4,777
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Current Trends of Analytical Techniques for Total Alkalinity Measurement in Water Samples: A Review

, ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Humphreys, M. P.; Lewis, E. R.; Sharp, J. D.; Pierrot, D. PyCO2SYS v1.8: Marine Carbonate System Calculations in Python. Geosci. Model Dev. 2022, 15, 15–43. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022.
  • Seelmann, K.; Steinhoff, T.; Aßmann, S.; Körtzinger, A. Enhance Ocean Carbon Observations: Successful Implementation of a Novel Autonomous Total Alkalinity Analyzer on a Ship of Opportunity. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 1–18. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.571301.
  • Takeshita, Y.; Johnson, K. S.; Coletti, L. J.; Jannasch, H. W.; Walz, P. M.; Warren, J. K. Assessment of PH Dependent Errors in Spectrophotometric PH Measurements of Seawater. Mar. Chem. 2020, 223, 103801. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103801.
  • Dunnivant, F. M. Determination of Alkalinity of Natural Waters. In Environmental Laboratory Exercises for Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005, pp 245–256. DOI: 10.1002/0471660280.ch21.
  • Nand, V.; Ellwood, M. J. A Simple Colorimetric Method for Determining Seawater Alkalinity Using Bromophenol Blue. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2018, 16, 401–410. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10253.
  • DOE. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, Version 2.; Dickson, A. G., Goyet, C., Eds. 1997.
  • Muller, F. L. L.; Bleie, B. Estimating the Organic Acid Contribution to Coastal Seawater Alkalinity by Potentiometric Titrations in a Closed Cell. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 619, 183–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.018.
  • Middelburg, J. J.; Soetaert, K.; Hagens, M. Ocean Alkalinity, Buffering and Biogeochemical Processes. Rev. Geophys. 2020, 58, 1–28. DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000681.
  • Dickson, A. G.; Afghan, J. D.; Anderson, G. C. Reference Materials for Oceanic CO2 Analysis: A Method for the Certification of Total Alkalinity. Mar. Chem. 2003, 80, 185–197. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00133-0.
  • Seelmann, K.; Aßmann, S.; Körtzinger, A. Characterization of a Novel Autonomous Analyzer for Seawater Total Alkalinity: Results from Laboratory and Field Tests. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2019, 17, 515–532. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10329.
  • Anes, B.; Bettencourt da Silva, R. J. N.; Oliveira, C.; Filomena Camões, M. Uncertainty Evaluation of Alkalinity Measurements on Seawater Samples. Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed. 2018, 129, 395–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.07.042.
  • Fine, R. A.; Willey, D. A.; Millero, F. J. Global Variability and Changes in Ocean Total Alkalinity from Aquarius Satellite Data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2017, 44, 261–267. DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071712.
  • Reimer, A.; Arp, G. Alkalinity. In Encyclopedia of Geobiology; Reitner, T., Ed.; Springer: Göttingen, Germany, 2011, pp 20–24. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_8.
  • Lacroix, E.; Brovelli, A.; Barry, D. A.; Holliger, C. Use of Silicate Minerals for PH Control during Reductive Dechlorination of Chloroethenes in Batch Cultures of Different Microbial Consortia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80, 3858–3867. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00493-14.
  • Fry, C. H.; Tyrrell, T.; Hain, M. P.; Bates, N. R.; Achterberg, E. P. Analysis of Global Surface Ocean Alkalinity to Determine Controlling Processes. Mar. Chem. 2015, 174, 46–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.05.003.
  • Broullón, D.; Pérez, F. F.; Velo, A.; Hoppema, M.; Olsen, A.; Takahashi, T.; Key, R. M.; Tanhua, T.; González-Dávila, M.; Jeansson, E.; et al. A Global Monthly Climatology of Total Alkalinity: A Neural Network Approach. Earth Syst. Sci. Data. 2019, 11, 1109–1127. DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019.
  • Omer, N. H. Water Quality Parameters. In Water Quality - Science, Assessments and Policy; IntechOpen: Washington, DC, 2020, pp 1–18. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89657.
  • Omer, H. E.; Hafez, B.; Alshamsi, M. S.; Ghani, M. A. Online Novel Techniques for Selective Simultaneous Determination of Alkalinity/Bicarbonate and Hardness in Drinking Water by Skalar San++ Segmented Flow Analysis. Moroccan J. Chem. 2020, 8, 124–146. DOI: 10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v8i1.18188.
  • Sivashankari, P. R.; Prabaharan, M. Deacetylation Modification Techniques of Chitin and Chitosan. In Chitosan Based Biomaterials Volume 1; Elsevier: Chennai, India. 2017, Vol. 1, pp 117–133. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00005-4.
  • Bushinsky, S. M.; Takeshita, Y.; Williams, N. L. Observing Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Our Autonomous Future. Curr. Clim. Change Rep. 2019, 5, 207–220. DOI: 10.1007/s40641-019-00129-8.
  • Boyd, C. E. Water Quality: An Introduction, Springer: Auburn, AL, 2015; pp 1–357. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17446-4.
  • Matamoros, V. Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation; Elsevier: Girona, Spain, 2012, Vol. 1. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381373-2.10013-4.
  • Steininger, F.; Zieger, S. E.; Koren, K. Dynamic Sensor Concept Combining Electrochemical PH Manipulation and Optical Sensing of Buffer Capacity. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 3822–3829. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04326.
  • Muralikrishna, I. V.; Manickam, V. Analytical Methods for Monitoring Environmental Pollution, 2017; pp 495–570. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811989-1.00018-x.
  • Wang, X.; Bai, X.; Li, Z.; Zhou, X.; Cheng, S.; Sun, J.; Liu, T. Evaluation of Artificial Neural Network Models for Online Monitoring of Alkalinity in Anaerobic Co-Digestion System; Elsevier B.V.: Beijing, PR China, 2018, Vol. 140. DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.09.010.
  • Martz, T. R.; Dickson, A. G.; DeGrandpre, M. D. Tracer Monitored Titrations: Measurement of Total Alkalinity. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 1817–1826. DOI: 10.1021/ac0516133.
  • Okamura, K.; Kimoto, H.; Hatta, M.; Noguchi, T.; Nakaoka, A.; Suzue, T.; Kimoto, T. Potentiometric Open-Cell Titration for Seawater Alkalinity considering Temperature Dependence of Titrant Density and Nernst Response of PH Electrode. Geochem. J. 2014, 48, 153–163. DOI: 10.2343/geochemj.2.0296.
  • Zhang, P.; Huang, S.; Zhang, N.; Kan, A. T.; Tomson, M. B. Automated Analytical Method to Determine Solution Alkalinity of Oilfield Brine in the Presence of Weak Organic Acids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 4667–4673. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05333.
  • Varale, A.; Varale, Y. Study of Total Alkalinity Present in the Industrial Effluent (Water Sample) of Nipani Town. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2013, 5, 226–229.
  • Spaulding, R. S.; Degrandpre, M. D.; Beck, J. C.; Hart, R. D.; Peterson, B.; De Carlo, E. H.; Drupp, P. S.; Hammar, T. R. Autonomous in Situ Measurements of Seawater Alkalinity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 9573–9581. DOI: 10.1021/es501615x.
  • Shangguan, Q.; Lai, C. Z.; Beatty, C. M.; Young, F. L.; Spaulding, R. S.; DeGrandpre, M. D. Autonomous in Situ Measurements of Freshwater Alkalinity. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 2021, 19, 51–66. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10404.
  • Hernández-Ayón, J. M.; Belli, S. L.; Zirino, A. pH, Alkalinity and Total CO2 in Coastal Seawater by Potentiometric Titration with a Difference Derivative Readout. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1999, 394, 101–108. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00207-X.
  • Chanson, M.; Millero, F. J. Effect of Filtration on the Total Alkalinity of Open-Ocean Seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods. 2007, 5, 293–295. DOI: 10.4319/lom.2007.5.293.
  • Hunt, C. W.; Salisbury, J. E.; Vandemark, D.; Aßmann, S.; Fietzek, P.; Melrose, C.; Wanninkhof, R.; Azetsu-Scott, K. Variability of USA East Coast Surface Total Alkalinity Distributions Revealed by Automated Instrument Measurements. Mar. Chem. 2021, 232, 103960. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2021.103960.
  • Yao, W.; Byrne, R. H. Simplified Seawater Alkalinity Analysis: Use of Linear Array Spectrometers. Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 1998, 45, 1383–1392. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00018-1.
  • Liu, X.; Byrne, R. H.; Lindemuth, M.; Easley, R.; Mathis, J. T. An Automated Procedure for Laboratory and Shipboard Spectrophotometric Measurements of Seawater Alkalinity: Continuously Monitored Single-Step Acid Additions. Mar. Chem. 2015, 174, 141–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.008.
  • Sharp, J. D.; Byrne, R. H. Interpreting Measurements of Total Alkalinity in Marine and Estuarine Waters in the Presence of Proton-Binding Organic Matter. Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2020, 165, 103338. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103338.
  • Pavlova, G. Y.; Tishchenko, P. Y.; Volkova, T. I.; Dickson, A.; Wallmann, K. Intercalibration of Bruevich’s Method to Determine the Total Alkalinity in Seawater. Oceanology 2008, 48, 438–443. DOI: 10.1134/S0001437008030168.
  • Millero, F. J.; Lee, K.; Roche, M. Distribution of Alkalinity in the Surface Waters of the Major Oceans. Mar. Chem. 1998, 60, 111–130. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00084-4.
  • Kortazar, L.; Duval, B.; Liñero, O.; Olamendi, O.; Angulo, A.; Amouroux, D.; de Diego, A.; Fernandez, L. A. Accurate Determination of the Total Alkalinity and the CO2 System Parameters in High-Altitude Lakes from the Western Pyrenees (France – Spain). Microchem. J. 2020, 152, 104345. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104345.
  • Jones, J. M.; Sweet, J.; Brzezinski, M. A.; McNair, H. M.; Passow, U. Evaluating Carbonate System Algorithms in a Nearshore System: Does Total Alkalinity Matter? PLoS One. 2016, 11, e0165191. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165191.
  • Zhu, X.; Gao, T. Spectrometry; Elsevier Inc.: Shanghai, P. R. China, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815053-5.00010-6.
  • Nazifi, M.; Ahmadi, R.; Ramezani, A. M.; Absalan, G. Introducing Hierarchical Hollow MnO2 Microspheres as Nanozymes for Colorimetric Determination of Captopril. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2021, 413, 7063–7072. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03672-2.
  • Zhong, Q.; Chen, Y.; Su, A.; Wang, Y. Synthesis of Catalytically Active Carbon Quantum Dots and Its Application for Colorimetric Detection of Glutathione. Sensors Actuators, B Chem. 2018, 273, 1098–1102. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.07.026.
  • Briggs, E. M.; Sandoval, S.; Erten, A.; Takeshita, Y.; Kummel, A. C.; Martz, T. R. Solid State Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Total Alkalinity and PH of Seawater. ACS Sens. 2017, 2, 1302–1309. DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00305.
  • Cao, S.; Huang, D.; Wang, Y.; Li, G. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Testing Research Based on Computer Vision Technology and Electronic Technology. Lect. Notes Electr. Eng. 2012, 177 LNEE, 381–386. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31516-9_61.
  • Metzger, E.; Viollier, E.; Simonucci, C.; Prévot, F.; Langlet, D.; Jézéquel, D. Millimeter-Scale Alkalinity Measurement in Marine Sediment Using DET Probes and Colorimetric Determination. Water Res. 2013, 47, 5575–5583. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.038.
  • Akash, M. S. H.; Rehman, K. Essentials of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Springer: Berlin, 2019; pp 1–222. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1547-7.
  • Mamqadr, G. S. Spectrophotometric Determination of Diclofenac in Pharmaceutical Preparation; Salahaddin University- Erbil (SUE), Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq. 2020. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-50532005000600026.
  • Nguyen, T. D.; Le, H. B.; Dong, T. O.; Pham, T. D. Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods Using Ion-Pair Complex Formation with Bromothymol Blue. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2018, 2018, 8436948. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8436948.
  • Yang, B.; Byrne, R. H.; Lindemuth, M. Contributions of Organic Alkalinity to Total Alkalinity in Coastal Waters: A Spectrophotometric Approach. Mar. Chem. 2015, 176, 199–207. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.09.008.
  • Patsavas, M. C.; Byrne, R. H.; Yang, B.; Easley, R. A.; Wanninkhof, R.; Liu, X. Procedures for Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Carbonate Ion Concentrations: Measurements in US Gulf of Mexico and East Coast Waters. Mar. Chem. 2015, 168, 80–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.015.
  • Jantsch, T. G.; Mattiasson, B. A Simple Spectrophotometric Method Based on Ph-Indicators for Monitoring Partial and Total Alkalinity in Anaerobic Processes. Environ. Technol. 2003, 24, 1061–1067. DOI: 10.1080/09593330309385646.
  • Okamura, K.; Kimoto, H.; Kimoto, T. Open-Cell Titration of Seawater for Alkalinity Measurements by Colorimetry Using Bromophenol Blue Combined with a Non-Linear Least-Squares Method. Anal. Sci. 2010, 26, 709–713. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.709.
  • Adeli, A.; Khoshnood, R. S.; Beyramabadi, S. A.; Pordel, M.; Morsali, A. Multivariate Optimization of a Novel Potentiometric Sensor to Determine Silver Ions in Real Water and Pharmacological Product Samples. Monatsh Chem. 2022, 153, 227–235. DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02904-0.
  • Gil, R. L.; Amorim, C. G.; Montenegro, M. C. B. S. M.; Araújo, A. N. Potentiometric Detection in Liquid Chromatographic Systems: An Overview. J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1602, 326–340. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.006.
  • Li, G.; Lyu, X.; Wang, Z.; Rong, Y.; Hu, R.; Luo, Z.; Wang, Y. All-Solid-State Carbonate-Selective Electrode Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Paste Electrode. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2017, 28, 025104. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/aa52a9.
  • Crespo, G. A.; Ghahraman Afshar, M.; Bakker, E. Direct Detection of Acidity, Alkalinity, and PH with Membrane Electrodes. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 10165–10169. DOI: 10.1021/ac302868u.
  • Afshar, M. G.; Crespo, G. A.; Xie, X.; Bakker, E. Direct Alkalinity Detection with Ion-Selective Chronopotentiometry. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 6461–6470. DOI: 10.1021/ac500968c.
  • Afshar, M. G.; Crespo, G. A.; Bakker, E. Thin-Layer Chemical Modulations by a Combined Selective Proton Pump and PH Probe for Direct Alkalinity Detection. Angew. Chem. 2015, 127, 8228–8231. DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500797.
  • Yamamoto, S.; Kayanne, H.; Fujita, N.; Sato, Y.; Kurihara, H.; Harii, S.; Hemmi, A.; Dickson, A. G. Development of an Automated Transportable Continuous System to Measure the Total Alkalinity of Seawater. Talanta 2021, 221, 121666. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121666.
  • Kimoto, H.; Kayanne, H.; Kudo, S.; Nozaki, K.; Negishi, A.; Kato, K. A High Time-Resolution Analyzer for Total Alkalinity of Seawater, Based on Continuous Potentiometric Measurement. Anal. Sci. 2001, 17, i415–i418. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281609053_A_high_time-resolution_analyzer_for_total_alkalinity_of_seawater_based_on_continuous_potentiometric_measurement.
  • Wiorek, A.; Hussain, G.; Molina-Osorio, A. F.; Cuartero, M.; Crespo, G. A. Reagentless Acid-Base Titration for Alkalinity Detection in Seawater. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 14130–14137. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02545.
  • Sauvage, J.; Spivack, A. J.; Murray, R. W.; D'Hondt, S. Determination of in Situ Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration and Alkalinity for Marine Sedimentary Porewater. Chem. Geol. 2014, 387, 66–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.06.010.
  • Hu, W.; Hasebe, K.; Iles, A.; Tanaka, K. A Unified Ion Chromatographic System for the Determination of Acidity and Alkalinity. Anal. Sci. 2001, 17, 1401–1404. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1401.
  • Cheng, L.; Charles, W.; Cord-Ruwisch, R. Automatic Online Buffer Capacity (Alkalinity) Measurement of Wastewater Using an Electrochemical Cell. Environ. Technol. 2016, 37, 2467–2472. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1152307.
  • Woosley, R. J.; Millero, F. J.; Takahashi, T. Internal Consistency of the Inorganic Carbon System in the Arctic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2017, 15, 887–896. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10208.
  • Yilkal, E.; Zewge, F.; Chandravanshi, B. S. Assessment of the Quality of Bottled Water Marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth 2019, 33, 21–41. DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v33i1.3.
  • Watanabe, A.; Kayanne, H.; Nozaki, K.; Kato, K.; Negishi, A.; Kudo, S.; Kimoto, H.; Tsuda, M.; Dickson, A. G. A Rapid, Precise Potentiometric Determination of Total Alkalinity in Seawater by a Newly Developed Flow-through Analyzer Designed for Coastal Regions. Mar. Chem. 2004, 85, 75–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2003.09.004.
  • Griffin, A. J.; Anderson, Z.; Ballard, J.; Bates, N. R.; Garley, R.; Johnson, R.; Martz, T.; Pacheco, F.; Takeshita, Y.; Andersson, A. J. Seasonal Changes in Seawater Calcium and Alkalinity in the Sargasso Sea and across the Bermuda Carbonate Platform. Mar. Chem. 2022, 238, 104064. DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2021.104064.
  • Kuliński, K.; Schneider, B.; Hammer, K.; Machulik, U.; Schulz-Bull, D. The Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter on the Acid-Base System of the Baltic Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 2014, 132, 106–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.01.011.
  • Bennett, W. W.; Welsh, D. T.; Serriere, A.; Panther, J. G.; Teasdale, P. R. A Colorimetric DET Technique for the High-Resolution Measurement of Two-Dimensional Alkalinity Distributions in Sediment Porewaters. Chemosphere 2015, 119, 547–552. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.042.
  • Metzger, E.; Barbe, A.; Cesbron, F.; Thibault de Chanvalon, A.; Jauffrais, T.; Jézéquel, D.; Mouret, A. Two-Dimensional Ammonium Distribution in Sediment Pore Waters Using a New Colorimetric Diffusive Equilibration in Thin-Film Technique. Water Res. X. 2019, 2, 100023. DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100023.
  • Gaiao, E. d N.; Martins, V. L.; Lyra, W. d S.; Almeida, L. F. d.; Silva, E. C. d.; Araújo, M. C. U. Digital Image-Based Titrations. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2006, 570, 283–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048.
  • Li, Q.; Wang, F.; Wang, Z. A.; Yuan, D.; Dai, M.; Chen, J.; Dai, J.; Hoering, K. A. Automated Spectrophotometric Analyzer for Rapid Single-Point Titration of Seawater Total Alkalinity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 11139–11146. DOI: 10.1021/es402421a.
  • Steinsberger, T.; Kathriner, P.; Meier, P.; Mistretta, A.; Hauser, P. C.; Müller, B. A Portable Low Cost Coulometric Micro-Titrator for the Determination of Alkalinity in Lake and Sediment Porewaters. Sensors Actuators, B Chem. 2018, 255, 3558–3563. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.191.
  • Gray, S. M.; Ellis, P. S.; Grace, M. R.; McKelvie, I. D. Underway Determination of Alkalinity in Estuarine Waters by Reagent-Injection Gas-Diffusion Flow Analysis. Talanta 2008, 77, 533–540. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.03.020.
  • Lancellotti, B. V.; Bercaw, R. J.; Loomis, G. W.; Hoyt, K. P.; Avizinis, E. J.; Amador, J. A. Accuracy of Rapid Tests Used for Analysis of Advanced Onsite Wastewater Treatment System Effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2016, 227, 1–12. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-016-3023-8.
  • Priyanka, K.; Shanthi, R.; Poornima, D.; Saravanakumar, A.; Roy, R.; Nagamani, P. V. Long-Term Variability of Satellite Derived Total Alkalinity in the Southwest Bay of Bengal. Quat. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, 100066. DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2022.100066.
  • Li, X.; Bellerby, R. G. J.; Wallhead, P.; Ge, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Yang, A. A Neural Network-Based Analysis of the Seasonal Variability of Surface Total Alkalinity on the East China Sea Shelf. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 1–13. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00219.
  • Carter, B. R.; Williams, N. L.; Gray, A. R.; Feely, R. A. Locally Interpolated Alkalinity Regression for Global Alkalinity Estimation. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods. 2016, 14, 268–277. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10087.
  • Lahav, O.; Morgan, B. E.; Loewenthal, R. E.; Rosich, R. S. Comments on: “Measurement of pH, Alkalinity and Acidity in Ultra-Soft Waters”. WSA 2002, 28, 346–347. DOI: 10.4314/wsa.v28i3.4906.