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Original Articles

Social utility and the professional adult educator: Some Victorian viewpoints

Pages 45-56 | Received 01 Jan 1980, Published online: 28 Feb 2007

Notes

  • Carlson , Robert . 1977 . Professionalisation of Adult Education: An Historical-Philosophical Analysis . Adult Education (Washington) , XXVIII ( 1 ) : 53 – 63 . Fall, E. C. Hughes, Men and Their Work (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1958), pp. 133–137; Ralph W. Tyler, ‘Distinctive Attributes of Education for Professions’, Social Work Journal, XXXIII, No. 2 (April 1952), 55.
  • Wilensky , Harold L. 1964 . The Professionalisation of Everyone? . American Journal of Sociology , LXX ( 2 ) September : 137 – 158 .
  • Kelly , Thomas . 1957 . Henry Brougham: Pioneer of Popular Education , Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
  • Some examples of such comparison can be found in such as: Bode Carl The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind OUP New York 1956 7 7 J. D. Wilson, ‘Adult Education in Upper Canada Before 1850’, Journal of Education (UBC), No. 9 (Spring 1973), pp. 44.
  • See Hans Nicholas New Trends in Education in the Eighteenth Century Routledge London 1966 ch. II.
  • On the prerequisite of literacy, see the evidence of Alexander Galloway to the Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery, First Report 1834 25 25
  • 1823 . Mechanics' Magazine (London) , I October : 99 – 102 . 11
  • Claxton , Timothy . 1839 . Memoir of a Mechanic, Being a Sketch of the Life of Timothy Claxton, Written by Himself , Boston : George W. Light .
  • 1823 . Mechanics' Magazine (London) , I October : 99 – 102 . 11
  • Francis Place Papers , British Museum . Add Mss. F. 245.
  • London Mechanics' Institution . December 1823 . Rules and Orders December , 2
  • Arnold , Thomas . 1845 . Miscellaneous Works 423 – 423 . London
  • Hudson , J.W. 1851 . The History of Adult Education , 51 – 51 . London : Longmans .
  • Hudson , J.W. 1851 . The History of Adult Education , 50 – 50 . London : Longmans .
  • Brougham , Henry . 1825 . Practical Observations Upon the Education of the People … London
  • Hudson . vi – vi .
  • Kelly , Thomas . 1957 . George Birkbeck: Pioneer of Adult Education , 98 – 98 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
  • 1825 . Mechanics' Magazine , IV September : 372 – 373 . 17
  • Kelly . Birkbeck 37 – 37 .
  • Kelly . Birkbeck 102 – 102 .
  • Hudson . 51 – 52 .
  • Hudson . 49 – 49 .
  • Long , Huey B. 1975 . Continuing Education: Colleges and Societies . Journal of Research and Development in Education , VIII ( 4 ) : 43 – 49 . Summer
  • See for example Ferguson Eugene S. Early Engineering Reminiscences (1815–1840) of George Escol Sellers Smithsonian Institute Washington, D.C 1965 16 16
  • 1924 . Centenary of the Franklin Institute 8 – 8 .
  • Franklin Institute . February 1924 . The Memorial of the Officers and Board of Managers &c. , February , Philadelphia : Franklin Institute Archives . 26
  • Sinclair , Bruce . 1974 . Philadelphia's Philosopher Mechanics , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . passim
  • Hurd , D. Hamilton . 1888 . History of Essex County , Vol. I , 180 – 180 . Philadelphia : Lewin . (comp.)
  • Kieffer , E. 1944 . Libraries in Lancaster , Lancaster County Historical Society Papers 73 – 73 .
  • 1973 . Atwater Library of Mechanics' Institute of Montreal 3 – 3 .
  • Whitelock , Derek , ed. 1970 . Adult Education in Australia , 11 – 11 . Rushuitters Bay, NSW : Pergamon .
  • Whitelock , Derek , ed. 1970 . Adult Education in Australia , 10 – 10 . Rushuitters Bay, NSW : Pergamon .
  • Hall , David O.W. 1970 . New Zealand Adult Education , 31 – 31 . London : Michael Joseph .
  • November 1846 . Nelson Examiner November , 21, Quoted in A. B. Thompson, Adult Education in New Zealand (Christchurch, N.Z: Council for Educational Research, 1945), 23.
  • Aristotle . Nicomachean Ethics Book II, ch. 1.
  • Smiles , Samuel . 1859 . Self Help: With Illustrations of Character and Conduct , London : John Murray .
  • Hammond , J.L. and Hammond , B. 1947 . The Bleak Age , 146 – 146 . Harmondsworth : Pelican Books .
  • 1826 . American Journal of Education Vol. II , 58 – 58 . Boston quoted in Charles Alpheus Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education Up to 1870 (Peoria, Ill: Bennett, 1926), p. 324.
  • January 1830 . American Journal of Education January , 189 – 189 . quoted in Bode
  • December 1896 . Mechanics' Magazine (London) Vol. VI , December , 496 – 496 . 2
  • Hudson . 57 – 57 .
  • Hammond . 164 – 165 .
  • 1826 . American Journal of Education Vol. I , 377 – 377 . Boston
  • Hole , James . 1853 . An Essay on the History and Management of Literary, Scientific and Mechanics' Institutions &c. , London : Longman . reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1970), pp. 28–29.
  • 1835 . Report of the Select Committee on Education , VII : 930 – 930 .
  • Hole . 59 – 59 . 60.
  • Tylecote , Mabel . 1957 . The Mechanics' Institutes of Lancashire and Yorkshire Before 1851 , 283 – 283 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Hudson . 63 – 63 .
  • Tylecote . 283 – 283 .
  • 1965 . Constitution of the Maine Charitable Mechanic Association , 29 – 29 . Portland : Bryant Press .
  • 1881 . Report of the Minister of Education on the Mechanics' Institutes 62 – 62 . Toronto
  • Hall . 37 – 37 .
  • Whitelock . 12 – 12 .
  • 1826 . American Journal of Education Vol. II , 187 – 187 . Boston quoted in Bennett, 324.
  • Claxton , Timothy . 1839 . Hints to Mechanics' on Self Education and Mutual Instruction , London : Taylor & Walton . quoted in C. H. Grattan, In Quest of Knowledge (New York: Association Press, 1955), pp. 153–154. Claxton, Memoir of a Mechanic, op. cit.
  • Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes . 1855 . Eighteenth Annual Report 24 – 24 .
  • Pole , Thomas . 1814 . A History of the Origin and Progress of Adult Schools &c , Bristol : C. Mcdowall . New York: Samuel Wood, 1815; Facsimile edition, edited by Coolie Berner, Washington D.C: Adult Education Association of the United States, 1967, pp. 39–41).
  • Isaac Edwards Clarke . 1897 . Art and Industry , Vol. III , 303 – 303 . Washington, D.C : U.S. Bureau of Education . Bennett, pp. 317–318; Sidney Ditzion, ‘Mechanics’ and Mercantile Libraries’, Library Quarterly, X, No. 2 (April, 1940), 192–219.
  • Duppa , Baldwin F. , ed. 1839 . A Manual for Mechanics Institutions , London : SDUK . Hole, op. cit. See also, Patrick Keane, ‘Individualism and Efficiency in the Mechanics' Institutes’, Studies in Adult Education, VI, No. 2 (October, 1974), 146–160.
  • Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes . 1852 . Fifteenth Annual Report passim. James Hole was secretary of this union from 1848–1867.
  • Millington (1779–1868) held professional appointments at the Royal Institution, London, and the East India Company's Oriental Institution, and published An Epitome of the Elementary Principles of Natural and Experimental Philosophy 1823 He emigrated to the United States about 1829—Kelly, p. 90.
  • Halifax Mechanics' Institute . 1840 . MS Journal of Minutes , May 4, February 14, 19, 21, 1844.
  • Richard B. Pearce, a graduate of the School of Mines, was later to become president of the American Institute of Mining/Engineers. Todd A.C. The Cornish Miner in America Clarke Glendale, Calif 1967 153 153
  • Rossiter , Margaret W. 1971 . Benjamin Silliman and the Lowell Institute: The Popularisation of Science in Nineteenth Century America . New England Quarterly , XLIV ( 4 ) December : 612 – 612 .
  • Vernon , Foster . 1969 . The Development of Adult Education in Ontario, 1790–1900 268 – 268 . Diss. University of Toronto
  • Hudson . 52 – 52 .
  • Whitelock . 11 – 11 .
  • Thompson . 19 – 19 .
  • Thompson . 19 – 19 .
  • British House of Commons . 1849 . Select Committee on Public Libraries, Report Q 2437.
  • British House of Commons . 1849 . Select Committee on Public Libraries, Report Q 2439.
  • Hole . 143 – 143 .
  • Vernon , Foster . 409 – 409 .
  • Mead , David . 1951 . Yankee Eloquence in the Middle West: the Ohio Lyceum, 1850–1870 , East Lansing : Michigan State College Press . Preface.
  • Mead , David . 1951 . Yankee Eloquence in the Middle West: the Ohio Lyceum, 1850–1870 , 184 – 185 . East Lansing : Michigan State College Press .
  • Mead , David . 1951 . Yankee Eloquence in the Middle West: the Ohio Lyceum, 1850–1870 , 144 – 144 . East Lansing : Michigan State College Press .
  • March 1858 . Cincinnati Daily Gazette March , 198 – 198 . 10, Mead
  • Mead . 22 – 22 .
  • June 1850 . Cincinnati Columbian and Great West June , 24 – 24 . 1, cit. Mead
  • Rossiter . 609 – 609 . and Bode, p. 199.
  • Searle , January . 1855 . Emerson, His Life and Writings 39 – 39 . London Tylecote, pp. 96, 152, 216, 277.
  • Vernon , Foster . 409 – 409 .

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