143
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Latitudinal Transects and Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessments of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Terrestrial Soils of Pakistan and King George Island, Antarctica

ORCID Icon, , , , , , & show all
Pages 771-790 | Received 01 Jun 2019, Accepted 31 Mar 2020, Published online: 16 Apr 2020

References

  • D. H. Ogbuagu, C. G. Okoli, C. L. Gilbert, and S. Madu, “Determination of the Contamination of Groundwater Sources in Okrika Mainland with Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),” British Journal of Environment and Climate Change 1, no. 3 (2011): 90–102.
  • S. Pongpiachan, “Application of Cloud Point Extraction for the Determination of Pyrene in Natural Water,” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 40, no. 2 (2009): 392–400.
  • S. Pongpiachan, “Application of Binary Diagnostic Ratios of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Identification of Tsunami 2004 Backwash Sediments in Khao Lak, Thailand,” The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14.
  • S. Pongpiachan, D. Tipmanee, W. Deelaman, J. Muprasit, P. Feldens, and K. Schwarzer, “Risk Assessment of the Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coastal Areas of Thailand Affected by the 2004 Tsunami,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 76, no. 1–2 (2013): 370–8.
  • S. Pongpiachan, M. Hattayanone, O. Suttinun, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, P. Hirunyatrakul, and J. Cao, “Assessing Human Exposure to PM10-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Fireworks Displays,” Atmospheric Pollution Research 8, no. 5 (2017): 816–27.
  • S. Pongpiachan, M. Hattayanone, and J. Cao, “Effect of Agricultural Waste Burning Season on PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Northern Thailand,” Atmospheric Pollution Research 8, no. 6 (2017): 1069–80.
  • S. Pongpiachan, M. Hattayanone, D. Tipmanee, O. Suttinun, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, and P. Hirunyatrakul, “Chemical Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 2013 Rayong Oil Spill-Affected Coastal Areas of Thailand,” Environmental Pollution 233 (2018): 992–1002.
  • B. Saba, I. Hashmi, M. A. Awan, H. Nasir, and S. J. Khan, “Distribution, Toxicity Level, and Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Soil and Groundwater of Rawalpindi, Pakistan,” Desalination and Water Treatment 49, no. 1–3 (2012): 240–7.
  • L. O. Santos, J. P. dos Anjos, S. L. Ferreira, and J. B. de Andrade, “Simultaneous Determination of PAHS, nitro-PAHS and Quinones in Surface and Groundwater Samples Using SDME/GC-MS,” Microchemical Journal 133 (2017): 431–40.
  • H. Schmidt, N. B. Ha, J. Pfannkuche, H. Amann, H. D. Kronfeldt, and G. Kowalewska, “Detection of PAHs in Seawater Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS),” Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, no. 3 (2004): 229–34.
  • A. M. Stortini, T. Martellini, M. Del Bubba, L. Lepri, G. Capodaglio, and A. Cincinelli, “n-Alkanes, PAHs and Surfactants in the Sea Surface Microlayer and Sea Water Samples of the Gerlache Inlet Sea (Antarctica),” Microchemical Journal 92, no. 1 (2009): 37–43.
  • D. Tipmanee, W. Deelaman, S. Pongpiachan, K. Schwarzer, and P. Sompongchaiyakul, “Using Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a Chemical Proxy to Indicate Tsunami 2004 Backwash in Khao Lak Coastal Area,” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 5 (2012): 1441–51.
  • H. Yin, and L. Xu, “Comparative Study of PM10/PM2.5-Bound PAHs in Downtown Beijing, China: Concentrations, Sources, and Health Risks,” Journal of Cleaner Production 177 (2018): 674–83.
  • H. Zhi, Z. Zhao, and L. Zhang, “The Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Water from Poyang Lake, the Largest Freshwater Lake in China,” Chemosphere 119 (2015): 1134–40.
  • M. Marquès, M. Mari, C. Audí-Miró, J. Sierra, A. Soler, M. Nadal, and J. L. Domingo, “Climate Change Impact on the PAH Photodegradation in Soils: Characterization and Metabolites Identification,” Environment International 89–90 (2016): 155–65.
  • M. Marquès, M. Mari, C. Audí-Miró, J. Sierra, A. Soler, M. Nadal, and J. L. Domingo, “Photodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils under a Climate Change Base Scenario,” Chemosphere 148 (2016): 495–503.
  • B. Suszek-Łopatka, B. Maliszewska-Kordybach, A. Klimkowicz-Pawlas, and B. Smreczak, “The Drought and High Wet Soil Condition Impact on PAH (Phenanthrene) Toxicity towards Nitrifying Bacteria,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 368 (2019): 274–80.
  • X. Luo, Y. Zheng, Z. Lin, B. Wu, F. Han, Y. Tian, W. Zhang, and X. Wang, “Evaluating Potential Non-Point Source Loading of PAHs from Contaminated Soils: A Fugacity-Based Modeling Approach,” Environmental Pollution 196 (2015): 1–11.
  • B. Pokhrel, P. Gong, X. Wang, M. Chen, C. Wang, and S. Gao, “Distribution, Sources, and Air–Soil Exchange of OCPs, PCBs and PAHs in Urban Soils of Nepal,” Chemosphere 200 (2018): 532–41.
  • B. Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. Smreczak, A. Klimkowicz-Pawlas, and H. Terelak, “Monitoring of the Total Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Arable Soils in Poland,” Chemosphere 73, no. 8 (2008): 1284–91.
  • W. Wilcke, B. A. M. Bandowe, M. G. Lueso, M. Ruppenthal, H. del Valle, and Y. Oelmann, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Polar Derivatives (Oxygenated PAHs, Azaarenes) in Soils along a Climosequence in Argentina,” Science of the Total Environment 473–474 (2014): 317–25.
  • E. Heywood, J. Wright, C. L. Wienburg, H. I. Black, S. M. Long, D. Osborn, and D. J. Spurgeon, “Factors Influencing the National Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in British Soils,” Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 24 (2006): 7629–35.
  • H. Zheng, X. Xing, T. Hu, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, G. Zhu, Y. Li, and S. Qi, “Biomass Burning Contributed Most to the Human Cancer Risk Exposed to the Soil-Bound PAHs from Chengdu Economic Region, Western China,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 159 (2018): 63–70.
  • Y. Chen, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, X. Liu, and M. Zhou, “Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Farmland Soils of the Yinma River Basin, China,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 156 (2018): 383–90.
  • B. Soukarieh, K. El Hawari, M. El Husseini, H. Budzinski, and F. Jaber, “Impact of Lebanese Practices in Industry, Agriculture and Urbanization on Soil Toxicity. Evaluation of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Levels in Soil,” Chemosphere 210 (2018): 85–92.
  • D. J. T. Smith, E. C. Edelhauser, and R. M. Harrison, “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Road Dust and Soil Samples Collected in the United Kingdom and Pakistan,” Environmental Technology 16, no. 1 (1995): 45–53.
  • M. Waqas, S. Khan, C. Chao, I. Shamshad, Z. Qamar, and K. Khan, “Quantification of PAHs and Health Risk via Ingestion of Vegetable in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan,” Science of the Total Environment 497 (2014): 448–58.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Soil sampling method 5035a https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/epa-5035a.pdf, 2002.
  • A. Gogou, N. Stratigakis, M. Kanakidou, and E. Stephanou, “Organic Aerosol in Eastern Maditerranean: Component Source Reconciliation by Using Molecular Markers and Atmospheric Back Trajectories,” Organic Geochemistry 25, no. 1–2 (1996): 79–96.
  • I. A. Gogou, M. Apostolaki, and G. E. Stephanou, “Determination of Organic Molecular Markers in Marine Aerosols and Sediments: One-Step Flash Chromatography Compound Class Fractionation and Capillary Gas Chromatographic Analysis,” Journal of Chromatography A 799, no. 1–2 (1998): 215–31.
  • S. Pongpiachan, S. Bualert, P. Sompongchaiyakul, and C. Kositanont, “Factors Affecting Sensitivity and Stability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Analytical Letters 42, no. 13 (2009): 2106–30.
  • X. Yang, Y. Okada, N. Tang, S. Matsunaga, K. Tamura, J. Lin, T. Kameda, A. Toriba, and K. Hayakawa, “Long-Range Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from China to Japan,” Atmospheric Environment 41, no. 13 (2007): 2710–8.
  • Y. Yu, H. Guo, Y. Liu, K. Huang, Z. Wang, and X. Zhan, “Mixed Uncertainty Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Inhalation and Risk Assessment in Ambient Air of Beijing,” Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, no. 4 (2008): 505–12.
  • I. C. T. Nisbet and P. K. LaGoy, “Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 16, no. 3 (1992): 290–300.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Provisional guidance for quantitative risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. NC EPA-600/R-93/089 (Research Triangle Park: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1993).
  • A. Cecinato, “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Benz(a)Pyrene (BaPY) and nitrated-PAH (NPAH) in Suspended Particulate Matter,” Annales de Chimie 87 (1997): 483–96.
  • S. Pongpiachan, M. Hattayanone, O. Pinyakong, V. Viyakarn, S. A. Chavanich, C. Bo, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, and P. Hirunyatrakul, “Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment of Inhabitants Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Terrestrial Soils of King George Island, Antartica,” Polar Science 11 (2017a): 19–29.
  • S. Taghvaee, M. H. Sowlat, M. S. Hassanvand, M. Yunesian, K. Naddafi, and C. Sioutas, “Source-Specific Lung Cancer Risk Assessment of Ambient PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Central Tehran,” Environment International 120 (2018): 321–32.
  • ATSDR, Health Consultation. Review of sediment data of Sylvester’s (A/K/A) Gilson road site. Nashua, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. EPA Facility ID: NHD099363541; August 19, 2005.
  • A. L. Juhasz, W. Tang, and E. Smith, “Using in Vitro Bio-Accessibility to Refine Estimates of Human Exposure to PAHs via Incidental Soil Ingestion,” Environmental Research 145 (2016): 145–53.
  • Y. Wang, T. Zhongjing, H. Zhu, Z. Cheng, M. Kang, C. Luo, J. Li, and G. Zhang, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils and Vegetation near an e-waste recycling site in South China: Concentration, distribution, source, and risk assessment,” Science of the Total Environment 439 (2012): 187–93.
  • D. Wang, F. Tian, M. Yang, C. Liu, and Y. F. Li, “Application of Positive Matrix Factorization to Identify Potential Sources of PAHs in Soil of Dalian, China,” Environmental Pollution 157, no. 5 (2009): 1559–64.
  • X. Luo, Y. Zheng, B. Wu, Z. Lin, F. Han, W. Zhang, and X. Wang, “Impact of Carbonaceous Materials in Soil on the Transport of Soil-Bound PAHs during Rainfall-Runoff Events,” Environmental Pollution 182 (2013): 33241.
  • G. D. Sun, Y. Xu, J. H. Jin, Z. P. Zhong, Y. Liu, M. Luo, and Z. P. Liu, “Pilot Scale Ex-Situ Bioremediation of Heavily PAHs-Contaminated Soil by Indigenous Microorganisms and Bioaugmentation by a PAHs-Degrading and Bioemulsifier-Producing Strain,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 233–234 (2012): 72–8.
  • E. Winquist, K. Björklöf, E. Schultz, M. Räsänen, K. Salonen, F. Anasonye, T. Cajthaml, K. T. Steffen, K. S. Jørgensen, and M. Tuomela, “Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil with Fungi–from Laboratory to Field Scale,” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 86 (2014): 238–47.
  • F. Laurent, A. Cébron, C. Schwartz, and C. Leyval, “Oxidation of a PAH Polluted Soil Using Modified Fenton Reaction in Unsaturated Condition Affects Biological and Physico-Chemical Properties,” Chemosphere 86, no. 6 (2012): 659–64.
  • C. Lors, D. Damidot, J.-F. Ponge, and F. Périé, “Comparison of a Bioremediation Process of PAHs in a PAH-Contaminated Soil at Field and Laboratory Scales,” Environmental Pollution 165 (2012): 11–7.
  • D. Techer, C. Martinez-Chois, P. Laval-Gilly, S. Henry, A. Bennasroune, M. D’Innocenzo, and J. Falla, “Assessment of Miscanthus × Giganteus for Rhizoremediation of Long Term PAH Contaminated Soils,” Applied Soil Ecology 62 (2012): 42–9.
  • S. Suman, A. Sinha, and A. Tarafdar, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Concentration Levels, Pattern, Source Identification and Soil Toxicity Assessment in Urban Traffic Soil of Dhanbad, India,” Science of the Total Environment 545–546 (2016): 353–60.
  • H. O. Kwon, and S. D. Choi, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils from a Multi-Industrial City, South Korea,” Science of the Total Environment 470–471 (2014): 1494–501.
  • A. Melnyk, A. Dettlaff, K. Kuklińska, J. Namieśnik, and L. Wolska, “Concentration and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Surface Soil near a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill,” Science of the Total Environment 530–531 (2015): 18–27.
  • B. Cetin, “Investigation of PAHs, PCBs and PCNs in Soils around a Heavily Industrialized Area in Kocaeli, Turkey: Concentrations, Distributions, Sources and Toxicological Effects,” Science of the Total Environment 560–561 (2016): 160–9.
  • C. Xu, D. Dong, X. Meng, X. Su, X. Zheng, and Y. Li, “Photolysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soil Surfaces under UV Irradiation,” Journal of Environmental Sciences 25, no. 3 (2013): 569–75.
  • B. Guieysse, G. Viklund, A. C. Toes, and B. Mattiasson, “Combined UV-Biological Degradation of PAHs,” Chemosphere 55, no. 11 (2004): 1493–9.
  • J. E. Frederick, and H. E. Snell, “Ultraviolet Radiation Levels during the Antarctic Spring,” Science 241, no. 4864 (1988): 438–40.
  • R. A. Kanaly, and S. Harayama, “Biodegradation of High-Molecular-Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Bacteria,” Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 8 (2000): 2059–67.
  • V. Leonardi, V. Šašek, M. Petruccioli, A. D’Annibale, P. Erbanová, and T. Cajthaml, “Bioavailability Modification and Fungal Biodegradation of PAHs in Aged Industrial Soils,” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 60, no. 3 (2007): 165–70.
  • U. Okere, and K. Semple, “Biodegradation of PAHs in ‘Pristine’soils from Different Climatic Regions,” Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation s1, no. 2 (2011): 006.
  • Y. Ma, L. Wang, and Z. Shao, “Pseudomonas, the Dominant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon‐Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Soils and the Role of Large Plasmids in Horizontal Gene Transfer,” Environmental Microbiology 8, no. 3 (2006): 455–65.
  • G. Panicker, N. Mojib, J. Aislabie, and A. K. Bej, “Detection, Expression and Quantitation of the Biodegradative Genes in Antarctic Microorganisms Using PCR,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 97, no. 3 (2010): 275–87.
  • R. Shankar, W. J. Shim, J. G. An, and U. H. Yim, “A Practical Review on Photooxi- Dation of Crude Oil: Laboratory Lamp Setup and Factors Affecting It,” Water Research 68 (2015): 304–15.
  • M. B. Yunker and R. W. Macdonald, “Alkane and PAH Depositional History, Sources and Fluxes in Sediments from the Fraser River Basin and Strait of Georgia, Canada,” Organic Geochemistry 34, no. 10 (2003): 1429–54.
  • M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, L. R. Snowdon, and B. R. Fowler, “Alkane and PAH Biomarkers as Tracers of Terrigenous Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments,” Organic Geochemistry 42, no. 9 (2011): 1109–46.
  • M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. H. Mitchell, D. Goyette, and S. Sylvestre, “PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition,” Organic Geochemistry 33, no. 4 (2002): 489–515.
  • H. B. Zhang, Y. M. Luo, M. H. Wong, Q. G. Zhao, and G. L. Zhang, “Distributions and Concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong Soils,” Environmental Pollution 141, no. 1 (2006): 107–14.
  • E. Galarneau, “Source Specificity and Atmospheric Processing of Airborne PAHs: Implications for Source Apportionment,” Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 35 (2008): 8139–49.
  • S. Pongpiachan, Source apportionment of semi-volatile organic compounds in urban and rural air (Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 2006).
  • S. M. Correa, and G. Arbilla, “Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emissions in Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust,”Atmospheric Environment 40, no. 35 (2006): 6821–6.
  • R. de Abrantes, J. V. de Assunção, and C. R. Pesquero, “Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles Exhaust,” Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 11 (2004): 1631–40.
  • Q. Li, N. Wang, C. Barbante, S. Kang, A. Callegaro, D. Battistel, E. Argiriadis, X. Wan, P. Yao, T. Pu, et al. “Biomass Burning Source Identification through Molecular Markers in Cryoconites over the Tibetan Plateau,” Environmental Pollution 244 (2019): 209–17.
  • Z. Li, E. N. Porter, A. Sjödin, L. L. Needham, S. Lee, A. G. Russell, and J. A. Mulholland, “Characterization of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atlanta—Seasonal Variations at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Ambient Air Monitoring Sites,” Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 27 (2009): 4187–93.
  • U. M. Sofowote, H. Hung, A. K. Rastogi, J. N. Westgate, P. F. Deluca, Y. Su, and B. E. McCarry, “Assessing the Long-Range Transport of PAH to a Sub-Arctic Site Using Positive Matrix Factorization and Potential Source Contribution Function,” Atmospheric Environment 45, no. 4 (2011): 967–76.
  • J. D. Eagar, B. Ervens, and P. Herckes, “Impact of Partitioning and Oxidative Processing of PAH in Fogs and Clouds on Atmospheric Lifetimes of PAH,” Atmospheric Environment 160 (2017): 132–41.
  • D. Wang, J. Chen, Z. Xu, X. Qiao, and L. Huang, “Disappearance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sorbed on Surfaces of Pine [Pinua Thunbergii] Needles under Irradiation of Sunlight: Volatilization and Photolysis,” Atmospheric Environment 39, no. 25 (2005): 4583–91.
  • S. Pongpiachan, C. Choochuay, M. Hattayanone, and C. Kositanont, “Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Particulate Carcinogens and Mutagens in Bangkok, Thailand,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, no. 3 (2013a): 1879–87.
  • W. Z. Wu, J. X. Wang, G. F. Zhao, and L. You, “The Emission Soot of Biomass Fuels Combustion as a Source of Endocrine Disrupters,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 37, no. 4 (2002): 579–600.
  • N. Ré-Poppi, and M. R. Santiago-Silva, “Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Methoxylated Phenols in Wood Smoke Emitted during Production of Charcoal,” Chromatographia 55, no. 7–8 (2002): 475–81.
  • F. Chen, W. Hu, and Q. Zhong, “Emissions of Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Fu Gui-Shan Tunnel of Nanjing, China,” Atmospheric Research 124 (2013): 53–60.
  • K. F. Ho, S. S. H. Ho, S. C. Lee, Y. Cheng, J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, P. K. K. Louie, and L. Tian, “Emissions of Gas-and Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong,” Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 40 (2009): 6343–51.
  • J. Oda, S. Nomura, A. Yasuhara, and T. Shibamoto, “Mobile Sources of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Roadway Tunnel,” Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 28 (2001): 4819–27.
  • J. M. Daisey, J. L. Cheney, and P. J. Lioy, “Profiles of Organic Particulate Emissions from Air Pollution Sources: Status and Needs for Receptor Source Apportionment Modeling,” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association (United States) 36, no. 1 (1986): 17–33.
  • L. Lin, Z. H. Fan, X. Zhu, L. H. Huang, and L. J. Bonanno, “Characterization of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Mixed-Use Urban Community in Paterson, NJ: Concentrations and Sources,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 61, no. 6 (2011): 631–9.
  • K. Slezakova, D. Castro, C. Delerue-Matos, M. da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz, S. Morais, and M. do Carmo Pereira, “Impact of Vehicular Traffic Emissions on Particulate-Bound PAHs: Levels and Associated Health Risks,” Atmospheric Research 127 (2013): 141–7.
  • H. H. Yang, S. O. Lai, L. T. Hsieh, H. J. Hsueh, and T. W. Chi, “Profiles of PAH Emission from Steel and Iron Industries,” Chemosphere 48, no. 10 (2002): 1061–74.
  • E. Jang, M. S. Alam, and R. M. Harrison, “Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Air Using Positive Matrix Factorization and Spatial Distribution Analysis,” Atmospheric Environment 79 (2013): 271–85.
  • C. V. de Souza, and S. M. Corrêa, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Emission, Diesel Fuel and Lubricant Oil,” Fuel 185 (2016): 925–31.
  • C. He, Y. Ge, J. Tan, K. You, X. Han, and J. Wang, “Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emissions of Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel and Diesel,” Fuel 89, no. 8 (2010): 2040–6.
  • M. Tavares, Jr, J. P. Pinto, A. L. Souza, I. S. Scarmínio, and M. C. Solci, “Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Diesel Engine in a Bus Station, Londrina, Brazil,” Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 30 (2004): 5039–44.
  • R. M. Harrison, D. J. T. Smith, and L. Luhana, “Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, UK,” Environmental Science & Technology 30, no. 3 (1996): 825–32.
  • H. H. Yang, W. J. Lee, S. J. Chen, and S. O. Lai, “PAH Emission from Various Industrial Stacks,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 60, no. 2 (1998): 159–74.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER [9355.4-24], 2001.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.