CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF SPECIATED ATMOSPHERIC CARBONACEOUS PARTICULATES AND THEIR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PASO DEL NORTE AIRSHED ALONG THE U.S.-MEXICO BORDER

REFERENCES

• Nuñez , F. , Vickers , D. and Emerson , P. . Solving Air Pollution Problems in Paso del Norte . Paper prepared for the Conference on Border Environment . Oct. 3–4 , El Paso, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Blackman , A. , Newbold , S. , Shih , J-S. and Cook , J. 2000 . “ The Benefits and Costs of Informal Sector Pollution Control: Mexican Brick Kilns ” . In Resources for the Future , Washington, D.C. : P. Street, NW . 20036, Discussion paper 00-46, 1616
   Google Scholar
• Blackman , A. and Palma , A. 2002 . “ Scrap tires in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso: Ranking the Risks ” . In Resources for the Future , 1616 Washington, D.C. : P. Street, NW . Discussion Paper 02-46
   Google Scholar
• Kittelson , D. B. 1998 . Engines and nanoparticles . Journal of Aerosol Science , 29 : 575 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron , E. 1999 . Environmental Health Issues along the United States–Mexico border: An Airshed in Evaluation . Tex. Med. , 95 : 58 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kyle , A. , Woodruff , T. , Buffler , P. and Davis , D. 2002 . Use of an Index to Reflect the Aggregate Burden of Long-Term Exposure to Criteria Air Pollutants in the United States . Environmental Health Perspectives , 110 : 95 – 102 . (supplement)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li , W-W. , Orquiz , R. , Garcia , J. H. , Espino , T. T. , Pingitore , N. E. , Gardea-Torresdey , J. , Chow , J. and Watson , J. G. 2001 . Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Dichotomous P M Air Samples in the El Paso-Cd. Juarez Air Quality Basin . Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association , 51 : 1551 – 1560 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noble , C. A. , Mukerjee , S. , Gonzales , M. , Rodes , C. E. , Lawless , P. A. , Natarajan , S. , Myers , E. A. , Norris , G. A. , Smith , L. , Ozkaynak , H. and Neas , L. M. 2003 . Continuous Measurements of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter, Criteria Pollutants and Meteorological Conditions in Urban El Paso, Texas . Atmospheric Environment , 37 : 827 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniswalis , J. G. , Parks , N. J. , Bader , J. O. and Maldonado , Y. M. 2005 . Temporal aAalysis of Airborne Particulate Matter Reveals a Dose-Rate Effect on Mortality in El Paso: Indications of Differential Toxicity for Different Particle Mixtures . Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association , 55 : 893 – 902 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arrieta , D. E. , Ontiveros , C. C. , Li , W-W. , Garcia , J. H. , Denison , M. S. , McDonald , J. D. , Burchiel , S. W. and Washburn , B. S. 2003 . Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Activity of Particulate Organic Matter from the Paso del Norte Airshed along the U.S.-Mexico Border . Environmental Health Perspectives , 111 : 1299 – 1305 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dallarosa , J. B. , Teixeira , E. C. , Pires , M. and Fachel , J. 2005 . Study of the Profile of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particles (PM10) Using Multivariate Methods . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 6587 – 6596 .
   Google Scholar
• Conde , F. J. , Ayala , J. H. , Afonso , A. M. and Gonzalez , V. 2005 . Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Combustion of Agricultural and Sylvicultural Debris . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 6654 – 6663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodovici , M. , Venturini , M. , Marini , E. , Grechi , D. and Dolara , P. 2003 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Air Levels in Florence, Italy, and Their Correlation with Other Air Pollutants . Chemosphere , 50 : 377 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffetta , P. , Josrenkova , N. and Gustavsson , P. 1997 . Cancer Risk from Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . Cancer Causes Control , 8 : 444 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , J. W. , Hieger , I. , Kennaway , E. L. and Mayneord , W. V. 1932 . Proceedings of the Royal Society BIII , : 455 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Thyssen , J. , Althoff , J. , Kimmerle , G. and Mohr , U. 1981 . Inhalation Studies with benzo [a]pyrene in Syrian Golden Hamsters . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 66 : 575 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch-Wenzel , R. P. , Brune , H. , Grimmer , G. , Dettbarn , G. and Misfeld , J. 1983 . Experimental Studies in Rat Lungs on Carcinogenicity and Dose-Response Relationships of Eight Frequently Occurring Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 71 : 539 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi , S. and Holgate , S. T. 1999 . Mechanisms of Particulate Matter Toxicity . Clinical and Experimental Allergy , 29 : 1187 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , H. A. , Cass , G. R. , Huntzicker , J. J. , Heyerdahl , E. K. and Race , J. A. 1986 . Characteristics of Atmospheric Organic and Elemental Carbon Particle Concentrations in Los Angeles . Environmental Science and Technology , 20 : 580 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , H. A. and Cass , G. R. 1998 . Source Contributions to Atmospheric Fine Carbon Particle Concentrations . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 3805 – 3825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katrinak , K. A. , Rez , P. and Buseck , P. R. 1992 . Structural Variations in Individual Carbonaceous Particles from an Urban Aerosol . Environmental Science and Technology , 26 : 1967 – 1976 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katrinak , K. A. , Anderson , J. R. and Buseck , P. R. 1995 . Individual Particle Types in the Aerosol of Phoenix, Arizona . Environmental Science and Technology , 29 : 321 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr , L. E. , Soto , K. F. , Garza , K. M. , Guerrero , P. A. , Martinez , F. , Esquivel , E. V. , Ramirez , D. A. , Shi , Y. , Bang , J. J. and Venzor , J. III . 2006 . Combustion-Generated Nanoparticles in the El Paso, TX, USA/Juarez, Mexico Metroplex: Their Comparative Characterization and Potential for Adverse Health Effects . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 3 : 48 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahl , A. , Gharibi , A. , Swietlicki , E. , Gudmundsson , A. , Bohgard , M. , Ljungman , A. , Blomquist , G. and Gustafsson , M. 2006 . Traffic-Generated Emissions of Ultrafine Particles from Pavement-Tire Interface . Atmospheric Environment , 71 : 1314 – 1323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr , L. E. and Bang , J. J. 2003 . Electron Microscope Comparisons of Fine and Ultra-Fine Carbonaceous and Non-Carbonaceous, Airborne Particulates . Atmospheric Environment , 37 : 4795 – 4806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr , L. E. , Bang , J. J. , Esquivel , E. V. , Guerrero , P. A. and Lopez , D. A. 2004 . Carbon Nanotubes, Nanocrystal Forms, and Complex Nanoparticle Aggregates in Common Fuel-Gas Combustion Sources and the Ambient Air . Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 6 : 241 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr , L. E. and Soto , K. F. 2005 . A TEM Study of Soot, Carbon Nanotubes, and Related Fullerene Nanopolyhedra in Common Fuel-Gas Combustion Sources . Materials Characterization , 55 : 50 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauderman , W. J. , Avol , E. , Gilliland , F. , Vora , H. , Duncan , T. and Berhane K., and others . 2004 . The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age . New England Journal Medicine , 351 : 1057 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. J. , Smorodinsky , S. , Lippsett , M. , Singer , B. C. , Hodgson , A. T. and Ostro , B. 2004 . Traffic-Related Air Pollution Near Busy Roads: The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study . American Journal Respiratory Critical Care Medicine , 170 : 520 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto , K. F. , Carrasco , A. , Powell , T. G. , Garza , K. M. and Murr , L. E. 2005 . Comparative In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of Some Manufactured Nanoparticulate Materials Characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy . Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 7 : 145 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen , K. L. , Larson , T. V. , Koenig , J. Q. , Mar , T. F. , Fields , C. , Stewart , J. and Lippman , M. 2005 . Associations between Health Effects and Particulate Matter and Black Carbon in Subjects with Respiratory Disease . Environmental Health Perspectives , 113 : 1741 – 1746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warheit , D. B. , Lawrence , B. R. , Reed , K. L. , Roach , D. H. , Reynolds , G. and Webb , T. R. 2004 . Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Some Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats . Toxicological Science , 77 : 117 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , C-W. , James , J. T. , McCluskey , R. and Hunter , R. L. 2004 . Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 days after Intratrachael Instillation . Toxicological Science , 77 : 126 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet , J. M. , Dominici , F. , Curriero , F. C. , Coursac , I. and Zeger , S. C. 2000 . Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20 U.S. Cities, 1987–1994 . New England Journal Medicine , 343 : 1742 – 1749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , N. , Sioutas , C. , Cho , A. , Schmitz , D. , Misra , C. , Sempf , J. , Wang , M. , Oberley , T. , Froines , J. and Nel , A. 2003 . Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage . Environmental Health Perspectives , 111 : 455 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imlay , J. A. and Linn , S. 1988 . DNA Damage and Oxygen Radical Toxicity . Science , 240 : 1302 – 1309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , H. , Guo , B. , Anastasio , C. and Kennedy , I. M. 2006 . Quantitative Measurements of the Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals by Soot Particles in a Surrogate Lung Fluid . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 1043 – 1052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang , J. J. , Trillo , E. A. and Murr , L. E. 2003 . Utilization of Selected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) Patterns for Characterization of Air Submicron Particulate Matter Collected by a Thermophoretic Precipitator . Journal of Air Waste & Management Association , 53 : 227 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr , L. E. , Brown , D. K. , Esquivel , E. V. , Ponda , T. D. , Martinez , F. and Virgen , A. 2005 . Carbon Nanotubes and Other Fullerenes Produced from Tire Powder Injected into an Electric Arc . Materials Characterization , 55 : 371 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Baltussen , E. , Cramers , C. A. and Sandra , P. 2002 . Sorptive Sample Preparation–Review . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry , 373 : 3 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicchi , C. , Iori , C. , Rubiolo , P. and Sandra , P. 2002 . Headspace Sorptive Extraction (HSSE), Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE), and Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Applied to the Analysis of Roasted Arabica Coffee and Coffee Brew . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 : 449 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clague , A. D. H. , Donnet , J. B. , Wang , T. K. and Peng , J. C. M. 1999 . A Comparison of Diesel Engine Soot with Carbon Black . Carbon , 37 : 1553 – 1565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocbach , A. , Johansen , B. V. , Schwarze , P. E. and Namork , E. 2005 . Analytical Electron Microscopy of Combustion Particles: A Comparison of Vehicle Exhaust and Residential Wood Smoke . Science of the Total Environment , 346 : 231 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skillas , G. , Kunzel , S. , Burtscher , H. , Baltensperger , U. and Siegman , K. 1998 . High Fractal-Like Dimension of Diesel Soot Aggregates . Journal of Aerosol Science , 29 : 411 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , K. , Kittelson , D. B. and McMurray , P. H. 2004 . Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass And Mobility . Aerosol Science and Technology , 38 : 881 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katrinak , K. A. , Rez , P. , Perkes , P. R. and Buseck , P. R. 1993 . Fractal Geometry of Carbonaceous Aggregates from an Urban Aerosol . Environmental Science and Technology , 27 : 539 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homann , K-H. 1998 . Fullerenes and Soot Formation—New Pathways to Large Particles in Flames . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 37 : 2434 – 2451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , D. S. , Müller , J-O. , Jentoft , R. E. , Rothe , D. , Jacob , E. and Schlögl , R. R. 2004 . Fullerene-Like Soot from Euro I V Diesel Engine: Consequences for Catalytic Automotive Pollution Control . Topics in Catalysis , 30/31 : 241 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieco , W. J. , Howard , J. B. , Rainey , L. C. and Vander Sande , J. B. 2000 . Fullerenic Carbon in Combustion-Generated Soot . Carbon , 38 : 597 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Wal , R. L. and Tomasek , A. J. 2004 . Soot Nanostructure: Dependence upon Synthesis Conditions . Combustion and Flame , 136 : 129 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon , W. C. and Nowak , P. C. 1992 . “ Nonplanarity and Aromaticity in Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons ” . In Advances in Theoretically Interesting Molecules , Edited by: Thummel , R. P. vol. 2 , JAI Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kis , V. K. , Posfai , M. and Labar , J. L. 2006 . Nanostructure of Atmospheric Soot Particles . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 5533 – 5542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramdahl , T. 1983 . Retene—A Molecular Marker of Wood Combustion in Ambient Air . Nature , 306 : 580 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. , Zielinska , B. , Watson , J. , Fujita , E. , Richards , E. Richards , L. 1998 . Northern Front Range Air Quality Study, Volume A: Ambient Measurements , Reno, NV/Santa Rosa, CA : Colorado State University and Sonoma Technology, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Khalili , N. R. , Scheff , P. A. and Holsen , T. M. 1995 . PAH Source Fingerprints for Coke Ovens, Diesel and Gasoline Engines, Highway Tunnels, and Wood Combustion Emissions . Atmospheric Environment , 29 : 532 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Duval , M. M. and Friedlander , S. K. 1981 . Source Resolution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles Atmosphere Application of a CMB with First-Order Decay , Washington, DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA600/2-81-161
   Google Scholar
• Levendis , Y. A. , Atal , A. , Carlson , J. , Dunayevskiy , Y. and Vouros , P. 1996 . Comparative Study on Combustion and Emissions of Waste Tire Crumb and Pulvarized Coal . Environmental Science and Technology , 30 : 2742 – 2754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. K. and Kamens , R. M. 1993 . The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources signatures in receptor modeling . Atmospheric Environment , 27 : 523 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masclet , P. , Mouvier , G. and Nikolaou , K. 1986 . Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Atmospheric Environment , 20 : 439 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , G. , Jacob , J. and Naujack , K. W. 1983 . Profile of the Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds from Crude Oils–Inventory by GC, GC/MS. PAH in Environmental Materials, Part 3 . Fresenius Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie , 316 : 29 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsapakis , M. , Lagoudaki , E. , Stephanou , E. G. , Kavouras , I. G. , Koutrakis , P. , Oyola , P. and Van Baer , D. 2002 . The Composition and Sources of PM2.5 Organic Aerosol in Two Urban Areas of Chile . Atmospheric Environment , 36 : 3851 – 3863 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , L. , King , L. and Adonis , M. 2000 . Trends in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels and Mutagenicity in Santiago's Inhalable Airborne Particles in the Period 1992–1996 . Inhalation Toxicology , 12 : 1185 – 1204 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clemons , J. H. , Allan , L. M. , Marvin , C. H. , Wu , Z. , McCarry , B. E. , Bryant , D. W. and Zacharewski , T. R. 1998 . Evidence of Estrogen and TCPP-Like Activities in Crude and Fractionated Extracts of PM10 Air Particulate Material Using In Vitro Gene Expression Assays . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 1853 – 1860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rosario Sienra , M. , Rosazza , N. G. and Prendez , M. 2005 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Molecular Diagnostic Ratios in Urban Atmospheric Particulate Matter . Atmospheric Research , 75 : 267 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumova , Y. Y. , Eisenreich , S. J. , Turpin , B. J. , Weisel , C. P. , Morandi , M. T. , Colome , S. D. , Totten , L. A. , Stock , T. H. , Winer , A. M. , Alimokhtari , S. , Kwon , J. , Shendell , D. , Jones , J. , Maberti , S. and Wall , S. J. 2002 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Indoor and Outdoor Air of Three Cities in the U.S. . Environmental Science and Technology , 36 : 2552 – 2559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , J. , Zhang , G. , Li , X. D. , Qi , S. H. , Liu , G. Q. and Peng , X. Z. 2006 . Source Seasonality of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Subtropical City, Guangzhou, China . Science of the Total Environment , 355 : 145 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindra , K. , Bencs , L. , Wauters , E. , De Hoog , J. , Deutsch , F. , Roekens , E. , Bleux , N. , Berghmans , P. and Van Grieken , R. 2006 . Seasonal and Site-Specific Variation in Vapour and Aerosol Phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their Relation with Anthropogenic activities . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 771 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , K. , Zhu , L. and Xing , B. 2006 . Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Carbon Nanomaterials . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 1855 – 1861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine , P. M. , Cass , G. R. and Simoneit , B. R.T. 1999 . Characterization of Fine Particle Emissions from Burning Church Candles . Environmental Science and Technology , 33 : 2352 – 2362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai , H. 1996 . Friction and Wear of Tire Tread Rubber . Tire Science Technology , 24 : 252 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Councell , T. B. , Duckenfield , K. U. , Landa , E. R. and Callender , E. 2004 . Tire Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment . Environmental Science and Technology , 38 : 4206 – 4214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veranth , J. M. , Moss , T. A. , Chow , J. C. , Labban , R. , Nichols , W. K. , Walton , J. C. , Watson , J. G. and Yost , G. S. 2006 . Correlation of In Vitro Cytokine Responses with the Chemical Composition of Soil-Derived Particulate Matter . Environmental Health Perspective , 114 : 341 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , M. 1996 . Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death . Trends in Biochemistry , 21 : 83 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson , K. and Stone , V. 2003 . Current Hypotheses on the Toxicity of Ultrafine Particles . Annuals of First Super Sanita , 39 : 405 – 410 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , P. W. and Leber , P. , eds. 1979 . Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Emmelot , P. and Kriek , E. 1979 . Environmental Carcinogenesis , Amsterdam : Elsevier/ North Holland Biomedical Press .
   Google Scholar
• Iball , J. 1932 . The Relative Potency of Carcinogenic Compounds . American Journal of Cancer , 35 : 188 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Herndon , W. C. 1974 . Quantum Theory of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Carcinogenesis . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry , : 123 – 134 . Quantum Biology Supplement No.1
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S-C. and Liao , C-M. 2006 . Health Risk Assessment on Humans Exposed to Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pollution Sources . Science of the Total Environment , 366 : 112 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon , W. C. , Chen , H-T. , Zhang , Y. and Rum , G. 2000 . “ QSAR Study of PAH Carcinogenic Activities: Test of a General Model for Molecular Similarity Analysis ” . In Molecular Modeling and Prediction of Bioactivity , Edited by: Gunderfotte and Jorgensen . New York : Kluwer Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Massolo , L. , Muller , A. , Tueros , M. , Rehwagen , M. , Franck , U. , Ronco , A. and Herbarth , O. 2002 . Assessment of Mutagenicity and Toxicity of Different-Size Fractions of Air Particulates from La Plata, Argentina and Leipzig, Germany . Environmental Toxicology , 17 : 219 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , J. F. , Brown , J. P. , Alexeeft , G. V. and Salman , A. G. 1998 . Potency Equivalency Factors for Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Derivatives . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 28 : 45 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon , W. C. 1974 . Theory of Carcinogenic Activity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons . Transactions of the New York Academy of Science , 36 : 200 – 217 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ando , M. , Katagiri , K. , Tamura , K. , Yamamoto , S. , Matsumoto , M. , Li , Y. F. , Cao , S. R. , Ji , R. D. and Liang , C. K. 1996 . Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in Tokyo and Beijing Supercities . Atmospheric Environment , 30 : 695 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. H. , Hoek , G. , van Reeuwijk , H. , Briggs , D. J. , Lebret , E. , van Wijnen , J. H. , Kingham , S. and Elliott , P. E. 2000 . Traffic-Related Difference in Outdoor and Indoor Concentrations of Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds in Amsterdam . Atmospheric Environment , 34 : 3713 – 3722 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , K. , Wagner , D. , Lighty , J. , Nuñez , M. Q. , Vasquez , F. A. , Collins , K. and Barud-Zubillaga , A. 2006 . Black Carbon and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Vehicles in the United States–Mexico Border Region: Pilot Study . Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association , 56 : 285 – 293 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Highwood , E. J. and Kinnersley , R. P. 2006 . When Smoke Gets in Our Eyes: The Multiple Impacts of Atmospheric Black Carbon on Climate, Air Quality and Health . Environment International , 32 : 560 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chameides , W. L. and Bergin , M. 2002 . Soot Takes Center Stage . Science , 297 : 2214 – 2215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2003 . Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter , Bonn, , Germany : Ozone, and Nitrogen Dioxide .
   Google Scholar
• Soto , K. F. , Garza , K. M. , Shi , Y. and Murr , L. E. Direct Contact Cytotoxicity Assays for Filter-Collected, Carbonaceous Nanoparticulate Material and Observations of Lung Cell Response to be published
   Google Scholar