USEPA.
- [USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Treatment technologies for mercury in soil, waste, and water. Washington (DC): Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation.
- Vlassopoulos D, Kanematsu M, Henry EA, Goin J, Leven A, Glaser D, O’Day PA. 2018. Manganese(iv) oxide amendments reduce methylmercury concentrations in sediment porewater. Environ Sci Process Impacts 20(12):1746–1760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c7em00583k.
- Wahid PA, Kamalam NV. 1993. Reductive dissolution of crystalline and amorphous Fe(III) oxides by microorganisms in submerged soil. Biol Fertil Soils. 15(2):144–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336433.
- Watras CJ. 2009. Mercury pollution in remote freshwaters. In: Likens, GE, editor. Encyclopedia of inland waters. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 100–109.
- Zhu W, Song Y, Adediran GA, Jiang T, Reis AT, Pereira E, Skyllberg U, Björn E. 2018. Mercury transformations in resuspended contaminated sediment controlled by redox conditions, chemical speciation and sources of organic matter. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 220:158–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.045.