Biochemistry of Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 Inhibitors and Molecular Pathology of COX-2 in Neoplasia

References

• DuBois RN. COX-2 in large bowel cancer: a one-sided story. Gut 1999; 45(5): 636–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nature New Biol 1971; 231: 232–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vane JR, Botting RM. Mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 26(6 Suppl 1): 2–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hamberg M, Samuelsson B. On the mechanism of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins E-1 and F-1-alpha. J Biol Chem 1967; 242(22): 5336–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosslien E. Adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal system. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1998; 28(2): 67–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosslien E. Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2000; 30(1): 3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoka H, et al. Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 1998; 93(5): 705–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujii M, Kawano S DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(7): 3336–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson RP. Dominance of cyclooxygenase-2 in the regulation of pancreatic islet prostaglandin synthesis. Diabetes 1998; 47(9): 1379–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledro Cano D, Gomez Rodriguez BJ, Torres Dominguez Y, et al. Non-steroidal antiinflam-matory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity in gastroenterology. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1999; 91(4): 305–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capdevila JH, Falck JR, Harris RC. Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation. Molecular and functional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase. J Lipid Res 2000; 41(2): 163–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan RW, Paxton J Kuehl FA Jr. Mechanism for irreversible self-deactivation of prostaglandin synthetase. J Biol Chem 1976; 251(23): 7329–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bany BM, Kennedy TG. Role of interleukin 1 in the regulation of cyclooxygenase gene expression in rat endometrial stromal cells. J Reprod Fertil 1999; 115(1): 125–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Needleman P, Isakson PC. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2. Sci Med 1998; 26–35.
   Google Scholar
• Marnett LJ, Rowlinson SW, Goodwin DC, et al. Arachidonic acid oxygenation by COX-1 and COX-2. Mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(33): 22903–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenbach R, Loftin C, Lee C, et al. Cyclooxygenase knockout mice: models for elucidating isoform-specific functions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58(8): 1237–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katori M, Majima M. Multiple roles of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 and its selective inhibitors. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997; 109(6): 247–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hla T, Neilson K. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89(16): 7384–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane JR, Bakhle YS Botting RM. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1998; 38: 97–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt DL, Smith WL. Primary structure of prostaglandin G/H synthase from sheep vesicular gland determined from the complementary DNA sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(5): 1412–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama C, Takai T, Tanabe T. Primary structure of sheep prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase deduced from cDNA sequence. FEBS Lett 1988; 231(2): 347–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlie JP, Fagan D, Mudd J, et al. Isolation and characterization of the complementary DNA for sheep seminal vesicle prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase). J Biol Chem 1988; 263(8): 3550–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons DL, Levy DB, Yannoni Y, et al. Identification of a phorbol ester-repressible v-src-inducible gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86(4): 1178–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie WL, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, et al. Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(7): 2692–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujubu DA, Fletcher BS, Varnum BC, et al. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homo-logue. J Biol Chem 1991; 15(20): 12866–72.
   Google Scholar
• O'Banion MK, Sadowski HB, Winn V, et al. A serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated 4-kilobase mRNA encodes a cyclooxygenase-related protein. J Biol Chem 1991; 266(34): 23261–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hla T, Bishop-Bailey D, Liu CH, et al. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 551–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, Wood EG, Wang SH, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells is unrelated to nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Life Sci 1999; 64(14): 1231–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Fischer SM. Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin carcinoma cells. Regulatory role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins in the differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and neoplastic tissues. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(42): 27686–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F, Sun S, Kuhn DC, et al. Involvement of NF-kappaB in silica-induced cyclooxygenase II gene expression in rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(4 Pt 1): L779-86.
   Google Scholar
• Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, et al. Structure of the human cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J 1994; 302(Pt 3): 723–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hla T. Molecular characterization of the 5.2 KB isoform of the human cyclooxygenase-1 transcript. Prostaglandins 1996; 51(1): 81–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckett CS, Perkins ND, Leung K, et al. Cytokine induction of nuclear factor kappa B in cycling and growth-arrested cells. Evidence for cell cycle-independent activation. J Biol Chem 1995; 270(32): 18836–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen R, Baltimore D. Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 1986; 47(6): 921–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins ND. Achieving transcriptional specificity with NF-kappa B. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29(12): 1433–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji YS, Xu Q, Schmedtje JF Jr. Hypoxia induces high-mobility-group protein I(Y) and transcription of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human vascular endothelium. Circ Res 1998; 83(3): 295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Acquisto F, Iuvone T, Rombola L, et al. Involvement of NF-kappaB in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages. FEBS Lett 1997; 418(1-2): 175–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace AD, Wheeler TT Young DA. Inducibility of E4BP4 suggests a novel mechanism of negative gene regulation by glucocorticoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232(2): 403–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morisset S, Patry C, Lora M, et al. Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in bovine chondrocytes in culture by interleukin 1alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, glucocorticoids, and 17beta-estradiol. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(6): 1146–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristimaki A, Garfinkel S, Wessendorf J, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by interleukin-1 alpha. Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(16): 11769–75.
   Google Scholar
• Huang JC, Liu DY, Yadollahi S, et al. Interleukin-1 beta induces cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in cultured endometrial stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(2): 53841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford LJ, Tan B, McCarthy CJ, et al. Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by interleukin-1 in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(2): 226–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmedtje JF Jr, Ji YS, Liu WL, et al. Hypoxia induces cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-kappaB p65 transcription factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(1): 6018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SW, Lei ZM, Rao CV. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by chorionic gonadotropin in mucosal cells from human fallopian tubes. Endocrinology 1996; 137(7): 2929–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavendra V, Agrewala JN Kulkarni SK. Role of centrally administered melatonin and inhibitors of COX and NOS in LPS-induced hyperthermia and adipsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; (4): 249–53.
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto T, Ogino N, Yamamoto S, et al. Purification of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. J Biol Chem 1976; 251(9): 2629–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picot D, Loll PJ Garavito RM. The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostag-landin H2 synthase-1. Nature 1994; 367(6460): 243–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, et al. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by antiinflammatory agents. Nature 1996; 384: 644–8. Published erratum appears in Nature 1997; 385(6616):555.
   Google Scholar
• Loll PJ, Picot D Garavito RM. The structural basis of aspirin activity inferred from the crystal structure of inactivated prostaglandin H2 synthase. Nat Struct Biol 1995; 2(8): 637–43.
   Google Scholar
• Williams CS, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: why two isoforms? Am J Physiol 1996; 270(3 Pt 1): G393-400.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett 1993; 330(2): 156–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujii M, DuBois RN. Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell 1995; 83(3): 493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu X, Xie W, Reed D, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs cause apoptosis and induce cyclooxygenases in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(17): 79615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpigny G, Reinaud P, Tamby JP, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 unlike cyclooxygenase-1 is highly expressed in ovine embryos during the implantation period. Biol Reprod 1997; 57(5): 1032–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Controlling the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in disease. Nutrition 1995; 11(5 Suppl): 695–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi S, Shigeta J, Inoue H, et al. Localization of cyclooxygenase-2 and regulation of its mRNA expression in gastric ulcers in rats. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(5 Pt 1): G1137-45.
   Google Scholar
• Newton R, Kuitert LM, Bergmann M, et al. Evidence for involvement of NF-kappaB in the transcriptional control of COX-2 gene expression by IL-1beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237(1): 28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton R, Seybold J, Liu SF, et al. Alternate COX-2 transcripts are differentially regulated: implications for post-transcriptional control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234(1): 85–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins DJ, Kniss DA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes sustained cyclooxygenase-2 expression: attenuation by dexamethasone and NSAIDs. Prostaglandins 1997; 54(4): 727–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanji AA, Miao L, Thomas P, et al. Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in alcoholic liver disease in the rat. Gastroenterology 1997; 112(3): 943–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastassiou ED, Paliogianni F, Balow JP, et al. Prostaglandin E2 and other cyclic AMP-elevating agents modulate IL-2 and IL-2R alpha gene expression at multiple levels. J Immunol 1992; 148(9): 2845–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijdewint FG, Kalinski P, Wierenga EA, et al. Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates cytokine secretion profiles of human T helper lymphocytes. J Immunol 1993; 150(12): 53219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto S, Suzuki T, Dong HY, et al. Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages. Blood 1999; 94(3): 837–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet MJ, Hume DA. Endotoxin signal transduction in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 60(1); 8–26.
   Google Scholar
• Morita I, Schindler M, Regier MK, et al. Different intracellular locations for prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and -2. J Biol Chem 1995; 270(18): 10902–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philllips TA, Kujubu DA, MacKay RJ, et al. The mouse macrophage activation-associated marker protein, p71/73, is an inducible prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase (cyclooxygenase). J Leukoc Biol 1993; 53(4): 411–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litherland SA, Xie XT, Hutson AD, et al. Aberrant prostaglandin synthase 2 expression defines an antigen-presenting cell defect for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1999; 104(4): 515–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Shaffer A, Portanova J, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 rapidly reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283(3): 1069–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CS, Mann M, DuBois RN. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene 1999; 18(55): 7908–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois RN, Smalley WE. Cyclooxygenase, NSAIDs, and colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31(6): 898–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garay CA, Engstrom PF. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: dietary and pharmacologic approaches. Oncology (Huntingt) 1999; 13(1): 89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahnen DJ. Colon cancer prevention by NSAIDs: what is the mechanism of action? Eur J Surg Suppl 1998; (582): 111–4.
   Google Scholar
• Williams C, Shattuck-Brandt RL DuBois RN. The role of COX-2 in intestinal cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 889: 72–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhika A, et al. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1994; 107(4): 11838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano H, Kawahito Y, Wilder RL, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55(17): 3785–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley WE, DuBois RN. Colorectal cancer and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Adv Pharmacol 1997; 39: 1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujita T, Matsui M, Takaku K, et al. Size- and invasion-dependent increase in cyclooxygenase 2 levels in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58(21): 4823–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giardiello FM. Sulindac and polyp regression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1994; 13(3-4): 279–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer in man. Cancer 1977; 39(4 Suppl): 1882–6.
   Google Scholar
• Mackawa M, Sugano K, Sano H, et al. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 to-1 in human colorectal cancers and adenomas, but not in hyperplastic polyps. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998; 28(7): 421–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, et al. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta 716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 1996; 87(5): 803–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao X, Bishop AE, Wallace M, et al. Early expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 during sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. J Pathol 1999; 187(3): 295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan KM, Sheahan K, O'Donoghue DP, et al. The relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and colorectal cancer. JAMA 1999; 282(13): 1254–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg J, Samuelsson A, Hugander A, et al. Differential expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in human colorectal cancer. Gut 1999; 45(5): 730–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuma K, Fujimore T, Hirabayashi K, et al. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 immunoreactivity and relationship to p53 and Ki-67 expression colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 1999; 34(2): 18994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giardiello FM, Spannhake EW, DuBois RN, et al. Prostaglandin levels in human colorectal mucosa: effects of sulindac in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43(2): 311–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg J, Christoph T, Bodenteich A, et al. Heterogeneous distribution of COX-2 over-expression in human colon carcinoma cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 433: 327–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons DL, Botting RM, Robertson PM, et al. Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(6): 3275–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XH, Rose DP. Differential expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in two human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1996; 56(22): 5125–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90(6): 455–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jun SS, Chen Z, Pace MC, et al. Estrogen upregulates cyclooxygenase-1 gene expression in ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelium. J Clin Invest 1998; 102(1): 176–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty I, Das SK, Wang J, et al. Developmental expression of the cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 genes in the peri-implantation mouse uterus and their differential regulation by the blastocyst and ovarian steroids. J Mol Endocrinol 1996; 16(2): 107–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff H, Saukkonen K, Anttila S, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58(22): 4997–5001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H, et al. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58(17): 3761–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga H, Sakisaka S, Ohishi M, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma: relevance to tumor dedifferentiation. Hepatology 1999; 29(3): 688–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota G, Okubo M, Noumi T, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46(25): 407–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckman SY, Gresham A, Hale P, et al. COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(5): 723–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uefuji K, Ichikura T, Mochizuki H, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1998; 69: 168–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata H, Kawano S, Tsuji S, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression enhances lymphatic invasion and metastasis in human gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 451–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann KC, Sarbia M, Weber AA, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59(1): 198–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker ON, Dannenberg AJ, Yang EK, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 987–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan G, Boyle JO, Yang EK, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 991–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Srivastava M, Ahmad N, et al. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate 2000; 42(1): 73–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton R, Seybold J, Kuitert LM, et al. Repression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 release by dexamethasone occurs by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms involving loss of polyadenylated mRNA. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(48): 32312–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon LS. Role and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during inflammation. Am J Med 1999; 106(5B): 37S-42S.
   Google Scholar
• Polisson R. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: practical and theoretical considerations in their selection. Am J Med 1996; 100(2A): 31S-36S.
   Google Scholar
• Bjorkman DJ. The effect of aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on prostaglandins. Am J Med 1998; 105(1B): 8S-12S.
   Google Scholar
• Gierse JK, Koboldt CM, Walker MC, et al. Kinetic basis for selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases. Biochem J 1999; 339(Pt. 3): 607–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouplana R, Perez C, Sanchez J, et al. The structural and electronical factors that contribute affinity for the time-dependent inhibition ofPGHS-1 by indomethacin, diclofenac and fenamates. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1999; 13(3): 297–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronstein BN, Montesinos MC Weissmann G. Sites of action for future therapy: an adenosine-dependent mechanism by which aspirin retains its antiinflammatory activity in cyclooxygenase-2 and NFkappaB knockout mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999; 7(4): 361–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan LJ, Sandborn WJ, Mays DC, et al. Plasma and rectal adenosine in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of methotrexate. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999; 5(3): 167–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, Attur MG, Dave MN, et al. Regulation of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by CSAIDS (SB203580) in murine macrophages and bovine chondrocytes stimulated with LPS. Inflamm Res 1999; 48(6): 337–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley W, Ray WA, Daugherty J, et al. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and incidence of colorectal cancer: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159(2): 1616.
   Google Scholar
• Cibere J, Sibley J, Haga M. Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(9): 1580–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmer T, Glynn RJ, Lee IM, et al. Aspirin use and colorectal cancer: post-trial follow-up data from the Physicians' Health Study. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128(9): 713–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gann PH, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, et al. Low-dose aspirin and incidence of colorectal tumors in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85(15): 1220–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neugut AI, Rosenberg DJ, Ahsan H, et al. Association between coronary heart disease and cancer of the breast, prostate, and colon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7(10): 869–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow DC, Vaughan TL, Hansten PD, et al. Cancer Eidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7(2): 97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al. Over-the-counter analgesics and risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 1998; 351(9096): 104–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RE, Namboodiri KK Farrar WB. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Epidemiology 1996; 7(2): 203–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RE, Kasbari S Farrar WB. Prospective study of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Oncol Rep 1999; 6(1): 71–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira DV, Theodossiou C Lyman GH. The effects of NSAIDs on breast cancer prognostic factors. Oncol Rep 1999; 6(2): 433–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thun MJ. Aspirin and gastrointestinal cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 400A: 395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss HA, Forman D. Aspirin, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and protection from colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1996; 220: 137–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hida T, Leyton J, Makheja AN, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer cycloxygenase activity and proliferation are inhibited by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anticancer Res 1998; 18(2A): 775–82.
   Google Scholar
• Hara A, Yoshimi N, Niwa M, et al. Apoptosis induced by NS-398, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88(6): 600–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu XM, Sansores-Garcia L, Chen XM, et al. Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 gene transcription by aspirin and sodium salicylate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(9): 5292–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza GA, Rahm AL, Krutzsch M, et al. Antineoplastic drugs sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Res 1995; 55(14): 3110–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanif R, Pittas A, Feng Y, et al. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on proliferation and on induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52(2): 237–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao L, Shiff SJ Rigas B. Sulindac sulfide inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells: diminished expression of the proliferation markers PCNA and Ki-67. Cancer Lett 1997; 115(2): 229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao L, Shiff SJ Rigas B. Sulindac sulfide alters the expression of cyclin proteins in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 76(1): 99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryer B, Feldman M. Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Med 1998; 104(5): 413–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjandrawinata RR, Hughes-Fulford M. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by product-pros-taglandin E2. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 407: 163–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason I, Hayllar J. Early pathogenic events in NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage. Ital J Gastroenterol 1996; 28 Suppl 4: 19–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmud T, Rafi SS, Scott DL, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39(12): 1998–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masubuchi Y, Yamada S Horie T. Diphenylamine as an important structure of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58(5): 861–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomoda T, Kurashige T, Hayashi Y, et al. Primary changes in liver damage by aspirin in rats. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1998; 40(6): 593–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreno-Sanchez R, Bravo C, Vasquez C, et al. Inhibition and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: study in mitochondria, submito-chondrial particles, cells, and whole heart. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57(7): 743–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogino M, Hisatomi H, Murata M, et al. Indomethacin suppresses the growth of colon 26, Meth-A and FM3A tumors in mice by reducing the prostaglandin E2 content and telomerase activity in tumor tissues. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90(7): 758–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somasundaram S, Rafi S, Hayllar J, et al. Mitochondrial damage: a possible mechanism of the “topical” phase of NSAID induced injury to the rat intestine. Gut 1997; 41(3): 344–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigthorsson G, Jacob M, Wrigglesworth J, et al. Comparison of indomethacin and nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on key pathophysiologic steps in the pathogenesis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug enteropathy in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33(7): 728–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy VJ, Yang Z, Rorison KA, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2-selective antagonists do not inhibit growth of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 1998; 122(1-2): 25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z, Hollande F Baldwin GS. Blockade of long chain fatty acid oxidation by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs may contribute to inhibition of proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 1998; 124(2): 187–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin GS, Murphy VJ, Yang Z, et al. Binding of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to the alpha-subunit of the trifunctional protein of long chain fatty acid oxidation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286(2): 1110–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lieshout EMM, Tiemessen DM, Roelofs HMJ, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs enhance glutathione S-transferase theta levels in rat colon. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1381(3): 305–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A, et al. Inhibitory effect of aspirin on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14(8): 1493–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritland SR, Gendler SJ. Chemoprevention of intestinal adenomas in the APCMin mouse by piroxicam: kinetics, strain effects and resistance to chemosuppression. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20(1): 51–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois RN, Giardiello FM Smalley WE. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, eicosanoids, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1996; 25(4): 773–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud NN, Bilinski RT, Churchill MR, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in murine APC mutation: differences in enterocyte migration and response to sulindac. Cancer Res 1999; 59(2): 353–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skopinska-Rozewska E, Piazza GA, Sommer E, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by sulindac and its sulfone metabolite (FGN-1): a potential mechanism for their antineoplastic properties. Int J Tissue React 1998; 20(3): 85–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takayama T, Katsuki S, Takahashi Y, et al. Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(18): 1277–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois RN, Shao J, Tsujii M, et al. G1 delay in cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoper-oxide synthase-2. Cancer Res 1996; 56(4): 733–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winde G, Schmid KW, Brandt B, et al. Clinical and genomic influence of sulindac on rectal mucosa in familial adenomatous polyposis. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40(10): 1156–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin JB. Gastrointestinal effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory therapy. Am J Med 1999; 106(5B): 3S-12S.
   Google Scholar
• Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, et al. Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(13): 7563–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell RI. Defining patients at risk of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug gastropathy. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31 Suppl 1: S14–8.
   Google Scholar
• Silagy CA, McNeil JJ, Donnan GA, et al. Adverse effects of low-dose aspirin in a healthy elderly population. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54(1): 84–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheatum DE, Arvanitakis C, Gumpel M, et al. An endoscopic study of gastroduodenal lesions induced by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Clin Ther 1999; 21(6): 992–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton A. Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications. Am J Med 1999; 106(5B): 13S-24S.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer AI. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on platelet function and systemic hemostasis. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35(3): 209–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer AI. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory therapy on platelets. Am J Med 1999; 106(5B): 25S-36S.
   Google Scholar
• Ventura MT, Cenci L, Giuliano G, et al. Retrospective study of adverse reactions to non steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): predictive value of controlled challenge with alternative drugs. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1999; 21(3): 455–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky LP, Abramson SB, Crofford L, et al. The classification of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(12): 2298–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammann HG. Preferential COX-2 inhibition: its clinical relevance for gastrointestinal non-steroidal antiinflammatory rheumatic drug toxicity. Z Gastroenterol 1999; 37: 45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pairet M, van Ryn J. Experiemental models used to investigate the differential inhibition of cyclooxygenases-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Inflamm Res 1998; 47 Suppl 2: S93–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanco FJ, Guitian R, Moreno J, et al. Effect of antiinflammatory drugs on COX-1 and COX-2 activity in human articular chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(6): 1366–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer S, Zechmeister P Klein T. Development of an in-vitro test system for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Inflamm Res 1999; 48: 133–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CC, Boyce S, Brideau C, et al. Rofecoxib [Vioxx, MK-0966; 4-(4'-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-(5H)-furanone]: a potent and orally active cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Pharmacological and biochemical profiles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290(2): 551–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano F, Warner TD. Ex vivo assay to determine the cyclooxygenase selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126: 1824–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinney DC, Mak AY, Barnett J, et al. Differential allosteric regulation of prostaglandin H synthase 1 and 2 by arachidonic acid. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(19): 12393–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callejas NA, Castrillo A, Bosca L, et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 induced by lipopolysaccharide and peroxisomal proliferators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288(3): 1235–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penning TD, Talley JJ, Bertenshaw SR, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the 1,5-diarylpyrazole class of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: identification of 4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benze nesulfonamide(SC-58635, celecoxib). J Med Chem 1997; 40: 1347–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell BF. COX 2-selective NSAIDs: biology, promises, and concerns. Cleve Clin J Med 1999; 66(5): 285–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefkowith JB. Cyclooxygenase-2 specificity and its clinical implications. Am J Med 1999; 106(5B): 43S-50S.
   Google Scholar
• Geis GS. Update on clinical developments with celecoxib, a new specific COX-2 inhibitor: what can we expect? Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1999; 109: 31–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leese PT, Hubbard RC, Karim A, et al. Effects of celecoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on platelet function in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40(2): 124–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscara MN, McKnight W, Asfaha S, et al. Wound collagen deposition in rats: effects of an NO-NSAID and a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129(4): 681–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamori T, Rao CV, Seibert K, et al. Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1998; 58(3): 409–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy BS, Hirose Y, Lubet R, Steele V, Kelloff G, Paulson S, Seibert K, Rao CV. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, administered during different stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2000; 60(2): 293–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer SM, Lo HH, Gordon GB, et al. Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 1999; 25(4): 231–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon LS, Lanza FL, Lipsky PE, et al. Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of SC-58635, a novel cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor: efficacy and safety in two placebo-controlled trials in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and studies of gastrointestinal and platelet effects. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1591–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan-Machlis B, Klostermeyer BS. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: safety and effectiveness. Ann Pharmacother1999; 33(9): 979–88.
   Google Scholar
• Lazer ES, Miao CK, Cywin CL, et al. Effect of structural modification of enol-carboxamide-type nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on COX-2/COX-1 selectivity. J Med Chem 1997; 40(6): 980–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stichtenoth DO, Wagner B, Frolich JC. Effects of meloxicam and indomethacin on cyclooxygenase pathways in healthy volunteers. JInvestig Med 1997; 45(2): 44–9.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman AP, Williams CS, Sheng H, et al. Meloxicam inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(12): 2195–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng H, Shao J, Kirkland SC, et al. Inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2254–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agha AM, El-Khatib AS Al-zuhair H. Modulation of oxidant status by meloxicam in experimentally induced arthritis. Pharmacol Res 1999; 40(4): 385–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe MM. Future trends in the development of safer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Med 1998; 105: 44S-52S.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrich EW, Dallob A, De Lepeleire I, et al. Characterization of rofecoxib as a cyclooxygenase-2 isoform inhibitor and demonstration of analgesia in the dental pain model. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 336–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill GP, Kennedy BP, Mancini JA, et al. Selective inhibitors of COX-2. Agents Actions Suppl 1995; 46: 159–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuji S, Kawano S, Sawaoka H, et al. Evidences for involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in proliferation of two gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996; 55(3): 179–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawaoka H, Kawano S, Tsuji S, et al. Effects ofNSAIDs on proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro: possible implication of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer development. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27: S47–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimi N, Kawabata K, Hara A, et al. Inhibitory effect ofNS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on azoxymetane-induced aberrant crypt foci in colon carcinogenesis of F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88(11): 1044–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu XH, Yao S, Kirschenbaum A, et al. NS398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis and down-regulates bcl-2 expression in LNCaP cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58(19): 4245–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder DJ, Halton DE, Hague A, et al. Induction of apoptotic cell death in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines by a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug: independence from COX-2 protein expression. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3(10): 1679–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banos G, Reyes PA. A comparative study of the effect of ten non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) upon some mitochondrial and platelet functions. Int J Biochem 1989; 21(12): 1387–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran PO, Gleason CE, Poitout V, et al. Prostaglandin E(2) mediates inhibition of insulin secretion by interleukin-1beta. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(44): 31245–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes CJ, Hardman WE, Cameron IL, et al. Aspirin, but not sodium salicylate, indomethacin, or nabumetone, reversibly suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42(5): 920–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga K, Yoshimi N, Yamada Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of nabumetone, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and esculetin, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89(5): 496–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scioscia KA, Snyderman CH, Rueger R, et al. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in tumor growth inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Otolaryngol 1997; 18(1): 18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein R. Safety profiles of leading nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Med 1998; 105(5A): 39S-43S.
   Google Scholar
• Reimer ME, Johnston SA, Leib MS, et al. The gastroduodenal effects of buffered aspirin, carprofen, and etodolac in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13(5): 472–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boni J, Korth-Bradley J, McGoldrick K, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic action of etodolac in patients after oral surgery. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(7): 729–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Hauser SD, et al. A single amino acid difference between cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) reverses the selectivity of COX-2 specific inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 15810–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K, et al. Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(25): 12013–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson BA, Longo WE, Panesar N, et al. The effect of selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on intestinal epithelial cell mitogenesis. J Surg Res 1999; 81(1): 101–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Nieto R, Perez C, Checa A, et al. Molecular model of the interaction between nimesulide and human cyclooxygenase-2. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 14–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiola GF, Pattabhi V Nagarajan K. Structural basis for selective inhibition of COX-2 by nimesulide. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6(12): 2337–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AA, Murray FE Fitzgerald DJ. The in vivo assessment of nimesulide cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38 Suppl 1: 19–23.
   Google Scholar
• Caparroz-Assef SM, Bersani-Amado CA, do Nascimento EA, et al. Effects of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug nimesulide on energy metabolism in livers from adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1998; 99(1): 93116.
   Google Scholar
• Fukutake M, Nakatsugi S, Isoi T, et al. Suppressive effects of nimesulide, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(11): 1939–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakitani K, Nanayama T, Masaki M, et al. Profile of JTE-522 as a human cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998; 78(3): 365–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomozawa S, Nagawa H, Tsuno N, et al. Inhibition of haematogenous metastasis of colon cancer in mice by a selective COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522. Br J Cancer 1999; 81(8): 1274–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayly CI, Black WC, Leger S, et al. Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9(3): 307–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catella-Lawson F, McAdam B, Morrison BW, et al. Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1999; 289(2): 735–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs G. Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1 in human solid malignant tumours. Int J Cancer 1978; 21(6): 688–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley JD. Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1: significance in malignant transformation. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1978; 29(1-2): 139–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battu S, Chable-Rabinovitch H, Rigaud M, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 cl.19A. Anticancer Res 1998; 18(4A): 2397–403.
   Google Scholar
• Spirio LN, Dixon DA, Robertson J, et al. The inducible prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme, cyclooxygenase 2, is not mutated in patients with attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli. Cancer Res 1998; 58(21): 4909–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita T, Takahashi Y, Sakashita T, et al. Growth stimulation and induction of epidermal growth factor receptor by overexpression of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in human colon carcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1438: 120–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilford P. E-cadherin downregulation in cancer: fuel on the fire? Mol Med Today 1999; 5(4): 172–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narko K, Ristimaki A, MacPhee M, et al. Tumorigenic transformation of immortalized ECV endothelial cells by cyclooxygenase-1 overexpression. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(34): 21455–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita T, Takahashi Y, Sakashita T, et al. Growth stimulation and induction of epidermal growth factor receptor by overexpression of cyclooxyganse 1 and 2 in human colon carcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1438(1): 120–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock TG, Paine R III Peters-Golden M. Localization of 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus of unstimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 2; 269(35): 22059–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock TG, McNish RW, Bailie MB, et al. Rapid import of cytosolic 5-lipoxygenase into the nucleus of neutrophils after in vivo recruitment and in vitro adherence. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(13): 8276–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters-Golden M. Cell biology of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157(6 Pt 1): S227-32.
   Google Scholar
• Morham SG, Langebach R, Loftin CD, et al. Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse. Cell 1995; 83: 473–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon LS. Biologic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9(3): 178–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirtikara K, Morham SG, Raghow R, et al. Compensatory prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in cyclooxygenase 1 or 2 null cells. J Exp Med 1998; 187(4): 517–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons DL, Botting RM, Robertson PM, et al. Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(6): 3275–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky PE. Specific COX-2 inhibitors in arthritis, oncology, and beyond: where is the science headed? J Rheumatol 1999; 26 Suppl 56: 25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim H, Paria BC, Das SK, et al. Multiple female reproductive failures in cyclooxygenase 2-deficient mice. Cell 1997; 91(2): 197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BJ, Lennard DE, Lee CA, et al. Anovulation in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice is restored by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1beta. Endocrinology1999; 140(6): 2685–95.
   Google Scholar
• Lim H, Gupta RA, Ma WG, et al. Cyclo-oxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin mediates embryo implantation in the mouse via PPARdelta. Genes Dev 1999; 13(12): 1561–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SW, Lei ZM Rao CV. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by chorionic gonadotropin during the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells into decidua. Endocrinology 1996; 137(5): 1791–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKanna JA, Zhang MZ, Wang JL, et al. Constitutive expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat vas deferens. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(1 Pt 2): R227-33.
   Google Scholar
• Langenbach R, Morham SG, Tiano HF, et al. Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. Cell 1995; 83: 483–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan G. NSAID treatment of gastrointestinal abnormalities: A challenge to 'cytoprotection' Scand J Gastroeneterol 1997; 32: 288.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan G. Beneficial effects of NSAIDs in the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11(4): 393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese J, Brown N, Paria BC, et al. COX-2 compensation in the uterus of COX-1 deficient mice during the preimplantation period. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 150(1-2): 23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battu S, Rigaud M Beneytout JL. Resistance to apoptosis and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a human adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 CL.19A. Anticancer Res 1998; 18(5A): 3579–83.
   Google Scholar
• Subbaramaiah K, Telang N, Bansal MB, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression is upregulated in transformed mammary epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 833: 179–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng H, Shao J, Morrow JD, et al. Modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58(2): 362–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim JT, Piazza GA, Han EK, et al. Sulindac derivatives inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58(7): 1097–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho L, Osaka H, Aisen PS, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1 gene expression in apoptotic cell death. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 89(1-2): 142–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobin C, Morteau O, Han DS, et al. Specific NF-kappaB blockade selectively inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced COX-2 but not constitutive COX-1 gene expression in HT-29 cells. Immunology 1998; 95(4): 537–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masferrer JL, Koki A Seibert K. COX-2 inhibitors. A new class of antiangiogenic agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 889: 84–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel TO, Liu H, Morrow JD, et al. Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 1999; 59(18): 4574–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majima M, Isono M, Ikeda Y, et al. Significant roles of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in angiogenesis in rat sponge implants. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 75(2): 105–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plescia OJ, Smith AH Greinwich K. Subversion of immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975; 72(5): 1848–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plescia OJ, Grinwich K, Plescia AM. Subversive activity of syngeneic tumor cells as an escape mechanism from immune suverillance and the role of prostaglandins. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 276: 455–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinwich KD, Plescia OJ. Tumor-mediated immunosuppression: prevention by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins 1977; 14(6): 1175–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen K, Gomolka D Droller MJ. Production of prostaglandin E2 by tumor cells in vitro. Cancer Res 1980; 40(9): 3167–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MR, Henderson S. Enhancement in immunity of tumor bearing mice by immunization against prostaglandin E2. Immunol Commun 1982; 11(5): 345–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MR, Dizer M. Enhancement of immune function and tumor growth inhibition by antibodies against prostaglandin E2. Immunol Commun 1983; 12(1): 11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ippoliti F, Sezzi ML, Bellelli L, et al. Immunosubversive role of PGE2 in tumor bearing mice. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1985; 64(1): 25–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plescia OJ, Pontieri GM, Brown J, et al. Amplification by macrophages of prostaglandin-mediated immunosuppression in mice bearing syngeneic tumors. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1984; 16(2): 205–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young MR, Knies S. Prostaglandin E production by Lewis lung carcinoma: mechanism for tumor establishment in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72(4): 919–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto-Taniura N, Matsumoto K Nakamura T. Prostaglandin production in mouse mammary tumour cells confers invasive growth potential by inducing hepatocyte growth factor in stromal fibroblasts. Br J Cancer 1999; 81(2): 194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahan M, Meunier J, Newby M, et al. Prostaglandin E2 production by EL 4 leukemia cells from C57B/6 mice: mechanism for tumor dissemination. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 74(1): 1915.
   Google Scholar
• Young MR, Newby M. Enhancement of Lewis lung carcinoma cell migration by prostaglandin E2 produced by macrophages. Cancer Res 1986; 46(1): 160–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MR, Okada F, Tada M, et al. Association of increased tumor cell responsiveness to prostaglandin E2 with more aggressive tumor behavior. Invasion Metastasis 1991; 11(1): 4857.
   Google Scholar
• Sammon AM. Maize meal, non-esterified linoleic acid, and endemic cancer of the esophagus—preliminary findings. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 1999; 57(2-3): 167–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrenshall LE, Stevens RB, Cerra FB, et al. Modulation of macrophage and B cell function by glycosaminoglycans. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66(3): 391–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Fischer SM. Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin carcinoma cells. Regulatory role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins in the differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and neoplastic tissues. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(42): 27686–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjandrawinata RR, Dahiya R, Hughes-Fulford M. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA by prostaglandin E2 in human prostate carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 1997; 75(8): 1111–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bany BM, Kennedy TG. Regulation of cyclooxygenase gene expression in rat endometrial stromal cells: the role of epidermal growth factor. Dev Genet 1997; 21(1): 109–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins DJ, Kniss DA. Rapid and transient induction of cyclo-oxygenase 2 by epidermal growth factor in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Biochem J 1997; 321(Pt 3): 677–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre JR, Subbaramaiah K, Sacks PG, et al. Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57(14): 2890–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Nakajima H, Fujio K, et al. Enhancement of prostaglandin E2 production by epidermal growth factor requires the coordinate activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 in human squamous carcinoma A431 cells. Prostaglandins 1997; 53(5): 355–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori T, Shibamoto S, Hayakawa M, et al. Stimulation of prostaglandin production by hepa-tocyte growth factor in human gastric carcinoma cells. FEBS Lett 1993; 334(3): 331–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter G, Haley J, Chew K, Kerschmann R et al. Epidermal-growth-factor-receptor expression is associated with rapid tumor proliferation in bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 1994; 57(4): 50814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radinsky R, Risin, S, Fan, et al. Level and function of epidermal growth factor receptor predict the metastatic potential of human colon carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1(1): 19–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenson HB, Leach CT, McClain KL, et al. Benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors containing Epstein-Barr virus in children with AIDS. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 27(3-4): 303–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Hardisson D, Palacios J, et al. Adrenal gland leiomyoma in a child with acquired immuodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1995; 15(6): 923–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadarevian JP, Wok JH, Innis S, et al. A newly recognized cause of wheezing: AIDS-related broncial leiomyomas. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997; 24(2): 106–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Mierau GW, Sze CI, et al. Unusual dural and skull-based mesenchymal neoplasms: a report of four cases. Hum Pathol 1998: 29(3): 240–5.
   Google Scholar
• Prevot S, Neris J de Saint Maur PP. Detection of Epstein Barr virus in an leiomyomatous neoplasm in an adult immunodeficiency virus 1-infected patient. Virchows Arch 1994; 425(3): 321–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidoff AM, Hebra A, Clark BJ 3rd, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated hepatic smooth muscle neoplasm in a cardiac transplant patient. Transplantation 1996; 61(3): 515–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker R, Kieff E. A second Epstein-Barr virus membrane protein (LMP2) is expressed in latent infection and colocalizes with LMP1. J Virol 1990; 64(5): 2319–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker R. Biochemical and genetic studies of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2. Leukemia 1994; 8 Suppl 1: S46–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sample J, Liebowitz D Kieff E. Two related Epstein-Barr virus membrane proteins are encoded by separate genes. J Virol 1989; 63(2): 933–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WE, Earp HS Raab-Traub N. The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Virol 1995; 69(7): 4390–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spender LC, Cannell EJ, Hollyoake M, et al. Control of cell cycle entry and apoptosis in B lymphocytes infected by Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 1999; 73(6): 4678–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Minoshima S Shimizu N. Precise mapping of the EGF receptor gene on the human chromosome 7p12 using an improved fish technique. Jpn J Hum Genet 1993; 38(4): 399–406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolly C, Michell S, Rocchi M, et al. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of amplified genes in tumour cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 1997; 101(1): 81–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki K, Kudoh J, Omoto K, et al. Mega base map of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene flanking regions and structure of the amplification units in EGF receptor-hyperproducing squamous carcinoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79(11): 1174–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HM, Rajagopal S Chakrabarty S. Inhibition of human colon cancer malignant cell behavior and growth by antisense epidermal growth factor receptor expression vector. Anticancer Res 1998; 18(4A): 2297–300.
   Google Scholar
• O'Mahony CA, Beauchamp RD, Albo D, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 alters transforming growth factor-beta 1 response during intestinal tumorigenesis. Surgery 1999; 126(2): 364–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo MR, Yap E. TGF-beta1 in colonic neoplasia: a genetic molecular and immunohis-tochemical study. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1997; 16(3): 281–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao J, Sheng H, Aramandla R, et al. Coordinate regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and TGF-beta1 in replication error-positive colon cancer and azoxymethane-induced rat colonic tumors. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20(2): 185–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery A, Paraskeva C, Hall P, et al. TGF-beta expression in the human colon: differential immunostaining along crypt epithelium. Br J Cancer 1993; 68(1): 137–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman E, Gold LI, Klimstra D, et al. High levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 correlate with disease progression in human colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4(5): 549–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao CV, Kawamori T, Hamid R, et al. Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci by an inducible nitric oxide synthase-selective inhibitor. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20(4): 641–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Subbaramaiah K, Altorki N, et al. Dihydroxy bile acids activate the transcription of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(4): 2424–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Altorki NK, Mestre JR, et al. Curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in bile acid- and phorbol ester-treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20(3): 445–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TA, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, et al. Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95(2): 681–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinery R, Coffey RJ, Graves-Deal R, et al. Prostaglandin J2 and 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 induce proliferation of cyclooxygenase-depleted colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 2739–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingleton BM, Heppner Goss KJ, et al. Matrilysin in early stage intestinal tumorigenesis. APMIS 1999; 107(1): 102–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Brandt RL, Lamps LW, Heppner Goss KJ, et al. Differential expression of matrilysin and cyclooxygenase-2 in intestinal and colorectal neoplasms. Mol Carcinog 1999; 24(3): 17787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DJ, Mestre JR, Subbaramaiah K, et al. Benzo[a]pyrene up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in oral epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18(4): 795–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinery R, Beauchamp RD, Shyr Y, et al. Antioxidants reduce cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin production, and proliferation in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58(11): 2323–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey RJ, Hawkey CJ, Damstrup L, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor activation induces nuclear targeting of cyclooxygenase-2, basolateral release of prostaglandins, and mitogenesis in polarizing colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(2): 657–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetsuka T, Baier LD Morrison AR. Antioxidants inhibit interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase expression in rat mesangial cells. Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(20): 11689–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikawa H, Kamitani H, Calvo BF, et al. Expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59(2): 360–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, et al. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology 1997; 48(3): 626–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic M, Caballero-Bleda M, Puelles L, et al. Importance of immunological and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 1998; 95(3-4): 203–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G. Use of aspirin in coronary disease. Presse Med 1995; 24(20): 925–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(14): 973–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Graber P, et al. Agumented expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1999; 155(4): 1281–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman Q, Sack KE. When to try COX-2-specific inhibitors. Safer than standard NSAIDs in some situations. Postgrad Med 1999; 106(4): 95–7, 101–2, 105–6.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin BR. Specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1999; 99(6): 322–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dannenberg AJ, Zakim D. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Semin Oncol 1999; 26(5): 499–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves MJ, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and protection against colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5(12): 955–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin S, FitzGerald GA. Not a mouse stirring: deletion of the EP2 and love's labor's lost. J Clin Invest 1999; 103(11): 1481–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinchuk JE, Car BD, Focht RJ, et al. Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II. Nature 1995; 378(6555): 406–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonventre JV, Huang Z, Taheri MR, et al. Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature 1997; 390(6660): 622–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audoly LP, Tilley SL, Goulet J, et al. Identification of specific EP receptors responsible for the hemodynamic effects of PGE2. Am J Physiol 1999; 277(3 Pt 2): H924-30.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman RA, Smith WL Narumiya S. International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 1994; 46(2): 205–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy CR, Zhang Y, Brandon S, et al. Salt-sensitive hypertension and reduced fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. Nat Med 1999; 5(2): 217–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilley SL, Audoly LP, Hicks EH, et al. Reproductive failure and reduced blood pressure in mice lacking the EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J Clin Invest 1999; 103(11): 1539–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushikubi F, Segi E, Sugimoto Y, et al. Impaired febrile response in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3. Nature 1998; 395(6699): 281–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen M, Camenisch T, Snouwaert JN, et al. The prostaglandin receptor EP4 triggers remodelling of the cardiovascular system at birth. Nature 1997; 390(6655): 78–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata T, Ushikubi F, Matsuoka T, et al. Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature 1997; 388(6643): 678–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto Y, Segi E, Tsuboi K, et al. Female reproduction in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor. Roles of prostaglandin and oxytocin receptors in parturition. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 449: 317–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao CV, Rivenson A, Simi B, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by sulindac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent. Cancer Res 1995; 55(7): 1464–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay A, Rioux N, Duperron C, et al. Inhibition of lung tumorigenesis by NSAIDS: a working hypothesis. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24(4): 605–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalbert G, Castonguay A. Effects of NSAIDs on NNK-induced pulmonary and gastric tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Cancer Lett 1992; 66(1): 21–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ryn J, Pairet M. Clinical experience with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Inflamm Res 1999; 48(5): 247–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taketo MM. COX-2 and colon cancer. Inflamm Res 1998; 47 Suppl 2: S112–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawai S. Cyclooxygenase selectivity and the risk of gastro-intestinal complications of various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a clinical consideration. Inflamm Res 1998; 47 Suppl 2: S102–6.
   Google Scholar
• Riendeau D, Percival MD, Boyce S, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. Br JPharmacol 1997; 121(1): 105–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimi N, Shimizu M, Matsunaga K, et al. Chemopreventive effect of N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methane sulfonamide (NS-398), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in rat colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90(4): 406–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar