Thyroglobulin measurement in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

References

• Sherma SI. Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;361:501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute [Internet]. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer stat facts: thyroid cancer. 2017. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html
   Google Scholar
• Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, et al. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-1995 [see comments]. Cancer. 1998;83:2638–2648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebe SK. Diagnosis and management of thyroid carcinoma: focus on serum thyroglobulin. Exp Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2009;4:25–43.
   Google Scholar
• Uller RP, Van Herle AJ. Effect of therapy on serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;46:747–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinoer D, Puttemans N, Van Herle AJ, et al. Sequential study of the impairment of thyroid function in the early stage of subacute thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol. 1974;77:26–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine GA, Hershman JM, Van HAJ, et al. Thyroglobulin and calcitonin in patients with nontoxic goiter. JAMA. 1978;240:2282–2283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herle AJ, Uller RP. Elevated serum thyroglobulin. A marker of metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerfo P, Colacchio T, Colacchio D, et al. Thyroglobulin in benign and malignant thyroid disease. JAMA. 1979;241:923–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen BR. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: what is new and what has changed? Cancer. 2017;123:372–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Dralle H, et al. European consensus for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of the follicular epithelium. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154:787–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimboli P, D’Aurizio F, Tozzoli R, et al. Measurement of thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and PTH in FNA washout fluids. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55:914–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, et al. Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2003;13:3–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Verburg FA, et al. Thyroglobulin measurement by highly sensitive assays: focus on laboratory challenges. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53:1301–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer C, Petrovic I, Fatemi S, et al. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) monitoring of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer using sensitive (second-generation) immunometric assays can be disrupted by false-negative and false-positive serum thyroglobulin autoantibody misclassifications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:4589–4599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoloff JT, Spencer CA. Clinical review 12: the use and misuse of the sensitive thyrotropin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldt-Rasmussen U, Profilis C, Colinet E, et al. Human thyroglobulin reference material (CRM 457). 1st part: assessment of homogeneity, stability and immunoreactivity. Ann Biol Clin. 1996;54:337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldt-Rasmussen U, Profilis C, Colinet E, et al. Human thyroglobulin reference material (CRM 457). 2nd part: physicochemical characterization and certification. Ann Biol Clin. 1996;54:343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldt-Rasmussen U, Schlumberger M. European interlaboratory comparison of serum thyroglobulin measurement. J Endocrinol Invest. 1988;11:175–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CA, Bergoglio LM, Kazarosyan M, et al. Clinical impact of thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg autoantibody method differences on the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:5566–5575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Hitzel A, Toubert ME, et al. Comparison of seven serum thyroglobulin assays in the follow-up of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2487–2495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netzel BC, Grebe SK, Carranza Leon BG, et al. Thyroglobulin (Tg) testing revisited: Tg assays, TgAb assays, and correlation of results with clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:E1074–E1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CA, Lopresti JS. Measuring thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibody in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:223–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer CA, Platler BW, Nicoloff JT. The effect of [125I]thyroglobulin tracer heterogeneity on serum Tg RIA measurement. Clin Chim Acta. 1985;153:105–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Herle AJ, Uller RP, Matthews NI, et al. Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. J Clin Invest. 1973;52:1320–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcraft MW, Van Herle AJ. The comparative value of serum thyroglobulin measurements and iodine 131 total body scans in the follow-up study of patients with treated differentiated thyroid cancer. Am J Med. 1981;71:806–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roti E, Robuschi G, Emanuele R, et al. The value of serum thyroglobulin measurement as a marker of cancer recurrence in the follow-up of patients previously treated for differentiated thyroid tumor. J Endocrinol Invest. 1982;5:43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black EG, Sheppard MC, Hoffenberg R. Serial serum thyroglobulin measurements in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol. 1987;27:115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozata M, Suzuki S, Miyamoto T, et al. Serum thyroglobulin in the follow-up of patients with treated differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, De Vathaire F, et al. Long-term results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:960–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer C, Petrovic I, Fatemi S. Current thyroglobulin autoantibody (TgAb) assays often fail to detect interfering TgAb that can result in the reporting of falsely low/undetectable serum Tg IMA values for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1283–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer C, LoPresti J, Fatemi S. How sensitive (second-generation) thyroglobulin measurement is changing paradigms for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, in the absence or presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21:394–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider AB, Pervos R. Radioimmunoassay of human thyroglobulin: effect of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;47:126–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weightman DR, Mallick UK, Fenwick JD, et al. Discordant serum thyroglobulin results generated by two classes of assay in patients with thyroid carcinoma: correlation with clinical outcome after 3 years of follow-up. Cancer. 2003;98:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahagirdar VR, Strouhal P, Holder G, et al. Thyrotoxicosis factitia masquerading as recurrent Graves’ disease: endogenous antibody immunoassay interference, a pitfall for the unwary. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45:325–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke NJ, Zhang Y, Reitz RE. A novel mass spectrometry-based assay for the accurate measurement of thyroglobulin from patient samples containing antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Investig Med. 2012;60:1157–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler SE, Liu L, Blair HC, et al. Clinical laboratory verification of thyroglobulin concentrations in the presence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin: comparison of EIA, radioimmunoassay and LC MS/MS measurements in an Urban Hospital. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:725.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer C, Fatemi S, Singer P, et al. Serum Basal thyroglobulin measured by a second-generation assay correlates with the recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated thyroglobulin response in patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2010;20:587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malandrino P, Latina A, Marescalco S, et al. Risk-adapted management of differentiated thyroid cancer assessed by a sensitive measurement of basal serum thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1703–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chindris AM, Diehl NN, Crook JE, et al. Undetectable sensitive serum thyroglobulin (<0.1 ng/ml) in 163 patients with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer: results of rhTSH stimulation and neck ultrasonography and long-term biochemical and clinical follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2714–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Treglia G, Sadeghi R, et al. Unstimulated highly sensitive thyroglobulin in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:440–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A, et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid. 2011;21:707–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Sabra MM, Tuttle RM. Clinical relevance of thyroglobulin doubling time in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2011;21:691–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piechaczyk M, Bouanani M, Salhi SL, et al. Antigenic domains on the human thyroglobulin molecule recognized by autoantibodies in patients’ sera and by natural autoantibodies isolated from the sera of healthy subjects. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987;45:114–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruf J, Carayon P, Lissitzky S. Various expressions of a unique anti-human thyroglobulin antibody repertoire in normal state and autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol. 1985;15:268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoofnagle AN, Becker JO, Wener MH, et al. Quantification of thyroglobulin, a low-abundance serum protein, by immunoaffinity peptide enrichment and tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2008;54:1796–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, et al. Measurement of thyroglobulin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in serum and plasma in the presence of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. Clin Chem. 2013;59:982–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netzel BC, Grebe SK, Algeciras-Schimnich A. Usefulness of a thyroglobulin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for evaluation of suspected heterophile interference. Clin Chem. 2014;60:1016–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson NL, Anderson NG, Haines LR, et al. Mass spectrometric quantitation of peptides and proteins using Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA). J Proteome Res. 2004;3:235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azmat U, Porter K, Senter L, et al. Thyroglobulin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has a low sensitivity for detecting structural disease in patients with antithyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid. 2017;27:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoofnagle AN, Roth MY. Clinical review: improving the measurement of serum thyroglobulin with mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1343–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigle WO, High GJ. The behavior of autologous thyroglobulin in the circulation of rabbits immunized with either heterologous or altered homologous thyroglobulin. J Immunol. 1967;98:1105–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldt-Rasmussen U, Petersen PH, Date J, et al. Sequential changes in serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and its autoantibodies (TgAb) following subtotal thyroidectomy of patients with preoperatively detectable TgAb. Clin Endocrinol. 1980;12:29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netzel BC, Grant RP, Hoofnagle AN, et al. First steps toward harmonization of LC-MS/MS thyroglobulin assays. Clin Chem. 2016;62:297–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, et al. Serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies: prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorges R, Maniecki M, Jentzen W, et al. Development and clinical impact of thyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma during the first 3 years after thyroidectomy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:489–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okosieme OE, Evans C, Moss L, et al. Thyroglobulin antibodies in serum of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: relationship between epitope specificities and thyroglobulin recovery. Clin Chem. 2005;51:729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario PW, Maia FF, Fagundes TA, et al. Antithyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: methods of detection, interference with serum thyroglobulin measurement and clinical significance. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;48:487–492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verburg FA, Hartmann D, Grelle I, et al. Relationship between antithyroglobulin autoantibodies and thyroglobulin recovery rates using different thyroglobulin concentrations in the recovery buffer. Horm Metab Res. 2013;45:728–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katrangi W, Grebe SKG, Algeciras-Schimnich A. Analytical and clinical performance of thyroglobulin autoantibody assays in thyroid cancer follow-up. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55:1987–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenhardt L, Erdogan MF, Hegedus L, et al. 2013 European thyroid association guidelines for cervical ultrasound scan and ultrasound-guided techniques in the postoperative management of patients with thyroid cancer. Eur Thyroid J. 2013;2:147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Medical Guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules–2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016;22:622–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer C, Fatemi S. Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) methods - strengths, pitfalls and clinical utility for monitoring TgAb-positive patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27:701–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massart C, Maugendre D. Importance of the detection method for thyroglobulin antibodies for the validity of thyroglobulin measurements in sera from patients with Graves disease. Clin Chem. 2002;48:102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburg FA, Luster M, Cupini C, et al. Implications of thyroglobulin antibody positivity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a clinical position statement. Thyroid. 2013;23:1211–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La’ulu SL, Slev PR, Roberts WL. Performance characteristics of 5 automated thyroglobulin autoantibody and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody assays. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;376:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latrofa F, Ricci D, Montanelli L, et al. Lymphocytic thyroiditis on histology correlates with serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: impact on detection of serum thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2380–2387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, et al. Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas D, Liakos V, Vassiliou E, et al. Possible reasons for different pattern disappearance of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma following total thyroidectomy and iodine-131 ablation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WG, Yoon JH, Kim WB, et al. Change of serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels is useful for prediction of clinical recurrence in thyroglobulin-negative patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4683–4689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Mariotti S, Formica N, et al. Thyroid autoantibodies in thyroid cancer: incidence and relationship with tumour outcome. Acta Endocrinol. 1988;119:373–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verburg FA, Waschle K, Reiners C, et al. Heterophile antibodies rarely influence the measurement of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42:736–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L, Shankara-Narayana N, Wood C, et al. Markedly elevated serum thyroglobulin associated with heterophile antibodies: a cautionary tale. Thyroid. 2013;23:771–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Ghelfo A. Undetectable serum thyroglobulin due to negative interference of heterophile antibodies in relapsing thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1871–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preissner CM, O’Kane DJ, Singh RJ, et al. Phantoms in the assay tube: heterophile antibody interferences in serum thyroglobulin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3069–3074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Keller F, Ceriani L, et al. Heterophile antibodies may falsely increase or decrease thyroglobulin measurement in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47:952–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers JL, Strathmann FG, Straseski JA. Thyroglobulin antibody screen prior to mass spectrometry provides measurable cost savings and optimal laboratory utilization. Am J Clin Pathol. 2017;147:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasoldati A, Pesenti M, Toschi E, et al. Detection and diagnosis of parathyroid incidentalomas during thyroid sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1999;27:492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cignarelli M, Ambrosi A, Marino A, et al. Diagnostic utility of thyroglobulin detection in fine-needle aspiration of cervical cystic metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid cancer with negative cytology. Thyroid. 2003;13:1163–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin HJ. Detection of recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma by thyroglobulin assessment in the needle washout after fine-needle aspiration of suspicious lymph nodes. Thyroid. 2004;14:959–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uruno T, Miyauchi A, Shimizu K, et al. Usefulness of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2005;29:483–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha N, Rodrigues F, Curado F, et al. Thyroglobulin detection in fine-needle aspirates of cervical lymph nodes: a technique for the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snozek CL, Chambers EP, Reading CC, et al. Serum thyroglobulin, high-resolution ultrasound, and lymph node thyroglobulin in diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma nodal metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4278–4281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloch ZW, Barroeta JE, Walsh J, et al. Utility of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens of lymph nodes in the diagnosis of recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Cytojournal. 2008;5:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Fugazzola L, Lippi F, et al. Detection of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates of nonthyroidal neck masses: a clue to the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:1401–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmaslioglu A, Erbil Y, Citlak G, et al. Diagnostic value of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy for detecting metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2011;396:77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Ceriani L, Suriano S, et al. Thyroglobulin measurement on fine-needle washout fluids: influence of sample collection methods. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37:42–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon JH, Kim YI Lim JA, et al. Thyroglobulin in washout fluid from lymph node fine-needle aspiration biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer: large-scale validation of the cutoff value to determine malignancy and evaluation of discrepant results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1061–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grani G, Fumarola A. Thyroglobulin in lymph node fine-needle aspiration washout: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1970–1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Kim EK, Kim BM, et al. Thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspirate washouts: the criteria for neck node dissection for patients with thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boi F, Baghino G, Atzeni F, et al. The diagnostic value for differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases of thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement in washout fluid from fine-needle aspiration biopsy of neck lymph nodes is maintained in the presence of circulating anti-Tg antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1364–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borel AL, Boizel R, Faure P, et al. Significance of low levels of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates from cervical lymph nodes of patients with a history of differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasoldati A, Toschi E, Zini M, et al. Role of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of cervical lymph nodes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 1999;9:105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Suriano S, Ceriani L, et al. Undetectable thyroglobulin in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and residual radioiodine uptake on a postablation whole-body scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2011;36:109–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YH, Seo HS, Suh SI, et al. Cut-off value for needle washout thyroglobulin in athyrotropic patients. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:1120–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung J, Kim EK, Lim H, et al. Optimal indication of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration for detecting lateral metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck. 2014;36:795–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Jeon SJ, Kim CG. Usefulness of thyroglobulin measurement in needle washouts of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastases from papillary thyroid cancer before thyroidectomy. Endocrine. 2012;42:399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung JY, Shin JH, Han BK, et al. Optimized cutoff value and indication for washout thyroglobulin level according to ultrasound findings in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34:2349–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-Costa MC, Maciel RMB, Kasamatsu TS, et al. Clinical impact of thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg autoantibody (TgAb) measurements in needle washouts of neck lymph node biopsies in the management of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61:108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon MJ, Kim WG, Jang EK, et al. Thyroglobulin level in fine-needle aspirates for preoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: two different cutoff values according to serum thyroglobulin level. Thyroid. 2015;25:410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharib H, Papini E, Valcavi R, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:63–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar