Application of Passive Samplers in Monitoring of Organic Constituents of Air

REFERENCES

• Michulec , M. , Wardencki , W. , Partyka , M. and Namieśnik , J. 2005 . Analytical techniques used in monitoring of atmospheric air pollutants . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 35 : 117 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewulf , J. and Van Langenhove , H. 1999 . Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in ambient air and natural waters: a review on recent developments of analytical methodology, performance and interpretation of field measurements . J. Chromatogr. A , 843 : 163 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. 2000 . Sorbent trapping of volatile organic compounds from air . J. Chromatogr. A , 885 : 129 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skov , H. , Lindskog , A. , Palmgren , F. and Christensen , C. S. 2001 . An overview of commonly used methods for measuring benzene in ambient air . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : S141 – S148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudek , M. , Kloskowski , A. , Wolska , L. , Pilarczyk , M. and Namieśnik , J. 2002 . Using different types of capillary chromatographic columns as denudation traps: A comparison of sorption properties . J. Chromatogr. A , 977 : 115 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloskowski , A. , Pilarczyk , M. and Namiesnik , J. 2002 . Denudation—A convenient method of isolation and enrichment of analytes . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 32 : 301 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. H. 1993 . The use of diffusive samplers for monitoring of ambient air . Pure Appl. Chem. , 65 : 1859 – 1874 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. H. , Wright , M. D. and Plant , N. T. 1999 . The use of diffusive sampling for monitoring of benzene, toluene and xylene in ambient air . Pure Appl. Chem. , 71 : 1993 – 2008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loppi , S. and Arg , S. 2003 . Pirintsos, Epiphytic lichens as sentinels for heavy metal pollution at forest ecosystems (central Italy) . Environ. Pollut. , 121 : 327 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas , A. and Penuelas , J. 2003 . Biomonitoring of tropospheric ozone phytotoxicity in rural Catalonia . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 63 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Vainio , H. 1998 . Use of biomarkers—New frontiers in occupational toxicology and epidemiology . Toxicol. Letters , 102–103 : 581 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schalie , W. H. , Shedd , T. R. , Knechtges , P. L. and Widder , M. W. 2001 . Using higher organisms in biological early warning systems for real-time toxicity detection . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 16 : 457 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , M. C. and Connor , S. J. 2001 . The development of Malaria Early Warning Systems for Africa . Trends Parasitol. , 17 : 438 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leynen , M. , Van den Berckt , T. , Aerts , J. M. , Castelein , B. , Berckmans , D. and Ollevier , F. 1999 . The use of Tubificidae in a biological early warning system . Environ. Pollut. , 105 : 151 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabiegała , B. , Przyjazny , A. and Namieśnik , J. 1999 . Passive dosimetry as an alternative technique to dynamic enrichment of organic pollutants of indoor air . JEPTO , 18 : 47 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Kozdroń–Zabiegaśa , B. , Namieśnik , J. and Przyjazny , A. 1995 . Use of passive dosimeters for evaluation of the quality of indoor and outdoor air . Indoor Environ. , 4 : 189 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Namieśnik , J. and Górecki , T. 2000 . Passive sampling in environmental analysis . LC-GC Europe , 9 : 678 – 683 .
   Google Scholar
• Górecki , T. and Namieśnik , J. 2002 . Passive sampling . TrAC , 21 : 276 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , R. M. 2003 . The use of passive sampling to monitor forest exposure to O3, NO2 and SO2: a review and some case studies . Environ. Pollut. , 126 : 301 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , C. S. and Lowe , J. T. US Patent 1.644 014 . 1927 . Carbon monoxide detector
   Google Scholar
• Chung , C. , Morandi , M. T. , Stock , T. H. and Afshar , M. 1999 . Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures, and humidities with 24-h exposures. 1. Description and characterization of exposure chamber system . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 3661 – 3665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennequin-Cardinal , A. , Plaisance , H. , Locoge , N. , Ramalho , O. , Kirchner , S. and Galloo , J. C. 2005 . Dependence on sampling rates of Radiello® diffusion sampler for BTEX measurements with the concentration level and exposure time . Talanta , 65 : 1233 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukerjee , S. , Smith , L. A. , Norris , G. A. , Morandi , M. T. , Gonzales , M. , Noble , C. A. , Neas , L. M. and Özkaynak , A. H. 2004 . Field method comparison between passive air samplers and continuous monitors for VOC and NO2 in El Paso, Texas . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 54 : 307 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adgate , J. L. , Church , T. R. , Ryan , A. D. , Ramachandran , G. , Fredrickson , A. L. , Stock , T. H. , Morandi , M. T. and Sexton , K. 2004 . Outdoor, indoor and personal exposure to VOC in children . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1386 – 1392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , C. , Morandi , M. T. , Stock , T. H. and Afshar , M. 1999 . Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures, and humidities with 24-h exposures. 2. Sampler performance . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 3666 – 3671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlink , U. , Rehwagen , M. , Damm , M. , Richter , M. , Borte , M. and Herbarth , O. 2004 . Seasonal cycle of indoor-VOCs: comparison of apartments and cities . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 1181 – 1190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , T. J. , Hart , E. M. and Kappler , L. L. 2002 . VOC exposures in a mixed-use university art building . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 63 : 703 – 708 .
   Google Scholar
• Begerow , J. , Jermann , E. , Keles , T. and Dunemann , L. 1999 . Performance of two different types of passive samplers for the GC/ECD-FID determination of environmental VOC levels in air . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 363 : 399 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Shih , T. S. , Chan , C. Y. , Cheng , R. I. and Wu , L. J. 2000 . Field evaluation of a passive sampler for the exposure assessment of 2-methoxyethanol . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 73 : 98 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , K. , Adgate , J. L. , Ramachandran , G. , Pratt , G. C. , Mongin , S. J. , Stock , T. H. and Morandi , M. T. 2004 . Comparison of personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to hazardous air pollutants in three urban communities . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 423 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , K. , Adgate , J. L. , Mongin , S. J. , Pratt , G. C. , Ramachandran , G. , Stock , T. H. and Morandi , M. T. 2004 . Evaluating differences between measured personal exposures to volatile organic compounds and concentration in outdoor and indoor air . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 2593 – 2602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elke , K. , Jermann , E. , Begerow , J. and Dunemann , L. 1998 . Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in indoor air at environmental levels using diffusive samplers in combination with HS-SPME and high-resolution GC-FID . J. Chromatogr. A , 826 : 191 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pristas , R. 1991 . Benzene in air—Organic vapor monitor versus charcoal tubes . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 52 : 297 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainiotalo , S. , Vaaranrinta , R. , Tornaeus , J. , Aremo , N. , Hase , T. and Peltonen , K. 2001 . Passive monitoring method for 3-ethenylpyridine: A marker for environmental tobacco smoke . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 1818 – 1822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , P. , Gebefügi , I. , Richter , K. , Wölke , G. , Schnelle , J. , Wichman , H. E. and Heinrich , J. 2001 . Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in German cities . Sci. Total. Environ. , 267 : 41 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori , H. and Tanaka , I. 1996 . Effect of face velocity on performance of diffusive samplers . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 40 : 467 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , S. W. , Tsai , S. T. , Wang , V. S. and Lai , J. S. 2004 . Laboratory and field determination of a solid phase microextraction device for the determination of ethylene oxide . J. Chromatogr. A , 1026 : 25 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , E. , Karfich , N. , Levsen , K. , Angerer , J. , Schneider , P. , Heirich , J. , Wichmann , H. E. , Dunemann , L. and Begerow , J. 2001 . Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment: Part I: indoor versus outdoor sources, the influence of traffic . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1235 – 1252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , E. , Levsen , K. , Angerer , J. , Schneider , P. , Heirich , J. and Wichmann , H. E. 2001 . Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment. Part II: univariate and multivariate analysis and case studies of indoor concentrations . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1253 – 1264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , E. , Levsen , K. , Angerer , J. , Schneider , P. , Heirich , J. and Wichmann , H. E. 2001 . Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment. Part III: Personal monitoring . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1265 – 1279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , H. U. and Breuer , L. 2000 . BTX measurements with diffusive samplers in the vicinity of cokery: comparison between ORSA-type samplers and pumped sampling . J. Environ. Monit. , 2 : 483 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giese , U. , Stenner , H. , Ludwig , E. and Kettrup , A. 1990 . Determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in single and multi component test gases . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 338 : 610 – 614 .
   Google Scholar
• Kleine-Benne , E. , Rose , B. , Cammann , K. and Bittner , G. 2001 . TOPAS/TDS D—Badge-type thermodesorption passive sampler based on Tenax for air sampling—Development study . App. Note , 6 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kring , E. , Graybill , M. W. , Morello , J. A. , Ansul , G. R. , Adkins , J. E. Jr. and Lautenberg , W. J. 1982 . “ PRO-TEK Organic vapor monitor badges ” . In Toxic Materials in the Atmosphere, ASTM STP 786 , 85 – 103 . Philadelphia : American Society for Testing and Materials .
   Google Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Tappa , R. and Allegrini , I. 2000 . Assessment of a new passive device for the monitoring of benzene and other volatile aromatic compounds in the atmosphere . Ann. Chim. , 90 : 249 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Tappa , R. , Bertuccio , L. and Parmagnani , F. 2002 . Air monitoring of volatile aromatic compounds by means of long-term exposure diffusive samplers . Ann. Chim. , 92 : 353 – 361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Napoli , A. , Vinciguerra , V. and Provenzano , G. 2003 . Air monitoring of volatile aromatic compounds in the town of Viterbo . Ann. Chim. , 93 : 959 – 965 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Tappa , R. and Ciuchini , C. 2003 . Evaluation of indoor BTX in an outskirt zone of Rome (Italy) . Ann. Chim. , 93 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Ciuchini , C. , Pasini , A. and Tappa , R. 2002 . Monitoring of ambient BTX at Monterotondo (Rome) and indoor-outdoor evaluation in school and domestic sites . J. Environ. Monit. , 4 : 903 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Tappa , R. and Allegrini , I. 2001 . The internal consistency of the “Analyst” diffusive sampler—A long-term field study . Chromatographia , 54 : 653 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis , F. , Fino , A. , Menichelli , S. , Vazzana , C. and Allegrini , I. 2004 . Monitoring of air quality around an oil refinery by using diffusive sampling . Anal Bioanal Chem , 378 : 782 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocheo , V. , Boaretto , C. and Sacco , P. 1996 . High uptake rate radial diffusive sampler suitable for both solvent and thermal desorption . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 57 : 897 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomboi , M. T. , Perez , A. , Rodriguez , B. , Galan , D. and Diaz , R. 2002 . Fernandez, Spatial and temporal distribution of volatile organic compounds in the area of Madrid (Spain) during a year . Fresenius Environ. Bull. , 11 : 437 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos , P. E. , Godoi , A. F. L. , DeJong , R. , de Zeeuw , J. and van Grieken , R. 2003 . Trace analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers in environmental samples by low-pressure gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 985 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murena , F. and Vorraro , F. 2003 . Vertical gradients of benzene concentration in a deep street canyon in the urban area of Naples . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 4853 – 4859 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardoulakis , S. , Gonzalez-Flesca , N. and Fisher , B. E. A. 2002 . Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in two street canyons in Paris: Implications for exposure studies . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 1025 – 1039 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarisse , B. , Laurent , A. M. , Seta , N. , Le Moullec , Y. , El Hasnaoui , A. and Momas , I. 2003 . Indoor aldehydes: Measurement of contamination levels and identification of their determinants in Paris dwellings . Environ. Res. , 92 : 245 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno , P. , Caputi , M. , Caselli , M. , de Gennaro , G. and de Rienzo , M. 2005 . Reliability of a BTEX radial diffusive sampler for thermal desorption: Field measurements . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 1347 – 1355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg , B. , Sunesson , A. L. , Olsson , K. , Levin , J. O. , Ljungqvist , G. , Sundgren , M. , Sällsten , G. and Barregard , L. 2005 . Evaluation of two types of diffusive samplers and adsorbents for measuring 1,3-butadiene and benzene in air . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 4101 – 4110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , N. A. , Marlow , D. J. , Henderson , M. H. , Goody , B. A. and Quincey , P. G. 2003 . Studies using the sorbent Carbopack X for measuring environmental benzene with Perkin-Elmer-type pumped and diffusive samplers . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 871 – 879 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. H. , Charlton , J. and Saunders , K. J. 1981 . The development of an improved diffusive sampler . Am. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 42 : 865 – 869 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelencsér , A. , Kiss , Gy. , Hlavay , J. , Hafkenscheid , Th. L. , Peters , R. J. B. and de Leer , E. W. B. 1994 . The evaluation of a Tenax GR diffusive sampler for the determination of benzene and other volatile organic aromatics in outdoor air . Talanta , 41 : 1095 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunesson , A. L. , Sundgren , M. , Levin , J. O. , Eriksson , K. and Carlson , R. 1999 . Evaluation of two adsorbents for diffusive sampling and thermal desorption-gas chromatographic analysis of monoterpenes in air . J. Environ. Monit. , 1 : 45 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates , M. S. , Gonzalez-Flesca , N. , Sokhi , R. and Cocheo , V. 2000 . Atmospheric VOC monitoring. Ozone induced artefact formation . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 65 : 89 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , A. T. , Hardwick , K. R. , Walsh , P. T. , Brown , R. C. and Hemingway , M. A. 2003 . Evaluation of diffusive samplers and photoionisation detectors for measuring very short peak exposures in the workplace . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 : 732 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellen , H. , Hakola , H. , Laurila , T. , Hiltunen , V. and Koskentalo , T. 2002 . Aromatic hydrocarbon and methyl tert-butyl ether measurements in ambient air of Helsinki (Finland) using diffusive samplers . Sci. Total Environ. , 298 : 55 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , V. M. and Crump , D. R. 1998 . The use of diffusive samplers for the measurement of volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of 44 homes in Southampton . Indoor Built. Environ. , 7 : 245 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Roche , A. , Thevenet , R. , Jacob , V. , Kaluzny , P. , Ferrari , C. , Baussand , P. and Foster , P. 1999 . Performance of a thermally desorbable type-tube diffusive sampler for very low air concentration monitoring . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 1905 – 1912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wideqvist , U. , Vesely , V. , Johansson , C. , Potter , A. , Brorström-Lundén , E. , Sjöberg , K. and Jonsson , T. 2003 . Comparison of measurement methods for benzene and toluene . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 1963 – 1973 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , N. A. , Duckworth , P. , Henderson , M. H. , Marlow , D. J. and Goody , B. A. 2003 . Determination of 7-and 14-day 1,3-butadiene diffusive uptake rates for the sorbent Carbopack X in Perkin Elmer-type axial samplers . The Diffusive Monitor , 14 : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , N. A. , Duckworth , P. , Henderson , M. H. , Swann , N. R. W. , Granshaw , S. T. , Lipscombe , R. P. and Goody , B. A. 2005 . Measurements of environmental 1,3-butadiene with pumped and diffusive samplers using the sorbent Carbopack X . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 1069 – 1077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil , S. F. and Lonkar , S. T. 1994 . Determination of benzene, aniline and nitrobenzene in workplace air: a comparison of active and passive sampling . J. Chromatogr. A , 688 : 189 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballach , J. , Greuter , B. , Schultz , E. and Jaeschke , W. 1999 . Variations of uptake rates in benzene diffusive sampling as a function of ambient conditions . Sci. Total Environ. , 243–244 : 203 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennequin-Cardinal , A. , Plaisance , H. , Locoge , N. , Ramalho , O. , Kirchner , S. and Galloo , J. C. 2005 . Performances of the Radiello's diffusive sampler for BTEX measurements: Influence of environmental conditions and determination of modeled sampling rates . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 2535 – 2544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcourt , J. and Sandino , J. P. 2001 . Performance assessment of a passive sampler in industrial atmospheres . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 74 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcourt , J. and Sandino , J. P. Evaluation des performances du badge GABIE^® dans desatmosphères industrielles Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Cahiers de Notes Documentaires-Hygiène et sécurité du travail −N° 181, 4e trimestre 2000
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , K. , Levin , J. O. , Rhen , M. and Lindahl , R. 1994 . Evaluation of a diffusive sampler for air sampling of monoterpenes . Analyst , 119 : 85 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono , R. , Scursatone , E. , Schilirò , T. and Gilli , G. 2003 . Ambient air levels and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylenes in Northwestern Italy . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 66 : 25 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Fiore , A. A. 1995 . Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in air using a diffusive sampler . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 10 : 616 – 619 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Fiorito , D. L. 1996 . A comparison of two diffusive samplers for the collection of styrene, α-methylstyrene and o-chlorostyrene vapors . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 11 : 1238 – 1246 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamada , E. , Hosokawa , Y. , Furuya , Y. , Matsushita , K. and Fuse , Y. 2004 . Simple analysis of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere using passive samplers . Anal. Sci. , 20 : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olansandan Amagai , T. and Matsushitta , H. 1999 . A passive sampler-GC/ECD method for analyzing 18 VOCs in indoor and outdoor air and its application to a survey on indoor pollution in Shizuoka, Japan . Talanta , 50 : 851 – 863 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakai , K. , Nörback , D. , Mi , Y. , Shibata , E. , Kamijima , M. , Hamada , T. and Takeuchi , Y. 2004 . A comparison of indoor air pollutants in Japan and Sweden: formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorinated volatile organic compounds . Environ. Res. , 94 : 75 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo , Y. , Kishi , R. , Sata , F. , Katakura , Y. , Urashima , Y. , Hatakeyama , A. , Kobayashi , S. , Jin , K. , Kurahashi , N. , Kondo , T. , Gong , Y. Y. and Umemura , T. 2004 . Symptoms in relation to chemicals and dampness in newly built dwellings . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 77 : 461 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , S. , Nomiyama , T. , Miyauchi , H. , Nakazawa , M. , Yamauchi , T. , Yamada , K. and Seki , Y. 2002 . Monitoring for N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide with a diffusive sampler using distilled water as an absorbent . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 63 : 726 – 731 .
   Google Scholar
• Shinohara , N. , Kumagai , K. , Yamamoto , N. , Yanagisawa , Y. , Fuji , M. and Yamasaki , A. 2004 . Field validation of an active sampling cartridge as a passive sampler for long-term carbonyl monitoring . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 54 : 419 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine , Y. , Oikawa , D. , Saito , K. and Asano , Y. . Measurement of glutaraldehyde in occupational indoor air by passive sampler . Proc 13th World Clean Air and Environmental Protection Congress and Exhibition . August 22-27 2004 , London, UK. Vol. 213 , pp. 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Sekine , Y. , Oikawa , D. and Butsugan , M. 2004 . Determination of uptake rate of sensitive diffusion sampler for formaldehyde in air . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 238 : 14 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchiyama , S. , Aoyagi , S. and Ando , M. 2004 . Evaluation of a diffusive sampler for measurement of carbonyl compounds in air . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 6319 – 6326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneken , H. , Lindahl , R. , Östin , A. , Vogel , M. and Levin , J. O. 2003 . Diffusive sampling of methyl isocyanate using 4-nitro-7-piperazinobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDPZ) as derivatizing agent . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 : 100 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl , R. , Levin , J. O. and Andersson , K. 1993 . Determination of volatile amines in air by diffusive sampling, thiourea formation and HPLC . J. Chromatogr. , 643 : 35 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Zweigbergk , P. , Lindahl , R. , Östin , A. , Ekman , J. and Levin , J. O. 2002 . Development of a diffusive sampling method for determination of methyl isocyanate in air . J. Environ. Monit. , 4 : 663 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , V. M. , Crump , D. R. , Gardiner , D. and Gavin , M. 1994 . Assessment of a passive sampler for the determination of aldehydes and ketones in indoor air . Environ. Technol. , 15 : 679 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengelly , I. , Groves , J. A. , Levin , J. O. and Lindahl , R. 1996 . An investigation into the differences in composition of formaldehyde atmospheres generated from different source materials and the consequences for diffusive sampling . Am. Occup. Hyg. , 40 : 555 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Zabiegała , B. , Górecki , T. , Przyk , E. and Namieśnik , J. 2002 . Permeation passive sampling as a tool for the evaluation of indoor and outdoor air quality . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 2907 – 2916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabiegała , B. , Namieśnik , J. , Przyk , E. and Górecki , T. 1999 . Changes in concentration levels of selected VOCs in newly erected and remodeled buildings in Gdansk . Chemosphere , 39 : 2035 – 2046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namieśnik , J. , Górecki , T. , Kozdroń–Zabiegała , B. and Janicki , W. 1992 . Investigation of the applicability of some commercial polyethylene films to permeation-type passive samplers for organic vapors . Indoor Air , 2 : 115 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Namieśnik , J. , Górecki , T. , Kozdroń , B. and Torres , L. 1989 . Determination of selected organic pollutants in indoor air using permeation passive samplers . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 237 : 139 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , N. , Matsubasa , T. , Kumagai , N. , Mori , S. and Suzuki , K. 2002 . A diffusive badge sampler for volatile organic compounds in ambient air and determination using a thermal desorption-GC/MS system . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 484 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otson , R. and Cao , X. L. 1998 . Evaluation of a small prototype passive sampler for airborne volatile organic compounds . J. Chromatogr. A , 802 : 307 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClenny , W. A. , Oliver , K. D. , Jacumin , H. H. Jr. , Daughtrey , E. H. Jr. and Whitaker , D. 2005 . A 24 h diffusive sampling of toxic VOCs in air onto Carbopack X solid adsorbent followed by thermal desorption/GC/MS analysis-laboratory studies . J. Environ. Monit. , 7 : 248 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health & Safety Executive . 1983 . Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances: Protocol Assessing the Performance of a Diffusion Sampler, MDHS 27 , London : HSE .
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation . 1995 . Workplace Atmospheres—Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Gases and Vapours—Requirements and Tests Methods , Brussels, , Belgium : Comité Européen de Normalisation . EN 838
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Guild , L. V. 1996 . Experience in the use of the NIOSH diffusive sampler evaluation protocol . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 57 : 1115 – 1123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation . 1993 . Workplace Atmospheres—General Requirements for the Performance of Procedures for the Measurement of Chemical Agents , Brussels, , Belgium : Comité Européen de Normalisation . EN 482
   Google Scholar
• Gobba , F. , Ghittori , S. , Imbriani , M. and Cavalleri , A. 2000 . Evaluation of half-mask respiration protection in styrene-exposed workers . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 73 : 56 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehndorff , E. and Schwarz , L. 2004 . Biomonitoring of air quality in the Cologne Conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler—Part II: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 3793 – 3808 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber , L. and Schönherr , J. 1992 . Uptake of organic chemicals in conifer needles: surface adsorption and permeability of cuticles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 153 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kylin , H. , Grimvall , E. and Oestman , C. 1994 . Environmental monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls using pine needles as passive samplers . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 28 : 1320 – 1324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir , D. C. G. , Segstro , M. D. , Welbourn , P. M. , Toom , D. , Eisenreich , S. J. , Macdonald , C. R. and Whelpdale , D. M. 1993 . Patterns of accumulation of airborne organochlorine contaminants in lichens from the upper Great Lakes region of Ontario . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 1201 – 1210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann , M. and McLachlan , M. S. 1998 . Atmospheric deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to two forest canopies . Atmos. Environ. , 32 : 1799 – 1809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schramm , K. W. and Hutzinger , O. 1989 . Accumulation of semivolatile lipophilic micropollutants in thin butter layers . Chemosphere , 19 : 1729 – 1742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , J. F. , Hawker , D. H. , Connell , D. W. , Kömp , P. and McLachlan , M. S. 2000 . Passive sampling of atmospheric SOCs using tristearin-coated fiberglass sheets . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 3525 – 3534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckins , J. N. , Tubergen , M. W. and Manuweera , G. K. 1990 . Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid: A new approach to monitoring the availability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential . Chemosphere , 20 : 533 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckins , J. N. , Manuweera , G. K. , Petty , J. D. , Mackay , D. and Lebo , J. A. 1993 . Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring organic contaminants in water . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 2489 – 2496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoeib , M. and Harner , T. 2002 . Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 4142 – 4151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harner , T. , Ikonomou , M. , Shoeib , M. , Stern , G. and Diamond , M. 2002 . Passive air sampling results for polybrominated diphenyl ethers along an urban-rural transects . Organohalogen Compds. , 57 : 33 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaward , F. M. , Farrad , N. J. , Harner , T. , Sweetman , A. J. and Jones , K. C. 2004 . Passive air sampling of PCBs, PDBEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouin , T. , Harner , T. , Daly , G. L. , Wania , F. , Mackay , D. and Jones , K. C. 2005 . Variability of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in air: implications for monitoring, modeling and control . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 151 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilford , B. H. , Harner , T. , Zhu , J. , Shoeib , M. and Jones , K. C. 2004 . Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 5312 – 5318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wania , F. , Shen , L. , Lei , Y. D. , Teixeira , C. and Muir , D. C. G. 2003 . Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 1352 – 1359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , L. , Wania , F. , Lei , Y. D. , Teixeira , C. , Muir , D. C. G. and Bidleman , T. F. 2004 . Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the North American Atmosphere . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 965 – 975 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantalainen , A. L. , Hyötyläinen , T. , Saramo , M. and Niskanen , I. 1999 . Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 68 : 335 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Prest , H. F. , Jacobson , L. A. and Huckins , J. N. 1995 . Passive sampling of water and coastal air via semipermeable membrane devices . Chemosphere , 30 : 1351 – 1361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prest , H. F. , Huckins , J. N. , Petty , J. D. , Herve , S. , Paasivirta , J. and Heinonen , P. 1995 . A survey of recent results in passive sampling of water and air by semipermeable membrane devices . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 31 : 306 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty , J. D. , Huckins , J. N. and Zajicek , J. L. 1993 . Application of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air sampler . Chemosphere , 27 : 1609 – 1624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockenden , W. A. , Prest , H. F. , Thomas , G. O. , Sweetman , A. and Jones , K. C. 1998 . Passive air sampling of PCBs: field calculation of atmospheric sampling rates by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 2732 : 1538 – 1543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartkow , M. E. , Huckins , J. N. and Müller , J. F. 2004 . Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 5983 – 5990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockenden , W. A. , Sweetman , A. J. , Prest , H. F. , Steinnes , E. and Jones , K. C. 1998 . Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants: The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time-integrated passive samplers . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 2795 – 2803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Časlavský , J. , Kotla⊘iková , P. and Benešová , K. 2004 . Sampling of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with semipermeable membrane devices . Environ. Chem. Lett. , 2 : 89 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harner , T. , Farrar , N. J. , Shoeib , M. , Jones , K. C. and Gobas , F. A. P. C. 2003 . Characterization of polymer-coated glass as a passive air sampler for persistent organic pollutants . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 2486 – 2493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartkow , M. E. , Hawker , D. W. , Kennedy , K. E. and Müller , J. F. 2004 . Characterizing uptake kinetics of PAHs from the air using polyethylene-based passive air sampler of multiple surface area-to-volume ratios . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 2701 – 2706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Ciuchini , C. and Tappa , R. 2004 . Long-term diffusive samplers for the indoor air quality evaluation . Ann. Chim. , 94 : 637 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni , G. , Tappa , R. and Allegrini , I. 2001 . Environmental monitoring of semi-volatile PAH by means of diffusive sampling devices and GC-MS analysis . Chromatographia Suppl. , 53 : S312 – S316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp , P. and Paschke , A. 1999 . Efficiency of direct solid phase microextraction from water—a comparison of different fiber types including a new C8-coating . Chromatographia , 49 : 686 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschke , A. , Popp , P. and Vrana , B. . Calibration and field validation of SPME fibres as passive samplers for chlorinated semivolatile organic compounds . Field Screening Europe 2001—-Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Strategies and Techniques for the Investigation and Monitoring of Contaminated Sites . Edited by: Breh , W. , Gottlieb , J. , Hötzl , H. , Kern , F. , Liesch , T. and Niessner , R. pp. 259 – 264 . Dordrecht, , Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Bartkow , M. E. , Booij , K. , Kennedy , K. E. , Müller , J. F. and Hawker , D. W. 2005 . Passive sampling theory for atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds . Chemosphere , 60 : 170 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltussen , E. , Sandra , P. , David , F. and Cramers , C. 1999 . Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: theory and principles . J. Microcolumn. Sep. , 11 : 737 – 747 .
   Google Scholar
• Paschke , H. and Popp , P. 2005 . New passive samplers for chlorinated semivolatile organic pollutants in ambient air . Chemosphere , 58 : 855 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinrich , L. , Popp , P. and Hafner , C. 2002 . Novel integrative passive samplers for long-term monitoring of semivolatile organic air pollutants . J. Environ. Monit. , 4 : 371 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , H. , Asakawa , F. , Suna , S. , Hirao , T. , Karita , T. , Fukunaya , I. and Jitsunari , F. 2003 . Investigation of indoor air pollution by chloropyrifos . Environ. Health. Prev. Med. , 8 : 139 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zabiegała , B. , Górecki , T. and Namieśnik , J. 2003 . Calibration of permeation passive samplers with silicone membranes based on physicochemical properties of the analytes . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 3182 – 3192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabiegała , B. , Partyka , M. , Górecki , T. and Namieśnik , J. 2006 . Application of the chromatographic retention index system for the determination of the calibration constants of permeation passive samplers with PDMS membranes . J. Chromatogr. A , 1117 : 19 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar