REFERENCES
- Wu K K. Historical Perspective. Pathophysiology and Management of Thromboembolic Disorders, K K Wu. PSG Publishing, Littleton, Massachusetts 1984; Pp 1–4
- Bizzozero J. On a new blood particle and its role in thrombosis and blood coagulation. Translated by EA Beck from the original:. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1882; 90: 261–332
- Hammarsten O, Fibrinogen Ueber das. I. Die Reindarstellung des Fibrinogens. II. Die kochsalzhaltigen Losungen des Fibrinogens. Pfluegers Arch Ges Physiol 1879; 19: 563–622, [CROSSREF]
- 1880; 22: 431–502
- Born G VR. Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 1962; 194: 927–929, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Zucker M B, Nachmias V T. Platelet activation. Arteriosclerosis 1985; 5: 2–18, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Colman R W, Marder V J, Salzman E W, Hirsh J. Overview of hemostasis. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice2nd ed., R W Colman, J Hirsh, V J Marder, E W Salzman. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia 1987; Pp 3–17
- Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868–874, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Voetsch B, Loscalzo J. Genetics of thrombophilia: impact on atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15: 129–143, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Vane J R, Botting R M. Mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 26: 2–10, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Thiagarajan P, Wu K K. Mechanisms of antithrombotic drugs. Adv Pharmacol 1999; 46: 297–324, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Wu K K, Thiagarajan P. Endothelial cell function in hemostasis and thrombosis. Ann Rev Med 1996; 47: 315–331, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Koster T, Blann A D, Briet E, Vandenbroucke J P, Rosendaal F R. Role of clotting factor VIII in effect of von Willebrand factor on occurrence of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1995; 345: 152–155, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Dahlback B. Resistance to activated protein C caused by the factor VR506Q mutation is a common risk factor for venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 483–488, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Badimon J J, Zaman A, Helft G, Fayad Z, Fuster V. Acute coronary syndromes: pathophysiology and preventive priorities. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 997–1004, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Fuster V, Fayad Z A, Badimon J J. Acute coronary syndromes: biology. Lancet 1999; 353(Suppl 2)SII5–SII9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104: 365–372, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Libby P, Ridker P M, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135–1143, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Ross R. Atherosclerosis—An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115–126, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Schonbeck U, Sukhova G K, Graber P, Coulter S, Libby P. Augmented expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 1281–1291, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Cipollone F, Prontera C, Pini B, Marini M, Fazia M, De Cesare D, Iezzi A, Ucchino S, Boccoli G, Saba V, Chiarelli F, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A. Overexpression of functionally coupled cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E synthase in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques as a basis of prostaglandin E(2)-dependent plaque instability. Circulation 2001; 104: 921–927, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Khan K M, Howe L R, Falcone D J. Extracellular matrix-induced cyclooxygenase-2 regulates macrophage proteinase expression. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 22039–22046, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 3A–6A, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Burke A P, Farb A, Kolodgie F D, Narula J, Virmani R. Atherosclerotic plaque morphology and coronary thrombi. J Nucl Cardiol 2002; 9: 95–103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Schonbeck U, Libby P. CD40 signaling and plaque instability. Circ Res 2001; 89: 1092–1103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Schonbeck U, Libby P. The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58: 4–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lindmark E, Tenno T, Siegbahn A. Role of platelet P-selectin and CD40 ligand in the induction of monocytic tissue factor expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 2322–2328, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Miller D L, Yaron R, Yellin M J. CD40L-CD40 interactions regulate endothelial cell surface tissue factor and thrombomodulin expression. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 63: 373–379, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- van Kooten C, Banchereau J. CD40-CD40 ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67: 2–17, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mach F, Schonbeck U, Sukhova G K, Atkinson E, Libby P. Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling. Nature 1998; 394: 200–203, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Sarma J, Laan C A, Alam S, Jha A, Fox K A, Dransfield I. Increased platelet binding to circulating monocytes in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002; 105: 2166–2171, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link?. Lancet 1997; 350: 430–436, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bornstein P, Sage H. Structurally disctinct collagen types. Annu Rev Biochem 1980; 49: 957–1003, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Pareti F I, Fujimura Y, Dent J A, Holland L Z, Zimmerman T S, Ruggeri Z M. Isolation and characterization of collagen binding domain in human VWF. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 15310–15315, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Ruggeri Z M. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1227–1234, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Nieswandt B, Watson S P. Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor?. Blood 2003; 102: 449–461, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Mangin P, Nonne C, Eckly A, Ohlmann P, Freund M, Nieswandt B, Cazenave J P, Gachet C, Lanza F. A PLC gamma 2-independent platelet collagen aggregation requiring functional association of GPVI and integrin alpha2beta1. FEBS Lett 2003; 542: 53–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rendu F, Brohard-Bohn B. The platelet release reaction: granules' constituents, secretion and functions. Platelets 2001; 12: 261–273, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Dorsam R T, Kunapuli S P. Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 340–345, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bauer S M. ADP receptor antagonists as antiplatelet therapeutics. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2003; 8: 93–101, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kudo I, Murakami M. Phospholipase A2 enzymes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 68–69: 3–58, [CROSSREF]
- Murakami M, Kudo I. Cellular arachidonate-releasing functions of various phospholipase A2s. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 525: 87–92, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Garavito R M, Mulichak A M. The structure of mammalian cyclooxygenases. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 2003; 32: 183–206, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wang L H, Kulmacz R J. Thromboxane synthase: structure and function of protein and gene. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 68–69: 409–422, [CROSSREF]
- Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ushikubi F. Prostanoid receptors: structures, properties, and functions. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 1193–1226, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- So S P, Wu J, Huang G, Huang A, Li D, Ruan K H. Identification of residues important for ligand binding of thromboxane A2 receptor in the second extracellular loop using the NMR experiment-guided mutagenesis approach. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 10922–10927, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Ellis E F, Oelz O, Roberts L J, 2nd, Payne N A, Sweetman B J, Nies A S, Oates J A. Coronary arterial smooth muscle contraction by a substance released from platelets: evidence that it is thromboxane A2. Science 1976; 193: 1135–1137, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Sueda S, Kohno H, Inoue K, Fukuda H, Suzuki J, Watanabe K, Ochi N, Kawada H, Uraoka T. Intracoronary administration of a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor relieves acetylcholine-induced coronary spasm. Circ J 2002; 66: 826–830, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Calvete J J. Platelet integrin GPIIb/IIIa: structure-function correlations. An update and lessons from other integrins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 222: 29–38, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Naik U P, Parise L V. Structure and function of platelet alpha IIb beta 3. Curr Opin Hematol 1997; 4: 317–322, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Fullard J F. The role of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in thrombosis and haemostasis. Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10: 1567–1576, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Fox J E. Transmembrane signaling across the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 714: 75–87, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Seligsohn U. Glanzmann thrombasthenia: a model disease which paved the way to powerful therapeutic agents. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002; 32: 216–217, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lentz B R. Exposure of platelet membrane phosphatidylserine regulates blood coagulation. Prog Lipid Res 2003; 42: 423–438, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ahmad S S, London F S, Walsh P N. The assembly of the factor X-activating complex on activated human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 48–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- De Cristofaro R, De Candia E. Thrombin domains: structure, function and interaction with platelet receptors. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003; 15: 151–163, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wu K K. Cyclooxygenase 2 induction: molecular mechanism and pathophysiologic roles. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 128: 242–245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- McAdam B F, Catella-Lawson F, Mardini I A, Kapoor S, Lawson J A, FitzGerald G A. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 272–277, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wu K K. Molecular regulation and augmentation of prostacyclin biosynthesis. Agents Actions. Suppl 1995; 45: 11–17, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tanabe T, Ullrich V. Prostacyclin and thromboxane synthases. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1995; 12: 243–255, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Armstrong R A. Platelet prostanoid receptors. Pharmacol Ther 1996; 72: 171–191, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tsai A L, Wu K K. Structure-activity relationship between prostacyclin and its platelet receptor. Correlation of structure change and the platelet activity. Eicosanoids 1989; 2: 131–143, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Wu K K. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and gene expression. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 962: 122–130, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Fleming I, Busse R. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284: R1–R12, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Fulton D, Gratton J P, McCabe T J, Fontana J, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Franke T F, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa W C. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature 1999; 399: 597–601, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Wu K K. Endothelial prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthesis in atherogenesis and thrombosis. J Formos Med Assoc 1996; 95: 661–666, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Salvemini D. Regulation of cyclooxygenase enzymes by nitric oxide. Cell Mol Life Sci 1997; 53: 576–582, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- de Graaf J C, Banga J D, Moncada S, Palmer R M, de Groot P G, Sixma J J. Nitric oxide functions as an inhibitor of platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Circulation 1992; 85: 2284–2290, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Marcus A J, Broekman M J, Drosopoulos J H, Islam N, Pinsky D J, Sesti C, Levi R. Heterologous cell-cell interactions: Thromboregulation, cerebroprotection and cardioprotection by CD39 (NTPDase-1). J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 2497–2509, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Willerson J T, Zoldhelyi P, Meidell R, McNatt J, Xu X M, Wu K K. Gene therapy to restore prostacyclin presence to injured endothelium. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1994; 106: 100–107, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wu K K. Prostacyclin and nitric oxide-related gene transfer in preventing arterial thrombosis and restenosis. Agents Actions Suppl 1997; 48: 107–123, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lin H, Lin T N, Cheung W M, Nian G M, Tseng P H, Chen S F, Chen J J, Shyue S K, Liou J Y, Wu C W, Wu K K. Cyclooxygenase-1 and bicistronic cyclooxygenase-1/prostacyclin synthase gene transfer protect against ischemic cerebral infarction. Circulation 2002; 105: 1962–1969, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Taubman M B, Fallon J T, Schecter A D, Giesen P, Mendlowitz M, Fyfe B S, Marmur J D, Nemerson Y. Tissue factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 200–204, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Morrissey J H. Tissue factor: a key molecule in hemostatic and nonhemostatic systems. Int J Hematol 2004; 79: 103–108, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dahlback B. Blood coagulation. Lancet 2000; 355: 1627–1632, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Broze G J, Jr. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 90–93, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bajaj M S, Birktoft J J, Steer S A, Bajaj S P. Structure and biology of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 959–972, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mallat Z, Hugel B, Ohan J, Leseche G, Freyssinet J M, Tedgui A. Shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in human atherosclerotic plaques: a role for apoptosis in plaque thrombogenicity. Circulation 1999; 99: 348–353, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Losche W, Scholz T, Temmler U, Oberle V, Claus R A. Platelet-derived microvesicles transfer tissue factor to monocytes but not to neutrophils. Platelets 2004; 15: 109–115, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sadler J E. Thrombomodulin structure and function. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 392–395, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Dahlback B. Progress in the understanding of the protein C anticoagulant pathway. Int J Hematol 2004; 79: 109–116, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tollefsen D M. Heparin cofactor II. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 425: 35–44, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tollefsen D M. Insight into the mechanism of action of heparin cofactor II. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1209–1214, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- van Hinsbergh V WM. Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activators by endothelial cells. Haemostasis 1988; 18: 307–327, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Lucas M A, Fretto L J, McKee P A. The binding of human plasminogen to fibrin and fibrinogen. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4249–4256, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Nordt T K, Bode C. Thrombolysis: newer thrombolytic agents and their role in clinical medicine. Heart 2003; 89: 1358–1362, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Chalela J A, Merino J G, Warach S. Update on stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 447–451, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lopez J A, Kearon C, Lee A Y. Deep venous thrombosis. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004; 439–456, [CSA]
- Tsai A W, Cushman M, Rosamond W D, Heckbert S R, Tracy R P, Aleksic N, Folsom A R. Coagulation factors, inflammation markers, and venous thromboembolism: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology (LITE). Am J Med 2002; 113: 636–642, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Schambeck C M, Grossmann R, Zonnur S, Berger M, Teuchert K, Spahn A, Walter U. High factor VIII (FVIII) levels in venous thromboembolism: role of unbound FVIII. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92: 42–46, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Poort S R, Rosendaal F R, Reitsma P H, Betina R M. A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996; 88: 3698–3703, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Folsom A R, Cushman M, Tsai M Y, Heckbert S R, Aleksic N. Prospective study of the G20210A polymorphism in the prothrombin gene, plasma prothrombin concentration, and incidence of venous thromboembolism. Am J Hematol 2002; 71: 285–290, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Folsom A R, Aleksic N, Wang L, Cushman M, Wu K K, White R H. Protein C, antithrombin, and venous thromboembolism incidence: a prospective population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1018–1022, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Dahlback B. Inherited thrombophilia: resistance to activated protein C as a pathogenic factor of venous thromboembolism. Blood 1995; 85: 607–614, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Koenen R R, Tans G, van Oerle R, Hamulyak K, Rosing J, Hackeng T M. The APC-independent anticoagulant activity of protein S in plasma is decreased by elevated prothrombin levels due to the prothrombin G20210A mutation. Blood 2003; 102: 1686–1692, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Salomon O, Steinberg D M, Zivelin A. Single and combined prothrombotic factors in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism: prevalence and risk assessment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 511–518, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Vane J R, Botting R M. The mechanism of action of aspirin. Thromb Res 2003; 110: 255–258, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wu K K. Aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors: new therapeutic insights. Semin Vasc Med 2003; 3: 107–112, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wu K K. Control of COX-2 and iNOS gene expressions by aspirin and salicylate. Thromb Res 2003; 110: 273–276, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Saunders M A, Sansores-Garcia L, Gilroy D W, Wu K K. Selective suppression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta binding and cyclooxygenase-2 promoter activity by sodium salicylate in quiescent human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 18897–18904, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Cieslik K, Zhu Y, Wu K K. Salicylate suppresses macrophage nitric-oxide synthase-2 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression by inhibiting CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta binding via a common signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 49304–49310, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Sharis P J, Cannon C P, Loscalzo J. The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 394–405, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Herbert J M, Savi P. P2Y12, a new platelet ADP receptor, target of clopidogrel. Semin Vasc Med 2003; 3: 113–122, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Micieli G, Cavallini A. New therapeutic strategies with antiplatelet agents. Neurol Sci 2004; 25(Suppl 1)S13–S15, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bhatt D L, Topol E J. Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance Executive Committee. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 263–268, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Tcheng J E, Harrington R A, Kottke-Marchant K, Kleiman N S, Ellis S G, Kereiakes D J, Mick M J, Navetta F I, Smith J E, Worleys, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker Integrilin in elective coronary intervention: IMPACT investigators. Circulation 1995; 91: 2151–2157, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- PRISM-PLUS study investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1488–1497, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Marki W E, Grossenbacher H, Grutter M G, Liersch M H, Meyhack B, Heim J. Recombinant hirudin: genetic engineering and structure analysis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1991; 17: 88–93, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Walenga J M, Pifarre R, Hoppensteadt D A, Fareed J. Development of recombinant hirudin as a therapeutic anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent: some objective considerations. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989; 15: 316–333, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Rydel T J, Ravichandran K G, Tulinsky A, Bode W, Huber R, Roitsch C, Fenton J W, 2nd. The structure of a complex of recombinant hirudin and human alpha-thrombin. Science 1990; 249: 277–280, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Rydel T J, Tulinsky A, Bode W, Huber R. Refined structure of the hirudin-thrombin complex. J Mol Biol 1991; 221: 583–601, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Maraganore J M, Bourdon P, Jablonski J, Ramachandran K L, Fenton J W, 2nd. Design and characterization of hirulogs: a novel class of bivalent peptide inhibitors of thrombin. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 7095–7101, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Tobu M, Lewis B E. Practical issues in the development of argatroban: a perspective. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002; 32(Suppl 3)56–65, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bauer K A. Selective inhibition of coagulation factors: advances in antithrombotic therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002; 28(Suppl 2)15–24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Crowther M A, Weitz J I. Ximelagatran: the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 13: 403–413, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- McCullough P A, Dorrell K A, Sandberg K R, Yerkey M W. Ximelagatran: a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor for long-term anticoagulation. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2004; 5: 99–103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Chang P. New anticoagulants for venous thromboembolic disease. Drugs 2004; 7: 50–57, [CSA]
- Frydman A. Low-molecular-weight heparins: an overview of their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Haemostasis 1996; 26(Suppl 2)24–38, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Beguin S, Welzel D, Al Dieri R, Hemker H C. Conjectures and refutations on the mode of action of heparins. The limited importance of anti-factor xa activity as a pharmaceutical mechanism and a yardstick for therapy. Haemostasis 1999; 29: 170–178, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Prandoni P, Carnovali M, Marchiori A. Galilei Investigators Subcutaneous adjusted-dose unfractionated heparin vs fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin in the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1077–1083, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Warkentin T E. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnosis and management. Circulation 2004; 110: e454–458, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Warkentin T E, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 2121–2131, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Holzheimer R G. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in the treatment of thrombosis. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9: 225–239, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bauer K A. Fondaparinux: a new synthetic and selective inhibitor of Factor Xa. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2004; 17: 89–104, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Turpie A G, Bauer K A, Eriksson B I, Lassen M R, PENTATHALON 2000 Study Steering Committee. Postoperative fondaparinux versus postoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1721–1726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Lassen M R, Bauer K A, Eriksson B I, Turpie A G, European Pentasaccharide Elective Surgery Study (EPHESUS) Steering Committee. Postoperative fondaparinux versus preoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet 2002; 359: 1715–1720, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bauer K A, Eriksson B I, Lassen M R, Turpie A G, Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Major Knee Surgery Study. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1305–1310, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Buller H R, Davidson B L, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins M H, Raskob G, Segers A E, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing A W. Matisse Investigators Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 867–873, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Shapiro S. Warfarin sodium derivative: (coumadin sodium); an intravenous hypoprothrombin-emia-inducing agent. Angiology 1953; 4: 380–390, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Sadler J E. Medicine: K is for koagulation. Nature 2004; 427: 493–494, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Pengo V, Barbero F, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, Noventa F, Iliceto S. Prevention of thromboembolism in patients with mitral stenosis and associated atrial fibrillation: effectiveness of low intensity (INR target 2) oral anticoagulant treatment. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 760–764, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Nozawa T, Inoue H, Iwasa A, Okumura K, Jong-dae L, Shimizu A, Hayano M, Yano K. Effects of anticoagulation intensity on hemostatic markers in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Circ J 2004; 68: 29–34, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yamada Y, Izawa H, Ichihara S, Takatsu F, Ishihara H, Hirayama H, Sone T, Tanaka M, Yokota M. Prediction of the risk of myocardial infarction from polymorphisms in candidate genes. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1916–1923, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Ozaki K, Ohnishi Y, Iida A, Sekine A, Yamada R, Tsunoda T, Sato H, Hori M, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T. Functional SNPs in the lymphotoxin-alpha gene that are associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction. Nat Genet 2002; 32: 650–654, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Topol E J, McCarthy J, Gabriel S, Moliterno D J, Rogers W J, Newby L K, Freedman M, Metivier J, Cannata R, O'Donnell C J, Kottke-Marchant K, Murugesan G, Plow E F, Stenina O, Daley G Q. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple novel thrombospondin genes may be associated with familial premature myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 2641–2644, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]