Chitinase 3-Like-1 (CHI3L1): A Putative Disease Marker at the Interface of Proteomics and Glycomics

REFERENCES

• J S Johansen, B V Jensen, A Roslind, D Nielsen, and P A Price. 2006. Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen. 2006. Studies on serum YKL-40 as a biomarker in diseases with inflammation, tissue remodeling, fibroses and cancer. Danish Med Bull 53:172–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B E Hakala, C White, and A D Recklies. 1993. Human cartilage gp-39, a major secretory product of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a mammalian member of a chitinase protein family. J Biol Chem 268:25803–25810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L M Shackelton, D M Mann, and A J Millis. 1995. Identification of a 38-kDa heparin-binding glycoprotein (gp38k) in differentiating vascular smooth muscle cells as a member of a group of proteins associated with tissue remodeling. J Biol Chem 270:13076–13083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Hu, K Trinh, W F Figueira, and P A Price. 1996. Isolation and sequence of a novel human chondrocyte protein related to mammalian members of the chitinase protein family. J Biol Chem 271:19415–19420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, S Moller, P A Price, F Bendtsen, J Junge, C Garbarsch, and J H Henriksen. 1997. Plasma YKL-40: a new potential marker of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis?. Scand J Gastroenterol 32:582–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K C Nishikawa, and A JT Millis. 2003. gp38k (CHI3L1) is a novel adhesion and migration factor for vascular cells. Exp Cell Res 287:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H F Bigg, R Wait, A D Rowan, and T E Cawston. 2006. The mammalian chitinase-like lectin, YKL-40, binds specifically to type I collagen and modulates the rate of type I collagen fibril formation. J Biol Chem 281:21082–21095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Harvey, M Weisman, J O'Dell, T Scott, M Krusemeier, J Visor, and C Swindlehurst. 1998. Chondrex: new marker of joint disease. Clin Chem 44:509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, J Hvolris, M Hansen, V Backer, I Lorenzen, and P A Price. 1996. Serum YKL-40 levels in healthy children and adults. Comparison with serum and synovial fluid levels of YKL-40 in patients with osteoarthritis or trauma of the knee joint. Br J Rheumatol 35:553–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J-M Rakic, V Lambert, M Deprez, J-M Foidart, A Noel, and C Munaut. 2003. Estrogens reduce the expression of YKL-40 in the retina: implications for eye and joint diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1740–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Chung, T Tallerico, and P Seeman. 2003. Schizophrenia hippocampus has elevated expression of chondrex glycoprotein gene. Synapse 50:29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J J Rejman, and W L Hurley. 1988. Isolation and characterization of a novel 39 kilodalton whey protein from bovine mammary secretions collected during the nonlactating period. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 150:329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J J Rejman, W L Hurley, and J M Bahr. 1989. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of bovine lactoferrin and a 39-kilodalton protein found in mammary secretions during involution. J Dairy Sci 72:555–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Aslam, and W L Hurley. 1998. Peptides generated from milk proteins in the bovine mammary gland during involution. J Dairy Sci 81:748–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Nyirkos, and E Golds. 1990. Human synovial cells secrete a 39 kDa protein similar to a bovine mammary gland protein expressed during the non-lactating period. Biochem J 268:265–268.
   Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, M K Williamson, J S Rice, and P A Price. 1992. Identification of proteins secreted by human osteoblastic cells in culture. J Bone Miner Res 7:501–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Rehli, S W Krause, and R Andreesen. 1997. Molecular characterization of the gene for human cartilage gp-39 (CHI3L1), a member of the chitinase protein family and marker for late stages of macrophage differentiation. Genomics 43:221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Rehli, H-H Niller, C Ammon, S Langmann, L Schwarzfischer, R Andreesen, and S W Krause. 2003. Transcriptional regulation of CHI3L1, a marker gene for late stages of macrophage differentiation. J Biol Chem 278:44058–44067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P B Liton, X Liu, W D Stamer, P Challa, D L Epstein, and P Gonzalez. 2005. Specific targeting of gene expression to a subset of human trabecular meshwork cells using the chitinase 3-like 1 promoter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Fusetti, T Pijning, K H Kalk, E Bos, and B W Dijkstra. 2003. Crystal structure and carbohydrate-binding properties of the human cartilage glycoprotein-39. J Biol Chem 278:37753–37760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D R Houston, A D Recklies, J C Krupa, and D MF van Aalten. 2003. Structure and ligand-induced conformational change of the 39-kDa glycoprotein from human articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 278:30206–30212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L W Tjoelker, L Gosting, S Frey, C L Hunter, H L Trong, B Steiner, H Brammer, and P W Gray. 2000. Structural and functional definition of the human chitinase chitin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 275:514–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Ueda, M Kojima, T Yoshikawa, N Mitsuda, K Araki, T Kawaguchi, K Miyatake, M Arai, and T Fukamizo. 2003. A novel type of family 19 chitinase from Aeromonas sp. No.10S-24. Cloning, sequence, expression, and the enzymatic properties. Eur J Biochem 270:2513–2520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• N Dahiya, R Tewari, and G S Hoondal. 2006. Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71:773–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R G Boot, G H Renkema, A Strijland, and A J van Zonneveld. 1995. Aerts JMFG. Cloning of a cDNA encoding chitotriosidase, a human chitinase produced by macrophages. J Biol Chem 270:26252–26256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G H Renkema, R G Boot, F L Au, W E Donker-Koopman, A Strijland, A O Muijsers, M Hrebicek, and J M Aerts. 1998. Chitotriosidase, a chitinase, and the 39-kDa human cartilage glycoprotein, a chitin-binding lectin, are homologues of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases secreted by human macrophages. Eur J Biochem 251:504–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• L Malaguarnera. 2006. Chitotriosidase: the yin and the yang. Cell Molec Life Sci 63:3018–3029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Saito, K Ozaki, T Fujiwara, Y Nakamura, and A Tanigami. 1999. Isolation and characterization of a human lung-specific gene, TSA1902, encoding a novel chitinase family member. Gene 239:325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R G Boot, E FC Blommaart, E Swart, Ghauharali-van der, K Vlugt, N Bijl, C Moe, and A Place. 2001. Aerts JMFG. Identification of a novel acidic mammalian chitinase distinct from chitotriosidase. J Biol Chem 276:6770–6778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E B Arias, H G Verhage, and R C Jaffe. 1994. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning and molecular characterization of an estrogen-dependent human oviductal glycoprotein. Biol Reprod 51:685–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W C Buhi. 2002. Characterization and biological roles of oviduct-specific, estrogen-dependent glycoprotein. Reprod 123:355–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Kzhyshkowska, S Mamidi, A Gratchev, E Kremmer, C Schmuttermaier, L Krusell, G Haus, J Utikal, K Schledzewski, J Scholtze, and S Goerdt. 2006. Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway. Blood 107:3221–3228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Guoping, P Fan, S Jingxi, L Xiaoping, J Shiqin, and L Yuri. 1997. Purification and characterization of a silica-induced bronchoalveolar lavage protein with fibroblast growth-promoting activity. J Cell Biochem 67:257–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N N Aronson, C J Blanchard, and J D Madura. 1997. Homology modeling of glycosyl hydrolase family 18 enzymes and proteins. J Chem Inform Comp Sci 37:999–1005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• G Bleau, F Massicotte, Y Merlen, and C Boisvert. 1999. Mammalian chitinase-like proteins. EXS 87:211–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H M Jin, N G Copeland, D J Gilbert, N A Jenkins, R B Kirkpatrick, and M Rosenberg. 1998. Genetic characterization of the murine YM1 gene and identification of a cluster of highly homologous genes. Genomics 54:316–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Guo, R S Johnson, and J CL Schuh. 2000. Biochemical characterization of endogenously formed eosinophilic crystals in the lungs of mice. J Biol Chem 275:8032–8037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R B Kirkpatrick, R E Matico, D E McNulty, J E Strickler, and M Rosenberg. 1995. An abundantly secreted glycoprotein from Drosophila melanogaster is related to mammalian secretory proteins produced in rheumatoid tissues and by activated macrophages. Gene 153:147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Kawamura, T Shibata, O Saget, D Peel, and P J Bryant. 1999. A new family of growth factors produced by the fat body and active on Drosophila imaginal disc cells. Development 126:211–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P F Varela, A S Llera, R A Maruizza, and J Tormo. 2002. Crystal structure of imaginal disc growth factor-2. A member of a new family of growth-promoting glycoproteins from Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 277:13229–13236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S W Krause, M Rehli, M Kreutz, L Schwarzfischer, J D Paulauskis, and R Andreesen. 1996. Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation. J Leukocyte Biol 60:540–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Suzuki, S Hashimoto, N Toyoda, S Nagai, N Yamazaki, H Y Dong, J Sakai, T Yamashita, T Nukiwa, and K Matsushima. 2000. Comprehensive gene expression profile of LPS-stimulated human monocytes by SAGE. Blood 96:2584–2591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Volck, P A Price, J S Johansen, O Sorensen, T L Benfield, H J Nielsen, J Calafat, and N Borregaard. 1998. YKL-40, a mammalian member of the chitinase family, is a matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils. Proc Assoc Am Phys 110:351–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J S Johansen, T Olee, P A Price, S Hashimoto, R L Ochs, and M Lotz. 2001. Regulation of YKL-40 production by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 44:826–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F De Ceuninck, S Gaufillier, A Bonnaud, M Sabatini, C Lesur, and P Pastoureau. 2001. YKL-40 (cartilage gp-39) induces proliferative events in cultured chondrocytes and synoviocytes and increases glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285:926–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Benz, S Breit, M Lukoschek, H Mau, and W Richter. 2002. Molecular analysis of expansion, differentiation, and growth factor treatment of human chondrocytes identifies differentiation markers and growth-related genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:284–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A D Recklies, H Ling, C White, and S M Bernier. 2005. Inflammatory cytokines induce production of CHI3L1 by articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 280:41213–41221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U Schneider, U Schlegel, S Bauer, and C H Siebert. 2003. Molecular markers in the evaluation of autologous chondrocyte implantation. Arthroscopy 19:397–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X Sun, M Gulyas, and A Hjerpe. 2004. Mesothelial differentiation as reflected by differential gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30:510–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Junker, J S Johansen, L T Hansen, E L Lund, and P EG Kristjansen. 2005. Regulation of YKL-40 expression during genotoxic or microenvironmental stress in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 96:183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R B Kirkpatrick, J G Emery, J R Connor, R Dodds, P G Lysko, and M Rosenberg. 1997. Induction and expression of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 in rheumatoid inflammatory and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Exp Cell Res 237:46–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K CM Verhoeckx, S Bijlsma, E M de Groene, R F Witkamp, J van der Greef, and R JT Rodenburg. 2004. A combination of proteomics, principal component analysis and transcriptomics is a powerful tool for the identification of biomarkers for macrophage maturation in the U937 cell line. Proteomics 4:1014–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A D Recklies, C White, and H Ling. 2002. The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC-gp39) stimulates proliferation of human connective-tissue cells and activates both extracellular signal-regulated kinase- and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways. Biochem J 365:119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C E Pelloski, A Mahajan, M Maor, E L Chang, S Woo, M Gilbert, H Colman, H Yang, A Ledoux, H Blair, S Passe, R B Jenkins, and K D Aldape. 2005. YKL-40 expression is associated with poorer response to radiation and shorter overall survival in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 11:3326–3334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K M Malinda, L Ponce, H K Kleinman, L M Shackelton, and A J Millis. 1999. Gp38k, a protein synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells, stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 250:168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Mizoguchi. 2006. Chitinase 3-like-1 exacerbates intestinal inflammation by enhancing bacterial adhesion and invasion in colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 130:398–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Mizoguchi, and A Mizoguchi. 2007. Is the sugar always sweet in intestinal inflammation?. Immunol Res 37:47–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Kawada, Y Hachiya, and E Mizoguchi. 2006. Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) elicits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colonic epithelial cells and exacerbates TNBS-induced colitis. Gasteroenterology 130:A699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Ling, and A D Recklies. 2004. The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoprotein 39 inhibits cellular responses to the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Biochem J 380:651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Zou, Y Zhang, A Thiel, M Rudwaleit, S L Shi, A Radbruch, R Poole, J Braun, and J Sieper. 2003. Predominant cellular immune response to the cartilage autoantigenic G1 aggrecan in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 42:846–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E V Hogdall, J S Johansen, S K Kjaer, P A Price, J Blaakjaer, and C K Hogdall. 2000. Stability of YKL-40 concentration in blood samples. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 60:247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Cintin, J S Johansen, F Skov, P A Price, and H J Nielsen. 2001. Accumulation of the neutrophil-derived protein YKL-40 during storage of various blood components. Inflamm Res 50:107–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C L Nutt, R A Betensky, M A Brower, T T Batchelor, D N Louis, and A O Stemmer-Rachamimov. 2005. YKL-40 is a differential diagnostic marker for histologic subtypes of high-grade gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 11:2258–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, I J Christensen, R Riisbro, M Greenall, C Han, P A Price, K Smith, N Brunner, and A L Harris. 2003. High serum YKL-40 levels in patients with primary breast cancer is related to short recurrence free survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 80:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, C Cintin, M Jorgensen, C Kamby, and P A Price. 1995. Serum YKL-40: a new potential marker of prognosis and location of metastases of patients with recurrent breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 31A:1437–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E VS Hogdall, J S Johansen, S K Kjaer, P A Price, L Christensen, J Blaakaer, J E Bock, E Glud, and C K Hogdall. 2003. High plasma YKL-40 level in patients with ovarian cancer stage III is related to shorter survival. Oncol Rep 10:1535–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Dehn, E VS Hogdall, J S Johansen, M Jorgensen, P A Price, S AA Engelholm, and C K Hogdall. 2003. Plasma YKL-40, as a prognostic tumor marker in recurrent ovarian cancer. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82:287–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Dupont, M K Tanwar, H T Thaler, M Fleisher, N Kauff, M L Hensley, P Sabbatini, S Anderson, C Aghajanian, E C Holland, and D R Spriggs. 2004. Early detection and prognosis of ovarian cancer using serum YKL-40. J Clin Oncol 22:3330–3339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B V Jensen, J S Johansen, and P A Price. 2003. High levels of serum HER-2/neu and YKL-40 independently reflect aggressiveness of metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9:4423–4434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Cintin, J S Johansen, I J Christensen, P A Price, S Sorensen, and H J Nielsen. 1999. Serum YKL-40 and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 79:1494–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Cintin, J S Johansen, I J Christensen, P A Price, S Sorensen, and H J Nielsen. 2002. High serum YKL-40 level after surgery for colorectal carcinoma is related to short survival. Cancer 95:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Brasso, I J Christensen, J S Johansen, B Teisner, P Garnero, P A Price, and P Iversen. 2006. Prognostic value of PINP, bone alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and YKL-40 in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma. Prostate 66:503–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Schmidt, J S Johansen, P Sjoegren, I J Christensen, B S Sorensen, K Fode, J Larsen, and H von der Maase. 2006. Serum YKL-40 predicts relapse-free and overall survival in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 24:798–804.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H Schmidt, J S Johansen, J Gehl, P F Geertsen, K Fode, and H von der Maase. 2006. Elevated serum level of YKL-40 is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer 106:1130–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Sjogren, J M Meis-Kindblom, C Orndal, P Bergh, K Ptaszynski, P Aman, L-G Kindblom, and G Stenman. 2003. Studies on the molecular pathogenesis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma-cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and cDNA microarray analyses. Am J Pathol 162:781–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M R Hameed, T-Z Lin, F D Coffman, M C Cohen, H Fernandes, H Aviv, J Benevenia, S C Aisner, and S Cohen. 2005. Gene expression analysis of a dedifferentiated liposarcoma—differences between high and low grade areas. Analysis of two cases and literature review. J Musculoskelet Res 9:9–20.
   Google Scholar
• S H Lau, J ST Sham, D Xie, C H Tzang, D Tang, N Ma, L Hu, Y Wang, J M Wen, G Xiao, W M Zhang, G KK Lau, M Yang, and X Y Guan. 2006. Clusterin plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 25:1242–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y Huang, M Prasad, W J Lemon, H Hampel, F A Wright, K Kornacker, V LiVolsi, W Frankel, R T Kloos, C Eng, N S Pellegata, and A de la Chapelle. 2001. Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:15044–15049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M K Tanwar, M R Gilbert, and E C Holland. 2002. Gene expression microarray analysis reveals YKL-40 to be a potential serum marker for malignant character in human glioma. Cancer Res 62:4364–4368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Shostak, V Labunskyy, V Dmitrenko, T Malisheva, M Shamayev, V Rozumenko, Y Zozulya, G Zehetner, and V Kavsan. 2003. HC gp-39 gene is upregulated in glioblastomas. Cancer Lett 198:203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J M Nigro, A Misra, L Zhang, I Smirnov, H Colman, C Griffin, N Ozburn, M Chen, E Pan, D Koul, W KA Yung, B G Feuerstein, and K D Aldape. 2005. Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression array profiles identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of glioblastoma. Cancer Res 65:1678–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C-L Tso, W A Freije, A Day, Z Chen, B Merriman, A Perlina, Y Lee, E Q Dia, K Yoshimoto, P S Mischel, L M Liau, T F Cloughesy, and S F Nelson. 2006. Distinct transcription profiles of primary and secondary glioblastoma subgroups. Cancer Res 66:159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O J Bergmann, J S Johansen, T W Klausen, A K Mylin, J S Kristensen, E Kjeldsen, and H E Johnsen. 2005. High serum concentration of YKL-40 is associated with short survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 11:8644–8652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, L Drivsholm, P A Price, and I J Christensen. 2004. High serum YKL-40 level in patients with small cell lung cancer is related to early death. Lung Cancer 46:333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Junker, J S Johansen, C B Andersen, and P EG Kristjansen. 2005. Expression of YKL-40 by peritumoral macrophages in human small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 48:223–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Fukushima, J Koopmann, N Sato, N Prasad, R Carvalho, S D Leach, R H Hruban, and M Goggins. 2005. Gene expression alterations in the non-neoplastic parenchyma adjacent to infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Modern Pathol 18:779–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, M Stoltenberg, M Hansen, A Florescu, K Horslev-Petersen, I Lorenzen, and P A Price. 1999. Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity. Rheumatology 38:618–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Vos, A M Miltenburg, K E van Meijgaarden, M van den Heuvel, D G Elferink, P J van Galen, R A van Hogezand, E van Vliet-Daskalopoulou, T H Ottenhoff, F C Breedveld, A M Boots, and R R de Vries. 2000. Cellular immune response to human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39)-derived peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Rheumatology 39:1326–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, J R Kirwan, P A Price, and M Sharif. 2001. Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: relation to joint destruction. Scand J Rheumatol 30:297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Matsumoto, and T Tsurumoto. 2001. Serum YKL-40 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations between clinical and laborarory parameters. Clin Exp Rheumatol 19:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Peltomaa, L Paimela, S Harvey, T Helve, and M Leirisalo-Repo. 2001. Increased level of YKL-40 in sera from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a new marker for disease activity. Rheumatol Int 20:192–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Combe, M Dougados, P Goupille, A Cantagrel, J F Eliaou, J Sibilia, O Meyer, J Sany, J P Daures, and A Dubois. 2001. Prognostic factors for radiographic damage in early rheumatoid arthritis: a multiparameter prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 44:1736–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Volck, J S Johansen, M Stoltenberg, C Garbarsch, P A Price, M Ostergaard, K Ostergaard, P Lovgreen-Nielsen, S Sonne-Holm, and I Lorenzen. 2001. Studies on YKL-40 in knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Involvement of YKL-40 in the joint pathology. Osteoarthr Cartilage 9:203–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D Baeten, A M Boots, P G Steenbakkers, D Elewaut, E Bos, G F Verheijden, G Berheijden, A M Miltenburg, A W Rijnders, E M Veys, and F de Keyser. 2000. Human cartilage gp-39+,CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood and synovium: correlation with joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:1233–1243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• G S Panayi. 1999. Targeting of cells involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 38 (Suppl 2):S8–S10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• T Sekine, K Masuko-Hongo, T Matsui, H Asahara, M Takigawa, K Nishioka, and T Kato. 2001. Recognition of YKL-39, a human cartilage related protein, as a target antigen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 60:49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Van Boekel, E Vossenaar, F van den Hoogen, and W van Venrooij. 2002. Autoantibody systems in rheumatoid arthritis: specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic value. Arthritis Res 4:87–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• W Hueber, B A Kidd, B H Tomooka, B J Lee, B Bruce, J F Fries, G Sonderstrup, P Monach, J W Drijfhout, W J van Venrooij, P J Utz, M C Genovese, and W H Robinson. 2005. Antigen microarray profiling of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 52:2645–2655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Sakata, K Masuko-Hongo, J Tsuruha, T Sekine, H Nakamura, M Takigawa, K Nishioka, and T Kato. 2002. YKL-39, a human cartilage-related protein, induces arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Rheumatol 20:343–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E C Tsark, W Wang, Y-C Teng, D Arkfeld, G R Dodge, S Kovats, and M HC Differential. 2002. class II-mediated presentation of rheumatoid arthritis autoantigens by human dendritic cells and macrophages. J Immunol 169:6625–6633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A P Cope, S D Patel, F Hall, M Congia, H A Hubers, G F Verheijden, A M Boots, R Menon, M Trucco, A W Rijnders, and G Sonderstrup. 1999. T cell responses to a human cartilage autoantigen in the context of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and nonassociated HLA-DR4 alleles. Arthritis Rheum 42:1497–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J HM van Bilsen, H van Dongen, L R Lard, E IH van der Voort, D G Elferink, A M Bakker, A MM Miltenburg, T WJ Huizinga, R RP de Vries, and R EM Toes. 2004. Functional regulatory immune responses against human cartilage glycoprotein-39 in health vs. proinflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17180–17185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Kruithof, D Baeten, L de Rycke, B Vandooren, D Foell, J Roth, J D Canete, A M Boots, E M Veys, and F de Keyser. 2005. Synovial histopathology of psoriatic arthritis, both oligo- and polyarticular, resembles spondyloarthropathy more than it does rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R569–R580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G F Verheijden, A W Rijnders, E Bos, C J Coenen-de Roo, C J van Staveren, A M Miltenburg, J H Meijerink, D Elewaut, F de Keyser, E Veys, and A M Boots. 1997. Human cartilage glycoprotein-39 as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 40:1115–1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K Vos, P Steenbakkers, A M Miltenburg, E Bos, M W van den Heuvel, R A van Hogezand, R R de Vries, F C Breedveld, and A M Boots. 2000. Raised human cartilage glycoprotein-39 plasma levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Ann Rheum Dis 59:544–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M P Belmares, J D Rabinowitz, W Liu, E D Mellins, and H M McConnell. 2000. pH stability of HLA-DR4 complexes with antigenic peptides. Biochemistry 39:14558–14566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F C Hall, J D Rabinowitz, R Busch, K C Visconti, M Belmares, N S Patil, A P Cope, S Patel, H M McConnell, E D Mellins, and G Sonderstrup. 2002. Relationship between kinetic stability and immunogenicity of HLA-DR4/peptide complexes. Eur J Immunol 32:662–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F C Hall, K C Visconti, R-C Ahmad, S L Parry, A MM Miltenburg, H M McConnell, E D Mellins, and G Sonderstrup. 2003. Cytokines elicited by T cell epitopes from a synovial autoantigen: altered peptide ligands can reduce interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production. Arthritis Rheum 48:2375–2385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• P GA Steenbakkers, D Baeten, E Rovers, E M Veys, A WM Rijnders, J Meijerink, F de Keyser, and A MH Boots. 2003. Localization of MHC class II/human cartilage glycoprotein-39 complexes in synovia of rheumatoid arthritis patients using complex-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 170:5719–5727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L A Joosten, C J Coenen-de Roo, M M Helsen, E Lubberts, A M Boots, W B van den Berg, and A M Miltenburg. 2000. Induction of tolerance with intranasal administration of human cartilage gp-39 in DBA/1 mice: amelioration of clinical, histologic, and radiologic signs of type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:645–655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D A Wolvers, C J Coenen-de Roo, R E Mebius, M J van der Cammen, F Tirion, A M Miltenburg, and G Kraal. 1999. Intranasally induced immunological tolerance is determined by characteristics of the draining lymph nodes: studies with OVA and human cartilage gp-39. J Immunol 162:1994–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Prokaeva. 2000. AnergiX.RA Corixa. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 1:70–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• L A Wolfraim. 2006. Treating autoimmune diseases through restoration of antigen-specific immune tolerance. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 54:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M M Zandbelt, J GA Houbiers, F HJ van den Hoogen, J Meijerink, P LCM van Riel, J Hout, and L BA van de Putte. 2006. Intranasal administration of recombinant human cartilage glycoprotein-39. A phase I I escalating cohort study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 33:1726–1733. in't
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Conrozier, M C Carlier, P Mathieu, F Colson, A L Debard, S Richard, H Favret, J Bienvenu, and E Vignon. 2000. Serum levels of YKL-40 and C reactive protein in patients with hip osteoarthritis and healthy subjects: a cross sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis 59:828–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Vignon. 2001. Is glycoprotein YKL40 a new marker for joint disorders?. Joint Bone Spine 68:454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T C Register, C S Carlson, and M R Adams. 2001. Serum YKL-40 is associated with osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates. Clin Chem 47:2159–2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Garnero, M Piperno, E Gineyts, S Christgau, P D Delmas, and E Vignon. 2001. Cross sectional evaluation of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue metabolism in patients with knee osteoarthritis: relations with disease activity and joint damage. Ann Rheum Dis 60:619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Punzi, F Oliviero, R Ramonda, C Valvason, P Sfriso, and S Todesco. 2003. Laboratory investigations in osteoarthritis. Aging Clin Exp Res 15:373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Pavelka, S Forejtova, M Olejarova, J Gatterova, L Senolt, P Spacek, M Braun, M Hulejova, J Stovickova, and A Pavelkova. 2004. Hyaluronic acid levels may have predictive value for the progression of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Punzi, F Oliviero, and M Plebani. 2005. New biochemical insights into the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and the role of laboratory investigations in clinical assessment. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 42:279–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Mazieres, P Garnero, A Gueguen, M Abbal, L Berdah, M Lequesne, M Nguyen, J P Salles, E Vignon, and M Dougados. 2006. Molecular markers of cartilage breakdown and synovitis at baseline as predictors of structural progression of hip osteoarthritis. The ECHODIAH Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 65:354–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O Bruyere, J Collette, M Kothari, S Zaim, D White, H Genant, C Peterfy, N Burlet, D Ethgen, T Montague, C Dabrowski, and J Y Reginster. 2006. Osteoarthritis, magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical markers: a one year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 65:1050–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Volck, K Ostergaard, J S Johansen, C Garbarsch, and P A Price. 1999. The distribution of YKL-40 in osteoarthritic and normal human articular cartilage. Scand J Rheumatol 28:171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J R Connor, R A Dodds, J G Emery, R B Kirkpatrick, M Rosenberg, and M Gowen. 2000. Human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA expression in adult and fetal chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes by in-situ hybridization. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Schmidt-Rohlfing, K Gavenis, M Kippels, and U Schneider. 2002. New potential markers for cartilage degradation of the knee joint. Scand J Rheumatol 31:151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B H Arjmandi, D A Khalil, E A Lucas, B J Smith, N Sinichi, S B Hodges, S Juma, M E Munson, M E Payton, R D Tivis, and A Svanborg. 2004. Soy protein may alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. Phytomedicine 11:567–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Garnero, B Mazieres, A Gueguen, M Abbal, L Berdah, M Lequesne, M Nguyen, J-P Salles, E Vignon, and M Dougados. 2005. Cross-sectional association of 10 molecular markers of bone, cartilage, and synovium with disease activity and radiological joint damage in patients with hip osteoarthritis: the ECHODIAH cohort. J Rheumatol 32:697–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Kawasaki, Y Hasegawa, S Kondo, and H Iwata. 2001. Concentration and localization of YKL-40 in hip joint diseases. J Rheumatol 28:341–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Abe, M Takahashi, K Naitou, K Ohmura, and A Nagano. 2003. Investigation of generalized osteoarthritis by combining X-ray grading of the knee, spine and hand using biochemical markers for arthritis in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 22:425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Takahashi, K Naito, M Abe, T Sawada, and A Nagano. 2004. Relationship between radiographic grading of osteoarthritis and the biochemical markers for arthritis in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 6:R208–R212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Steck, S Breit, S J Breusch, M Axt, and W Richter. 2002. Enhanced expression of the human chitinase 3-like 2 gene (YKL-39) but not chitinase 3-like 1 gene (YKL-40) in osteoarthritic cartilage. Biochem Bioph Res Commun 299:109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Knorr, F Obermayr, E Bartnik, A Zien, and T Aigner. 2003. YKL-39 (chitinase 3-like protein 2), but not YKL-40 (chitinase 3-like protein 1), is up regulated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 62:995–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W P Maksymowych, G S Jhangri, R G Lambert, C Mallon, H Buenviaje, E Pedrycz, R Luongo, and A S Russell. 2002. Infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective observational inception cohort analysis of efficacy and safety. J Rheumatol 29:959–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W P Maksymowych, A R Poole, L Hiebert, A Webb, M Ionescu, T Lobanok, L King, and J C DavisJr. 2005. Etanercept exerts beneficial effects on articular cartilage biomarkers of degradation and turnover in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 32:1911–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Tsuji, Y Matsuyama, N Natsume, Y Hasegawa, S Kondo, H Kawakami, H Yoshihara, and H Iwata. 2002. Analysis of chondrex (YKL-40, HC gp-39) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with spine disease. Spine 27:732–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Ostergaard, J S Johansen, T Benfield, P A Price, and J D Lundgren. 2002. YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with purulent meningitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9:598–604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K Finis, H Sultmann, M Ruschhaupt, A Buness, B Helmchen, R Kuner, M-L Gross, B Fink, P Schirmacher, A Poustka, and I Berger. 2006. Analysis of pigmented villonodular synovitis with genome-wide complementary DNA microarray and tissue array technology reveals insight into potential novel therapeutic approaches. Arthritis Rheum 54:1009–1019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A Tran, S Benzaken, M C Saint-Paul, E Guzman-Granier, P Hastier, C Pradier, E M Barjoan, N Demuth, F Longo, and P Rampal. 2000. Chondrex (YKL-40), a potential new serum fibrosis marker in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:989–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, P Christoffersen, S Moller, P A Price, J H Henriksen, C Garbarsch, and F Bendtsen. 2000. Serum YKL-40 is increased in patients with hepatic fibrosis. J Hepatol 32:911–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Oh, and N H Afdhal. 2001. Hepatic fibrosis: are any of the serum markers useful?. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 3:12–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C Nojgaard, J S Johansen, E Christensen, L T Skovgaard, P A Price, U Becker, and E Group. 2003. Serum levels of YKL-40 and PIIINP as prognostic markers in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 39:179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T B Kelleher, S H Mehta, R Bhaskar, M Sulkowski, J Astemborski, D L Thomas, R E Moore, and N H Afdhal. 2005. Prediction of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infected patients using serum fibrosis markers: the SHASTA index. J Hepatol 43:78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y Saitou, K Shiraki, Y Yamanaka, Y Yamaguchi, T Kawakita, N Yamamoto, K Sugimoto, K Murata, and T Nakano. 2005. Noninvasive estimation of liver fibrosis and response to interferon therapy by a serum fibrogenesis marker, YKL-40, in patients with HCV-associated liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 11:476–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D Nunes, C Fleming, G Offner, M O'Brien, S Tumilty, O Fix, T Heeren, M Koziel, C Graham, D E Craven, S Stuver, and C R HorsburghJr. 2005. HIV infection does not affect the performance of noninvasive markers of fibrosis for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease. J Acq Imm Def Synd 40:538–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Zheng, W-M Cai, J-K Zhao, S-M Zhu, and R-H Liu,. 2005. Determination of serum levels of YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid in patients with hepatic fibrosis due to schistosomiasis japonica and appraisal of their clinical value. Acta Trop 96:148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N A Shackel, P H McGuinness, C A Abbott, M D Gorrell, and G W McCaughan. 2003. Novel differential gene expression in human cirrhosis detected by suppression subtractive hybridization. Hepatology 38:577–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Nojgaard, J S Johansen, H B Krarup, M Holten-Andersen, A Moller, and F Bendtsen. 2003. Danish Viral Hepatitis Study Group. Effect of antiviral therapy on markers of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Scand J Gastroenterol 38:659–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M D Tanamly, F Tadros, S Labeeb, H Makld, M Shehata, N Mikhail, M Abdel-Hamid, M Shehata, L Abu-Baki, A Medhat, L S Magder, N H Afdhal, and G T Strickland. 2004. Randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C in an Egyptian village: study description and 12-month results. Digestive & Liver Disease 36:752–759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I Vind, J S Johansen, P A Price, and P Munkholm. 2003. Serum YKL-40, a potential new marker of disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 38:599–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I E Koutroubakis, E Petinaki, P Dimoulios, E Vardas, M Roussomoustakaki, A N Maniatis, and E A Kouroumalis. 2003. Increased serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 18:254–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Ytting, I Vind, D Bang, and P Munkholm. 2005. Sweet's syndrome—an extraintestinal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 72:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Punzi, M Podswiadek, R D'Inca, M Zaninotto, D Bernardi, M Plebani, and G C Sturniolo. 2003. Serum human cartilage glycoprotein 39 as a marker of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis 62:1224–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G La Montagna, S D'Angelo, and G Valentini. 2003. Cross-sectional evaluation of YKL-40 serum concentrations in patients with systemic sclerosis. Relationship with clinical and serological aspects of disease. J Rheumatol 30:2147–2151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, N Milman, M Hansen, C Garbarsch, P A Price, and N Graudal. 2005. Increased serum YKL-40 in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis—a potential marker of disease activity?. Resp Med 99:396–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R G Boot, T A van Achterberg, B E van Aken, G H Renkema, M J Jacobs, J M Aerts, and C J de Vries. 1999. Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis: chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, B Baslund, C Garbarsch, M Hansen, M Stoltenberg, I Lorenzen, and P A Price. 1999. YKL-40 in giant cells and macrophages from patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 42:2624–2630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M A Zarbin. 2004. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Opthalmol 122:598–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Nordenbaek, J S Johansen, P Junker, N Borregaard, O Sorensen, and P A Price. 1999. YKL-40, a matrix protein of specific granules in neutrophils, is elevated in serum of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. J Infect Dis 180:1722–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Kronborg, C Ostergaard, N Weis, H Nielsen, N Obel, S S Pedersen, P A Price, and J S Johansen. 2002. Serum level of YKL-40 is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and is associated with the outcome of the disease. Scand J Infect Dis 34:323–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Wittenhagen, G Kronborg, N Weis, H Nielsen, N Obel, S S Pedersen, and J Eugen-Olsen. 2004. The plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and predicts mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R M Aris, A R Stephens, D A Ontjes, A Denene Blackwood, R K Lark, M B Hensler, I P Neuringer, and G E Lester. 2000. Adverse alterations in bone metabolism are associated with lung infection in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Resp Crit Care 162:1674–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J S Johansen, K S Krabbe, K Moller, and B K Pedersen. 2005. Circulating YKL-40 levels during human endotoxaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 140:343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X Zhao, R Tang, B Gao, Y Shi, J Zhou, S Guo, J Zhang, Y Wang, W Tang, J Meng, S Li, H Wang, G Ma, C Lin, Y Xiao, G Feng, Z Lin, S Zhu, Y Xing, H Sang, D St. Clair, and L He. 2007. Functional variants in the promoter region of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 80:12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D Arion, T Unger, D A Lewis, P Levitt, and K Mirnics. 2007. Molecular evidence for increased expression of genes related to immune and chaperone function in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 62:711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Jacques, A D Recklies, A Levy, and F Berenbaum. 2006. HC-gp39 contributes to chondrocyte differentiation by inducing SOX9 and type II collagen expressions. Osteoarthr Cartilage 15:138–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Raman, S Raguram, G Venkataraman, J C Paulson, and R Sasisekharan. 2005. Glycomics: an integrated systems approach to structure-function relationships of glycans. Nat Methods 2:817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Raman, M Venkataraman, S Ramakrishnan, W Lang, S Raguram, and R Sasisekharan. 2006. Advancing glycomics: implementation strategies at the consortium for functional glycomics. Glycobiology 16:82R–90R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D M Ratner, E W Adams, M D Disney, and P H Seeberger. 2004. Tools for glycomics: mapping interactions of carbohydrates in biological systems. Chembiochem 5:1375–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Borman. 2005. Carbohydrate advances. Chem Eng News 83:41–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Varki. 2006. Nothng in glycobiology makes sense, except in the light of evolution. Cell 126:841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J D Esko, and S B Selleck. 2002. Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate. Annu Rev Biochem 71:435–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Pieri, R Recchioni, F Moroni, F Marcheselli, and S Damjanovich. 1992. The response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin is impaired at different levels during aging. Ann NY Acad Sci 673:110–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Johansen, P E Hoyer, L A Larsen, P A Price, and K Mallgard. 2007. YKL-40 protein expression in the early developing human musculoskeletal system. J Histochem Cytochem 55:1213–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar