Identification of the Key Variables on Thermal Conductivity of CuO Nanofluid by a Fractional Factorial Design Approach

REFERENCES

• L. Cheng , E. P. B. Filho , and R. Thome , Nanofluid Two-Phase Flow and Thermal Physics: A New Research Frontier of Nanotechnology and Its Challenges , J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. , vol. 8 , p. 3315 , 2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Yamada , Y. Asako , O. J. Gregory , and M. Faghri , Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Using Disspative Particle Dynamics , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 61 , pp. 323 – 337 , 2012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Kazemi-Beydokhti and S. Zeinali Heris , Thermal Optimization of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems Using Nanofluids , Energy , vol. 44 , pp. 241 – 247 , 2012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Xuan and Q. Li , Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids , Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow , vol. 21 , pp. 58 – 64 , 2000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Keblinski , S. R. Phillpot , S. U. S. Choi , and J. A. Eastman , Mechanisms of Heat Flow in Suspensions of Nano-Sized Particles (Nanofluid) , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 45 , p. 855 , 2002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Philip , P. D. Shima , and B. Raj , Nanofluid with Tunable Thermal Properties , Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol. 92 , 43108 , 2008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang , L. Li , H. B. Ma , and M. Yang , Effect of Brownian and Thermophoretic Diffusions of Nanoparticles on Nonequilibrium Heat Conduction in a Nanofluid Layer with Periodic Heat Flux , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 56 , p. 325 , 2009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Wen and Y. Ding , Effect of Particle Migration on Heat Transfer in Suspensions of Nanoparticles Flowing through Minichannels, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics , vol. 1, pp. 183–189, 2005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Zhang , H. Gu , and M. Fujii , Effective Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Nanofluid Containing Spherical and Cylindrical Nanoparticles , Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. , vol. 31 , p. 593 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Lee , K. S. Hwang , S. P. Jang , B. H. Lee , J. H. Kim , S. U. S. Choi , and C. J. Choi , Effective Viscosities and Thermal Conductivities of Aqueous Nanofluid Containing Low Volume Concentrations of Al2O3 Nanoparticles , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 51 , p. 2651 , 2008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Lee , J. Kim , and B. G. Kim , A New Parameter to Control Heat Transport in Nanofluid: Surface Charge State of the Particle in Suspension , J. Phys. Chem. B , vol. 110 , p. 4323 , 2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Z. Heris , S. Gh. Etemad , and M. N. Esfahany , Experimental Investigation of Oxide Nanofluids Laminar Flow Convective Heat Transfer , Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 33 , p. 529 , 2006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Z. Heris , M. N. Esfahany , and S. Gh. Etemad , Investigation of CuO/Water Nanofluid Laminar Convective Heat Transfer through a Circular Tube , J. Enhanced Heat Transfer , vol. 13 , p. 1 , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• S. Z. Heris , M. N. Esfahany , and S. Gh. Etemad , Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid in Circular Tube , Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow , vol. 28 , p. 203 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Z. Heris , A. K. Beydokhti , S. H. Noie , and S. Rezvan , Numerical Study on Convective Heat Transfer of Al2O3/Water, CuO/water and Cu/water Nanofluids through Square Cross-Section Duct in Laminar Flow , Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. , vol. 6 , pp. 1 – 14 , 2012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Z. Heris , M. N. Esfahany , and S. Gh. Etemad , Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid Laminar Convective Heat Transfer through a Circular Tube , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 52 , pp. 1043 – 1058 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Maxwell , A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, , 2nd ed. , Clarendon Press , Oxford , UK , 1881 .
   Google Scholar
• R. Roslan , H. Saleh , and I. Hashim , Buoyancy-Driven Heat Transfer in Nanofluid-Filled Trapezoidal Enclosure with Variable Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 60 , pp. 867 – 882 , 2011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. L. Hamilton and O. K. Crosser , Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Two-Component Systems , Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. , vol. 1 , pp. 187 – 191 , 1962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. M. S. Murshed , K. C. Leong , and C. Yang , Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of TiO2-Water Based Nanofluids , Int. J. Thermal Sci. , vol. 44 , pp. 367 – 373 , 2005 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. H. Li and G. P. Peterson , Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Volume Fraction Variations on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Suspensions (Nanofluids) , J. Appl. Phys. , vol. 99 , 084314 , pp. 1 – 8 , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• M. E. Meibodi , M. V. Sefti , A. M. Rashidi , A. Amrollahi , M. Tabasi , and H. S. Kalal , Simple Model for Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Using Resistance Model Approach , Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 37 , pp. 555 – 559 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Xuan , Q. Li , and W. Hu , Aggregation Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids , AIChE J. , vol. 49 , pp. 1038 – 1043 , 2003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. E. Meibodi , M. V. Sefti , A. M. Rashidi , A. Amrollahi , M. Tabasi , and H. Sid Kalal , The Role of Different Parameters on the Stability and Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube/Water Nanofluids , Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 37 , p. 319 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. R. Lazic , Design of Experiments in Chemical Engineering , Wiley-VCH , Weinheim , Germany , 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• R. Gheshlaghi , Optimization of Recombinant Protein Production by a Fungal Host, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• B. Rahmanian , M. Pakizeh , S. A. A. Mansoori , and R. Abedini , Application of Experimental Design Approach and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the Determination of Potential Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Process , J. Hazard Mater. , vol. 187 , pp. 68 – 72 , 2011 .
   Google Scholar
• D. C. Montgomery and G. C. Runger , Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, , 3rd ed. , John Wiley , New York , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Q. Y. Kenny and L. William , Some Properties of Blocked and Unblocked Foldovers of 2 k-p Designs, Statistica Sinica , State University of New York and Minnesota , vol. 13 , p. 403 , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Design-Ease 8 User's Guide, Fractional Factorial with Foldover Tutorial, p. 4 .
   Google Scholar
• M. Yuan , V. R. Joseph , and Y. Lin , An Efficient Variable Selection Approach for Analyzing Designed Experiments , Technometrics , vol. 49 , p. 430 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. T. Fang , D. K. J. Lin , and H. Qin , A Note on Optimal Foldover Design , Stat. Prob. Lett. , vol. 62 , pp. 245 – 250 , 2003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Habibzadeh , A. K. Beydokhti , A. A. Khodadadi , S. Omanovic , M. Shariat-Niassar , and Y. Mortazavi , Stability and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids of Tin Dioxide Synthesized via Microwave-Induced Combustion Route , Chem. Eng. J. , vol. 156 , p. 471 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. D. Zahn , An Empirical Study of the Half-Normal Plot, Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Tech. Rept. No. 35, Florida , 1971 .
   Google Scholar
• S. W. Raudenbush and A. S. Bryk , Hierachical Linear Models Applications and Data Analysis Methods, , 2nd ed. , Sage , California , 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• P. Onsekizoglu , K. S. Bahceci , and J. Acar , The Use of Factorial Design for Modeling Membrane Distillation , J. Membr. Sci. , 349 , pp. 225 – 230 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Ranakoti Irtisha , S. Dewangan , S. Kosti , and R. Nemade , Heat Transfer Enhancement by Nano Fluids , Convective Heat Mass Transfer , vol. ME642 , pp. 1 – 9 , 2012 .
   Google Scholar
• M. H. Pirahmadian and A. Ebrahimi , Theoretical Investigation Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Nanofluids and the Effects of Clustering on Thermal Conductivity , Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinform. , vol. 2 , pp. 90 – 94 , 2012 .
   Google Scholar
• N. Putra , P. Thiesen , and W. Roetzel , Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids , J. Heat Transfer , vol. 125 , pp. 567 – 574 , 2003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. L. Fiedler , S. Izvekov , and A. Violi , The Effect of Temperature on Nanoparticle Clustering , Carbon , vol. 45 , pp. 1786 – 1794 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Eapen , R. Rusconi , R. Piazza , and S. Yip , The Classical Nature of Thermal Conduction in Nanofluids , J. Heat Transfer , vol. 132 , pp. 3 – 13 , 2010 .
   Google Scholar