Sewage Water: From Waste to Resource – A Review

References

• Al Omron, A. M., S. E. El-Maghraby, M. E. A. Nadeem, A. M. El-Eter, and H. Al-Mohani. 2012. Long term effect of irrigation with the treated sewage effluent on some soil properties of Al-Hassa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 11 (1):15–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2011.04.004.
   Google Scholar
• Al Yamani, W., S. Green, R. Pangilinan, S. Dixon, and B. Clothier. 2016. Sustainable irrigation of arid forests in Abu Dhabi using groundwater and treated sewage effluent. In Integrated nutrient and water management for sustainable farming, ed. L. D. Currie and R. Singh, Occasional Report No. 29, p. 12. Palmerston North: Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University.
   Google Scholar
• Alghobar, M. A., and S. Suresha. 2017. Evaluation of metal accumulation in soil and tomatoes irrigated with sewage water from Mysore city, Karnataka, India. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16 (1):49–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2015.02.002.
   Google Scholar
• Alikhasi, M., M. Kouchakzadeh, and E. Baniani. 2012. The effect of treated municipal wastewater irrigation in non-agricultural soil on cotton plant. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 14:1357–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambika, S. R., P. K. Ambika, and Govindaiah. 2010. Crop growth and soil properties affected by sewage water irrigation – A review. Agricultural Reviews 31:203–9.
   Google Scholar
• Angelakis, A. N., and S. A. Snyder. 2015. Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future. Water 7 (12):4887–95. doi: 10.3390/w7094887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar, S., M. F. Nawaz, S. Gul, M. Rizwan, S. Ali, and A. Kareem. 2016. Uptake and distribution of minerals and heavy metals in commonly grown leafy vegetable species irrigated with sewage water. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188 (9):541. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5560-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, R. S., and D. W. Westcot. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Azanu, D., C. Mortey, G. Darko, J. J. Weisser, B. Styrishave, and R. C. Abaidoo. 2016. Uptake of antibiotics from irrigation water by plants. Chemosphere 157:107–14. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkhair, K. S., and M. A. Ashraf. 2016. Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in a soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23 (1):S32–S44. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, E. A. A., E. E. Matsura, L. N. S. dos Santos, I. Z. Gonçalves, A. A. Nazário, and D. R. C. Feitosa. 2017. Water footprint of sugarcane irrigated with treated sewage and freshwater under sub-surface drip irrigation, in Southeast Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production 153:448–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardhan, G., D. Russo, D. Goldstein, and G. J. Levy. 2016. Changes in the hydraulic properties of a clay soil under long-term irrigation with treated wastewater. Geoderma 264:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadrecha, M. H., N. Khatri, and S. Tyagi. 2016. Rapid integrated water quality evaluation of Mahisagar river using benthic macroinvertebrates. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188 (4):254. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5256-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwer, H., and E. Idelovitch. 1987. Quality requirements for irrigation with sewage water. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 113 (4):516–35. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1987)113:4(516).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, C. 1995. Residual effects of long-term land application of domestic wastewater. Environment International 21 (3):333–9. doi: 10.1016/0160-4120(95)00021-C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charry N S, kamLa C T, Suman Raj D S, 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69: 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, A. C., G. Pan, A. L. Page, and T. Asano. 2002. Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed waster and sewage sludge applications in agriculture. Report prepared for WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Chary, N. S., C. T. Kamala, and D. S. S. Raj. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 69 (3):513–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courault, D., I. Albert, S. Perelle, A. Fraisse, P. Renault, A. Salemkour, and P. Amato. 2017. Assessment and risk modeling of airborne enteric viruses emitted from wastewater reused for irrigation. Science of the Total Environment 592:512–26. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CWQG. 2008. Water quality guidelines. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).
   Google Scholar
• Dodgen, L. K., J. Li, D. Parker, and J. J. Gan. 2013. Uptake and accumulation of four PPCP/EDCs in two leafy vegetables. Environmental Pollution 182:150–6. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hassanin, A. S., T. M. Labib, A. T. Dobal, and P., C. Potential. 1993. Zn and B contamination after different irrigation periods of sandy soils with sewage effluent. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 66:239–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. 1986. EPA Notification. GSR – General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants (on Land for Irrigation), Environmental Protection Rules, India, 176 (E).
   Google Scholar
• Friedel, J. K., T. Langer, C. Siebe, and K. Stahr. 2000. Effects of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31 (5):414–21. doi: 10.1007/s003749900188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka, R. S., and P. C. Loh. 1978. Recycling of water for irrigation: Persistence of enteroviruses in sewage effluent and natural waters receiving the effluent. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9 (2):213–26. doi: 10.1007/BF00280708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatta, G., A. Libutti, L. Beneduce, A. Gagliardi, G. Disciglio, A. Lonigro, and E. Tarantino. 2016. Reuse of treated municipal wastewater for globe artichoke irrigation: Assessment of effects on morpho-quantitative parameters and microbial safety of yield. Scientia Horticulturae 213:55–65. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatta, G., A. Libutti, A. Gagliardi, L. Beneduce, L. Brusetti, L. Borruso, G. Disciglio, and E. Tarantino. 2015. Treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation of tomato crop: Effects on qualitative/quantitative characteristics of production and microbiological properties of the soil. Agricultural Water Management 149:33–43. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves, I. Z., E. A. A. Barbosa, L. N. S. Santos, A. A. Nazário, D. R. C. Feitosa, N. F. Tuta, and E. E. Matsura. 2017. Water relations and productivity of sugarcane irrigated with domestic wastewater by subsurface drip. Agricultural Water Management 185:105–15. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.01.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros, M., M. Petrović, A. Ginebreda, and D. Barceló. 2010. Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environment International 36 (1):15–26. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A. P., R. P. Narwal, and R. S. Antil. 1998. Sewer water composition and its effect on soil properties. Bioresource Technology 65 (1–2):171–3. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00003-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanjra, M. A. 2000. Socio-economic and environmental effects of wastewater irrigation: State of the art, problem areas and policy alternatives. Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Henze, M., and Y. Comeau. 2008. Wastewater characterization. In Biological wastewater treatment: Principles, modelling and design, ed. M. Henze, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, G. A. Ekama, and D. Brdjanovic, 33–52. London: IWA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hignite, C., and D. L. Azarnoff. 1977. Drugs and drug metabolites as environmental contaminants: Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and salicylic acid in sewage water effluent. Life Sciences 20 (2):337–42. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90329-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, I., L. Raschid, M. A. Hanjra, F. Marikar, and W. van der Hoek. 2002. Wastewater use in agriculture: Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts. Working Paper No. 37, International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
   Google Scholar
• Imai, A., T. Fukushima, K. Matsushige, Y. H. Kim, and K. Choi. 2002. Characterization of dissolved organic matter in effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Water Research 36 (4):859–70. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00283-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IS Guideline QIW. 2009. Indian standard guidelines for quality of irrigation water. IS 11624-1986. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Jasim, S. Y., J. Saththasivam, K. Loganathan, O. O. Ogunbiyi, and S. Sarp. 2016. Reuse of treated sewage effluent (TSE) in Qatar. Journal of Water Process Engineering 11:174–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, H., H. Kim, and T. Jang. 2016. Irrigation water quality standards for indirect wastewater reuse in agriculture: A contribution toward sustainable wastewater reuse in South Korea. Water 8 (4):169–86. doi: 10.3390/w8040169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JWRP. 2011. Jordan: Standards, regulations and legislation for water reuse. Water resource policy support. Amman: Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, R., S. P. Wani, A. K. Singh, and K. Lal. 2012. Wastewater production, treatment and use in India. National report presented at the 2nd Regional Workshop on Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture, New Delhi, India, May 16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kawabata, K., K. Sugihara, S. Sanoh, S. Kitamura, and S. Ohta. 2013. Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 38 (2):215–23. doi: 10.2131/jts.38.215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, Z. I., K. Ahmad, I. Ashraf, S. Gondal, M. Sher, Z. Hayat, V. Laudadio, and V. Tufarelli. 2015. Bioconcentration of some macrominerals in soil, forage and buffalo hair continuum: A case study on pasture irrigated with sewage water. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 22 (3):249–55. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, Z. I., K. Ahmed, M. Ashraf, S. Yasmeen, A. Ashfaq, and M. Sher. 2016. Metal accumulation in a potential winter vegetable mustard (Brassica campestris L.) irrigated with different types of waters in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48 (2):535–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri, N., K. Raval, A. K. Jha, and D. Rawtani. 2020. Pollution indicators at stretches of the Mahisagar River in Gujarat India. Environmental Claims Journal 32 (4). doi: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1750803.
   Google Scholar
• Khatri, N., and S. Tyagi. 2015. Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science 8 (1):23–39. doi: 10.1080/21553769.2014.933716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri, N., S. Tyagi, and D. Rawtani. 2016. Assessment of drinking water quality and its health effects in rural areas of Harij Taluka, Patan District of Northern Gujarat. Environmental Claims Journal 28 (3):223–46. doi: 10.1080/10406026.2016.1190249.
   Google Scholar
• Khatri, N., S. Tyagi, and D. Rawtani. 2017. Recent strategies for the removal of iron from water: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering 19:291–304. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana, M. P. S., and P. Singh. 2012. Wastewater use in crop production: A review. Resources and Environment 2 (4):116–31. doi: 10.5923/j.re.20120204.01.
   Google Scholar
• Kumari, S. B., A. K. Kirubavathy, and R. Thirumalnesan. 2006. Suitability and water quality criteria of an open drainage municipal sewage water at Coimbatore, used for irrigation. Journal of Environmental Biology 27 (4):709–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., and J. Wen. 2016. Effects of water managements on transport of E. coli in soil-plant system for drip irrigation applying secondary sewage effluent. Agricultural Water Management 178:12–20. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, N., T. Tuhkanen, and L. Kronberg. 2005. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters. Water Research 39 (11):2219–28. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, S., J. Wang, and L. Pei. 2016. Study on the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on the content and distribution of heavy metals in soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (3):298. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13030298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magesan, G. N., J. C. Williamson, G. W. Yeates, and A. R. Lloyd-Jones. 2000. Wastewater C:N ratio effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and potential mechanisms for recovery. Bioresource Technology 71 (1):21–7. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00054-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mara, D., and S. Cairncross. 1989. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture: Measures for public health protection. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, W., Z. Wang, B. Hu, Z. Wang, H. Li, and R. C. Goodman. 2016. Heavy metals in soil and plants after long-term sewage irrigation at Tianjin China: A case study assessment. Agricultural Water Management 171:153–61. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS). 2000. Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Volume 1 – The guidelines. Canberra: Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council.
   Google Scholar
• Paliwal, K., K. S. T. K. Karunaichamy, and M. Ananthavalli. 1998. Effect of sewage water irrigation on growth performance, biomass and nutrient accumulation in Hardwickia binata under nursery conditions. Bioresource Technology 66 (2):105–11. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00044-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak, C., A. K. Chopra, V. Kumar, and S. Sharma. 2011. Effect of sewage-water irrigation on physico-chemical parameters with special reference to heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haridwar city. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3 (1):108–13. doi: 10.31018/jans.v3i1.166.
   Google Scholar
• Perttu, K. L., and Haworth Continuing Features Submission. 1994. Biomass production and nutrient removal from municipal wastes using willow vegetation filters. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 1 (3):57–70. doi: 10.1300/J091v01n03_05.
   Google Scholar
• Pescod, M. B. 1992. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 47, Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Pimparkar, M., S. Tyagi, N. Khatri, and D. Rawtani. 2016. Development of criticality index to assess water quality in major rivers of Gujarat. Environmental Claims Journal 28 (4):320–45. doi: 10.1080/10406026.2016.1230442.
   Google Scholar
• Qishlaqi, A., F. Moore, and G. Forghani. 2008. Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 141 (1–3):257–73. doi: 10.1007/s10661-007-9893-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radjenovic, J., M. Matosic, I. Mijatovic, M. Petrovic, and D. Barceló. 2008. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced wastewater treatment technology. In Emerging contaminants from industrial and municipal waste. The handbook of environmental chemistry, ed. D. Barceló and M. Petrovic, Vol. 5, 37–101. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rattan, R. K., S. P. Datta, P. K. Chhonkar, K. Suribabu, and A. K. Singh. 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—A case study. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 109 (3–4):310–22. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, M. L., and J. M. Bowron. 1985. The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 37 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb04922.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J., S. Masri, and M. Qadir. 2006. Nutrient monitoring of sewage water irrigation: Impacts for soil quality and crop nutrition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 37 (15–20):2513–21. doi: 10.1080/00103620600822960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq Butt, M., K. Sharif, B. Ehsan Bajwa, and A. Aziz. 2005. Hazardous effects of sewage water on the environment: Focus on heavy metals and chemical composition of soil and vegetables. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 16 (4):338–46. doi: 10.1108/14777830510601217.
   Google Scholar
• Salakinkop, S. R., and C. S. Hunshal. 2014. Domestic sewage irrigation on dynamics of nutrients and heavy metals in soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 3:64.
   Google Scholar
• Salgot, M., E. Huertas, S. Weber, W. Dott, and J. Hollender. 2006. Wastewater reuse and risk: Definition of key objectives. Desalination 187 (1–3):29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAWQG. 1996. South African water quality guidelines, volume 4: Agricultural water use: Irrigation. 2nd ed. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Scheierling, S. M., C. Bartone, D. D. Mara, and P. Drechsel. 2010. Improving wastewater use in agriculture: An emerging priority. Policy Research Working Paper No. 5412, Water Anchor Energy, Transport, and Water Department, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Segarra, E., M. R. Darwish, and D. E. Ethridge. 1996. Returns to municipalities from integrating crop production with wastewater disposal. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 17 (2):97–107. doi: 10.1016/0921-3449(96)01106-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuval, H. L. 1990. Wastewater irrigation in developing countries: Health effects and technical solutions. Summary of World Bank Technical Paper No. 51, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A., R. K. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and F. M. Marshall. 2010. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from wastewater irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology 51:375–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, K. P., D. Mohan, S. Sinha, and R. Dalwani. 2004. Impact assessment of treated/untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in the wastewater disposal area. Chemosphere 55 (2):227–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, P. K., P. B. Deshbhratar, and D. S. Ramteke. 2012. Effects of sewage wastewater irrigation on soil properties, crop yield and environment. Agricultural Water Management 103:100–4. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, S. A., S. Adham, A. M. Redding, F. S. Cannon, J. DeCarolis, J. Oppenheimer, E. C. Wert, and Y. Yoon. 2007. Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. Desalination 202 (1–3):156–81. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stackelberg, P. E., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, S. D. Zaugg, A. K. Henderson, and D. B. Reissman. 2004. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. USGS Staff - Published Research Paper No. 443. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/443
   Google Scholar
• Steele, M., and J. Odumeru. 2004. Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection 67 (12):2839–49. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.12.2839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumpf, M., T. A. Ternes, R. D. Wilken, S. V. Rodrigues, and W. Baumann. 1999. Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 225:135–41. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00339-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal, A. 2016. Rethinking the sustainability of Israel’s irrigation practices in the drylands. Water Research 90:387–94. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ternes, T. A. 1998. Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Research 32 (11):3245–60. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00099-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toze, S. 1997. Microbial pathogens in wastewater. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report No. 1/97. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://www.clw.csiro.au/.
   Google Scholar
• Toze, S. 2006. Reuse of effluent water — Benefits and risks. Agricultural Water Management 80 (1–3):147–59. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah, H., and I. Khan. 2015. Effects of sewage water irrigation of cabbage to soil geochemical properties and products safety in peri-urban Peshawar, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187:126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN-Water. 2015. Wastewater management – A UN-Water analytical brief. Geneva: UN-Water.
   Google Scholar
• Vergine, P., C. Salerno, A. Libutti, L. Beneduce, G. Gatta, G. Berardi, and A. Pollice. 2017. Closing the water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. Journal of Cleaner Production 164:587–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach, R., O. Ben-Arie, and E. R. Graber. 2005. Soil water repellency induced by long-term irrigation with treated sewage effluent. Journal of Environmental Quality 34 (5):1910–20. doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., L. K. Dodgen, J. L. Conkle, and J. Gan. 2015. Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products from recycled water and biosolids: A review. Science of the Total Environment 536:655–66. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., F. Ernst, J. L. Conkle, and J. Gan. 2013. Comparative uptake and translocation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) by common vegetables. Environment International 60:15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, R. K., B. Goyal, R. K. Sharma, S. K. Dubey, and P. S. Minhas. 2002. Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils, crops and ground water—A case study. Environment International 28 (6):481–6. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00070-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younis, A., A. Riaz, N. Mushtaq, Z. Tahir, and M. I. Siddique. 2015. Evaluation of the suitability of sewage and recycled water for irrigation of ornamental plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46 (1):62–79. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2014.956886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar