Recent Advances in Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits

REFERENCES

• Alonso , J. and Alique , R. 2004 . Influence of edible coating on shelf life and quality of “Picota” sweet cherries . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 218 : 535 – 539 .
   Google Scholar
• Amarante , C. and Banks , N. H. 2001 . Postharvest physiology and quality of coated fruit and vegetables . Horticultural Reviews , 26 : 161 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• ASTM . 1995 . “ Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of materials. Standard Designations: E96–95 ” . In Annual Book of ASTM , 406 – 413 . Philadelphia : ASTM .
   Google Scholar
• Avena-Bustillos , R. J. , Krochta , J. M. and Saltveit , M. E. 1997 . Water vapor resistance of red delicious apples and celery sticks coated with edible caseinate-acetylated monoglyceride films . J. Food Sci. , 62 : 351 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avena-Bustillos , R. J. , Krochta , J. M. , Saltveit , M. E. , Rojas-Villegas , R. J. and Sauceda-Pérez , J. A. 1994 . Optimization of edible coating formulations on zucchini to reduce water loss . J. Food Eng. , 21 : 197 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avena-Bustillos , R. J. , Olsen , C. W. , Olson , D. A. , Chiou , B. , Yee , E. , Bechtel , P. J. and McHugh , T. H. 2006 . Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish gelatin films . J. Food Sci. , 71 : 202 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayranci , E. and Tunc , S. 2004 . The effect of edible coatings on water and vitamin C loss of apricots (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) and green peppers (Capsicum annuum, L.) . Food Chem. , 87 : 339 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , J. H. , Alleyne , V. , Hagenmaier , R. D. , Mattheis , J. P. and Baldwin , E. A. 2003 . Formulation of zein coatings for apples (Malus domestica Borkh) . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 28 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , J. H. , Hagenmaier , R. D. and Baldwin , E. A. 2003b . Coating selection for ‘Delicious’ and other apples . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 28 ( 3 ) : 381 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. , Burns , J. K. , Kazokas , W. , Brecht , J. K. , Hagenmaier , R. D. , Bender , R. J. and Pesis , E. 1999 . Effect of two edible coatings with different permeability characteristics on mango Mangifera indica L. ripening during storage . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 17 : 215 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. , Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. and Baker , R. A. 1995 . Edible coatings for lightly processed fruits and vegetables . HortScience , 30 : 35 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. , Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. , Chen , X. and Hagenmaier , R. D. 1996 . Improving storage life of cut apple and potato with edible coating . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 9 : 151 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. 1994 . “ Edible coatings for fresh fruits and vegetables: Past, present, and future ” . In Edible coatings and films to improve food quality , Edited by: Krochta , J. M. , Baldwin , E. A. and Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. 25 – 64 . Lancaster : Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Bernabé , P. , Peniche , C. and Argüelles-Monal , W. 2005 . Swelling behaviour of chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex membranes. Effect of thermal cross-linking . Polym. Bull. , 55 : 367 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertan , L. A. , Tanada-Palmu , P. S. , Siani , A. C. and Grosso , C. R. F. 2005 . Effect of fatty acids and Brazilian elemi on composite films based on gelatine . Food Hydrocolloid. , 19 : 73 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosquez-Molina , E. , Guerrero-Legarreta , I. and Vernon-Carte , E. J. 2003 . Moisture barrier properties and morphology of mesquite gum-candelilla wax based edible emulsion coatings . Food Res. Int. , 36 : 885 – 893 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravin , B. , Peressini , D. and Sensidoni , A. 2004 . Influence of emulsifier type and content on functional properties of polysaccharide lipid-based edible films . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 6648 – 6455 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , B. L. , Vergano , P. J. , Testin , J. M. , Bunn , J. M. and Wiles , J. L. 1996 . Mechanical and barrier properties of edible chitosan films as affected by composition and storage . J. Food Sci. , 61 : 953 – 955 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caner , C. , Vergano , P. J. and Wiles , J. L. 1998 . Chitosan film mechanical and permeation properties as affected by acid, plasticizer and storage . J. Food Sci. , 68 : 1049 – 1053 .
   Google Scholar
• Cha , D. S. and Chinnan , M. S. 2004 . Bipolymer-based antimicrobial packaging: A review . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. and Nutr. , 44 : 223 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha , D. S. , Cooksey , K. , Chinnan , M. S. and Park , H. J. 2003 . Release of nisin from various heat-pressed and cast films . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 36 : 209 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S. and Nussinovitch , A. 2001 . Permeability and roughness determinations of wax-hydrocolloid coatings, and their limitations in determining citrus fruit overall quality . Food Hydrocolloid. , 15 : 127 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Chien , P. J. , Sheu , F. and Yang , F. H. 2007 . Effects of edible chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of sliced mango fruit . J. Food Eng. , 78 : 225 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiralt , A. and Fito , P. 2003 . Transport mechanisms in osmotic dehydration. The role of the structure . Food Sci. Technol. Int. , 9 : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiralt , A. and Talens , P . 2005 . Physical and chemical changes induced by osmotic dehydration in plant tissues . J. Food Eng. , 67 : 167 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , S. Y. and Rhee , C. 2004 . Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of edible films made from fractionated soy proteins with ultrafiltration . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 37 : 833 – 839 .
   Google Scholar
• Cho , S. Y. , Park , J. W. , Batt , H. P. and Thomas , R. L. 2007 . Edible films made from membrane processed soy protein concentrates . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 40 : 418 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , W. Y. , Park , H. J. , Ahn , D. J. , Lee , J. and Lee , C. Y. 2002 . Wettability of chitosan coating solution on Fuji apple skin . J. Food Sci. , 67 : 2668 – 2672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisneros-Zeballos , L. and Krochta , J. M. 2003 . Dependence of coating thickness on viscosity of coating solution applied to fruits and vegetables by dipping method . J. Food Sci. , 68 : 503 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Clasen , C. , Wilhelms , T. and Kulicke , W. M. 2006 . Formation and characterization of chitosan membranes . Biomacromolecules , 7 : 3210 – 3222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuero , R. G. 1999 . “ Antimicrobial action of exogenous chitosan ” . In Chitin and Chitinases , Edited by: Jollés , P. and Muzzarelli , R. A. A. 315 – 333 . Birkhäuser Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Díaz-Sobac , R. , Luna , A. V. , Beristain , C. I. , de la Cruz , J. and García , H. S. 1996 . Emulsion coating to extend postharvest life of mango (Mangifera indica cv Manila) . J. Food Process. Pres. , 20 : 191 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangaran , K. L. , Cooke , P. and Tomasula , P. M. 2006 . The effect of protein particle size reduction on the physical properties of CO2-precipitated casein films . J. Food Sci. , 71 : 196 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Debeaufort , F. , Quezada-Gallo , J. A. , Delporte , B. and Voilley , A. 2000 . Lipid hydrophobicity and physical state effects on the properties of bilayer edible films . J. Membrane Sci. , 180 : 47 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Del-Valle , V. , Hernandez-Munoz , P. , Guarda , A. and Galotto , M. J. 2005 . Development of a cactus-mucilage edible coating (Opuntia ficus indica) and its application to extend strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) shelf-life . Food Chem. , 91 : 751 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delville , J. , Joly , C. , Dole , P. and Bliard , C. 2003 . Influence of photocrosslinking on the retrogradation of wheat starch based films . Carbohydr. Polym. , 53 : 373 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlieghere , F. , Vermeulen , A. and Debevere , J. 2004 . Chitosan: Antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables . Food Microbiol. , 21 : 703 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhalla , R. and Hanson , W. 1988 . Effect of permeable coating on the storage life of fruits. II. Pro-Long treatments of mangoes (Mangifera indica L. C.v. Julie) . Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. , 23 : 107 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Directiva 95/2/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 20 de febrero de 1995 relativa a aditivos alimentarios distintos de los colorantes y edulcorantes
   Google Scholar
• Directiva 98/72/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 20 de febrero de 1995 relativa a aditivos alimentarios distintos de los colorantes y edulcorantes
   Google Scholar
• Du , J. , Gemma , H. and Iwahori , S. 1997 . Effects of chitosan on the storage of peach, japanese pear and kiwifruit . J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , 66 : 15 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Gaouth , A. , Arul , J. , Ponnampalam , R. and Boulet , M. 1991 . Chitosan coating effect on storability and quality of fresh strawberries . J. Food Sci. , 12 : 1618 – 1632 .
   Google Scholar
• Eswaranandam , S. , Hettiarachchy , N. S. and Meullenet , J. F. 2006 . Effect of malic and lactic acid incorporated soy protein coatings on the sensory attributes of whole apple and fresh-cut cantaloupe . J. Food Sci. , 71 : 307 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber , J. N. , Harris , L. J. , Parish , M. E. , Beuchat , L. R. , Suslow , T. V. , Gorney , J. R. , Garrett , E. H. and Busta , F. F. 2003 . Microbiological safety of controlled and modified atmosphere packaging of fresh and fresh-cut produce . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 2 : 142 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Famá , L. , Goyanes , S. and Gerschenson , L. 2007 . Influence of storage time at room temperature on the physicochemical properties of cassava starch films . Carbohydr. Polym. , doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.04.003
   Google Scholar
• 2006 . FDA 21CFR172, Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, Subpart C. Coatings, Films and Related Substances
   Google Scholar
• García , M. A. , Martino , M. N. and Zaritzky , N. E. 1998 . Plasticized starch-based coatings to improve strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) quality and stability . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 46 : 3758 – 3767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García , M. A. , Martino , M. N. and Zaritzky , N. E. 1998 . Starch-based coatings: effect on refrigerated strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) quality . J. Sci. Food Agri. , 76 : 411 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia , M. A. , Martino , M. N. and Zaritzky , N. E. 2000 . Lipid addition to improve barrier properties of edible starch-based films and coatings . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 941 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia , M. A. , Pinotti , A. , Martino , N. M. and Zaritzky , N. E. 2004 . Characterization of composite hydrocolloid films . Carbohydr. Polym. , 56 : 395 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Gennadios , A. 2002 . Protein-based edible films and coatings , Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gennadios , A. and Weller , C. L. 1991 . Edible films and coatings from soymilk and soy protein . Cereal Food World , 36 : 1004 – 1009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennadios , A. and Weller , C. L. 1990 . Edible films and coatings from wheat and corn proteins . Food Technol. , 44 : 63 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennadios , A. , Weller , C. L. and Gooding , C. H. 1994 . Measurement errors in water vapor permeability of highly permeable, hydrophilic edible films . J. Food Eng. , 21 : 395 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glicksman , M. 1983 . Food hydrocolloids, Vol. III , Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gontard , N. , Guilbert , S. and Cuq , J. L. 1992 . Edible wheat gluten films: influence of the main process variables on film properties using response surface methodology . J. Food Sci. , 57 : 190 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gontard , N. , Thibault , R. , Cuq , B. and Guilbert , S. 1996 . Influence of relative humidity and film composition on oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities of edible films . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 44 : 1064 – 1069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greener , I. and Fennema , O. 1994 . “ Edible films and coatings: Characteristics, formation, definitions, and testing methods ” . In Edible coatings and films to improve food quality , Edited by: Krochta , J. M. , Baldwin , E. A. and Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. 1 – 24 . Lancaster : Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Guilbert , S. 2000 . Edible films and coatings and biodegradable packaging . Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation , 346 : 10 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Guilbert , S. , Gontard , N. and Cuq , B. 1995 . Technology and applications of edible protective films . Packag. Technol. Sci. , 8 : 339 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Guilbert , S. , Gontard , N. and Gorris , L. G. M. 1996 . Prolongation of the shelf-life of perishable food products using biodegradable films and coatings . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 29 : 10 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , R. D. 2000 . Evaluation of a polyethylene-candelilla coating for Valencia oranges . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 19 : 147 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , R. D. and Baker , R. A. 1995 . Layered coatings to control weight loss and preserve gloss of citrus fruit . HortScience , 30 : 296 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , R. D. and Baker , R. A. 1997 . Edible coatings from morpholine-free wax microemulsions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 45 : 349 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , R. D. and Baker , R. A. 1997 . Reduction of Fluid Loss from Grapefruit Segments with Wax Microemulsion Coatings . J. Food Sci. , 62 : 789 – 792 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagenmaier , R. D. and Shaw , P. E. 1991 . Moisture Permeability of edible films made with fatty acid and hydroxypropilmethilcellulose . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 38 : 1799 – 1803 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , C. , Lederer , C. , McDaniel , M. and Zhao , Y. 2005 . Sensory evaluation of fresh strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) coated with chitosan-based edible coatings . J. Food Sci. , 70 : 172 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , C. , Zhao , Y. , Leonard , S. W. and Traber , M. G. 2004 . Edible coatings to improve storability and enhance nutritional value of fresh and frozen strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) and raspberries (Rubus ideaus) . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 33 : 67 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , J. H. 2002 . “ Protein-based edible films and coatings carrying antimicrobial agents ” . In Protein-based films and coatings , Edited by: Gennadios , A. 485 – 499 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Helander , I. M. , Nurmiaho-Lassila , E. L. , Ahvenainen , R. , Rhoades , J. and Roller , S. 2001 . Chitosan disrupt the barrier properties of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 71 : 235 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Muñoz , P. , Villalobos , R. and Chiralt , A. 2004 . Effect of thermal treatments on functional properties of edible films made from wheat gluten fractions . Food Hydrocolloid. , 18 : 647 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershko , V. and Nussinovitch , A. 1998 . Physical properties of alginate-coated onion (Allium cepa) skin . Food Hydrocolloid. , 12 : 195 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Hershko , V. and Nussinovitch , A. 1998 . The behaviour of hydrocolloid coatings on vegetative materials . Biotechnol. Progr. , 14 : 756 – 765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , S. 1999 . Chitin and chitosan as novel biotechnological materials . Polym. Int. , 48 : 732 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland , P. and Parris , N. 1996 . Chitosan/Pectin Laminated Films . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 44 : 1915 – 1919 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings , J. B. 1999 . Food color and appearance, , 2nd ed. , Gaithersburg : Chapman & Hall Foods Science Book, Aspen Publishers, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Janes , M. E. , Kooshesh , S. and Johnson , M. G. 2002 . Control of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of refrigerated, ready-to-eat chicken coated with edible zein film coatings containing nisin and/or calcium propionate . J. Food Sci. , 67 : 2754 – 2757 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellison , G. E. Jr . 1996 . The calculation of thin film parameters from spectroscopic ellipsometry data . Thin Solid Films , 290–291 : 40 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , Y. and Li , Y. 2001 . Effect of chitosan coating on postharvest life and quality and longan fruit . Food Chem. , 73 : 39 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Karbowiak , T. , Debeaufort , F. and Voilley , A. 2007 . Influence of thermal process on structure and functional properties of emulsion-based edible films . Food Hydrocolloid. , 21 : 879 – 888 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kester , J. J. and Fennema , O. R. 1986 . Edible films and coatings: A review . Food Technol. , 40 : 47 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khwaldia , K. , Perez , C. , Banon , S. , Desobry , S. and Hardy , J. 2004 . Milk proteins for edible films and coatings . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 44 : 239 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krochta , J. M. 1997 . “ Edible composite moisture-barrier films ” . In Packaging yearbook: 1996 , Edited by: Blakistone , B. Washington : National Food Processors Association .
   Google Scholar
• Krochta , J. M. 2002 . “ Proteins as raw materials for films and coatings: definitions, current status and opportunities ” . In Protein-based films and coatings , Edited by: Gennadios , A. 1 – 41 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krochta , J. M. and De-Mulder-Johnston , C. 1997 . Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges and opportunities . Food Technol. , 51 : 61 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krochta , J. , Saltveit , M. and Cisneros-Zevallos . Method of preserving natural color on fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables . U.S. Patent, 5,447,693 . 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Krzemiski , A. , Marudova , M. , Moffat , J. , Noel , T. R. , Parker , R. , Welliner , N. and Ring , S. G. 2006 . Deposition of Pectin/Poly-L-lysine multilayers with pectins of varying degrees of esterification . Biomacromolecules , 7 : 498 – 506 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López-Rubio , A. , Gavara , R. and Lagarón , J. M. 2006 . Bioactive packaging: turning foods into healthier foods through biomaterials . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 17 : 567 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , O. L. and Meheriuk , M. 1994 . The effect of edible coatings on storage quality of mcintosh, delicious and spartan apples . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 74 : 847 – 852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , O. L. and Yastremski , R. 1991 . Retention of quality of golden delicious apples by controlled-atmosphere and modified-atmosphere storage . HortScience , 26 : 564 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Le Tien , C. , Vachon , C. , Mateescu , M. A. and Lacroix , M. 2001 . Milk protein coatings prevent oxidative browning of apples and potatoes . J. Food Sci. , 66 : 512 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. Y. , Park , H. J. , Lee , C. Y. and Choi , W. Y. 2003 . Extending shelf-life of minimally processed apples with edible coatings and antibrowning agents . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 36 : 323 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenart , A. and Dabrowska , R. 1999 . Kinetics of osmotic dehydration of apples with pectin coatings . Dry. Technol. , 7–8 : 1359 – 1373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenart , A. and Piotrowski , D. 2001 . Drying characteristics of osmotically dehydrated fruits coated with semipermeable edible films . Dry. Technol. , 19 : 849 – 877 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. and Yu , T. 2000 . Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot, quality and physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 81 : 269 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , L. , Kerry , J. K. and Kerry , J. P. 2006 . Effect of food ingredients and selected lipids on the physical properties of extruded edible films/casings . Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. , 41 : 295 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lungu , B. and Johnson , M. G. 2005 . Fate of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto the surface of model turkey frankfurter pieces treated with zein coatings containing nisin, sodium diacetate, and sodium lactate at 4 degrees C . J. Food Protect. , 68 : 855 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maftoonazad , N. and Ramaswamy , H. S. 2005 . Postharvest shelf-life extension of avocados using methylcellulose edible coating . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 38 : 617 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mali , S. , Grossmann , M. V. E. , Garcia , M. A. , Martino , M. N. and Zaritzky , N. E. 2002 . Microstructural characterization of yam starch films . Carbohydr. Polym. , 50 : 379 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Polo , M. , Maughuin , C. and Voilley , A. 1992 . Hydrophobic Films and Their Efficiency against Moisture Transfer. 1. Influence of the Film preparation technique . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 40 : 407 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Polo , M. , Voilley , A. , Blond , G. , Colas , B. , Mesnier , M. and Ploquet , N. 1992 . Hydrophobic films and their efficiency against moisture transfer. 2 influence of the physical state . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 40 : 413 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Marudova , M. , Lang , S. , Brownsey , G. J. and Ring , S. G. 2005 . Pectin-chitosan multilayer formation . Carbohydr. Res. , 340 : 2144 – 2149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maté , J. I. , Frankel , E. N. and Krochta , J. M. 1996 . Whey protein isolate edible coatings: Effect on the rancidity process of dry roasted peanuts . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 44 : 1736 – 1740 .
   Google Scholar
• Matuska , M. , Lenart , A. and Lazarides , H. N. 2006 . On the use of edible coatings to monitor osmotic dehydration kinetics for minimal solids uptake . J. Food Eng. , 72 : 85 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. H. and Krochta , J. M. 1994 . Dispersed phase particle-size effects on water-vapor permeability of whey-protein beeswax edible emulsion films . J. Food Process. Pres. , 18 : 173 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. H. and Krochta , J. M. 1994b . Sorbitol-plasticized vs glycerol-plasticized whey-protein edible films—integrated oxygen permeability and tensile property evaluation . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 841 – 845 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. H. and Krochta , J. M. 1994c . Water-vapor permeability properties of edible whey protein-lipid emulsion films . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 71 : 307 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. H. and Senesi , E. 2000 . Apple wraps: A novel method to improve the quality and extend the self life of fresh-cut apples . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 480 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. H. and Krochta , J. M. 1994 . “ Permeability properties of edible films ” . In Edible coatings and films to improve food quality , Edited by: Krochta , J. M. , Baldwin , E. A. and Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. 139 – 187 . Lancaster : Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Meheriuk , M. 1990 . Skin color in Newton apples treated with calcium, nitrate, urea, dipphenylamine, and a film coating . HortScience , 25 : 775 – 776 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meheriuk , M. and Lau , L. O. 1988 . Effect of two polymeric coatings on fruit quality of Barlett and Anjou pears . J. Am. Soc. of Hortic. Sci. , 113 : 226 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Meheriuk , M. , Neilsen , G. H. and McKenzie , D. L. 1991 . Incidence of rain splitting in sweet cherries treated with calcium or coating materials . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 71 : 231 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Mei , Y. and Zhao , Y. 2003 . Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Milk Protein-Based Edible Films Containing Nutraceuticals . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 1914 – 1918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min , S. and Krochta , J. M. 2005 . “ Antimicrobial films and coatings for fresh fruit and vegetables ” . In Improving the safety of fresh fruit and vegetables , Edited by: Jongen , W. 354 – 492 . New York : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Min , S. , Harris , L. J. , Han , J. H. and Krochta , J. M. 2005 . Listeria monocytogenes inhibition by whey protein films and coatings incorporating lysozyme . J. Food Protect. , 68 : 2317 – 2325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morillon , V. , Debeafort , F. , Blond , G. , Capelle , M. and Voilley , A. 2002 . Factors affecting the moisture permeability of lipid-based edible films: A review . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 42 : 67 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. 1994 . “ Edible coatings and films based on polysaccharides ” . In Edible coatings and films to improve food quality , Edited by: Krochta , J. M. , Baldwin , E. A. and Nisperos-Carriedo , M. 305 – 335 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. and Baldwin , E. A. Composition and method of increasing stability of fruits, vegetables or fungi . U.S. Patent, 5,198,254 . 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Nisperos-Carriedo , M. O. and Baldwin , E. A. Method of increasing the stability of fruits, vegetables or fungi and composition thereof . U.S. Patent, 5,376,391 . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Nussinovitch , A. , Ward , G. and Lurie , S. 1996 . Nondestructive measurement of peel gloss and roughness to determine tomato fruit ripening and chilling injury . J. Food Sci. , 61 : 383 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Outtara , B. , Simard , R. E. , Piette , G. , Bégin , A. and Holley , R. A. 2000 . Diffusion of acetic and propionic acids from chitosan-based antimicrobial packaging films . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 768 – 773 .
   Google Scholar
• Pérez , L. 2003 . Aplicación de métodos combinados para el control del desarrollo del pardeamiento enzimático en pera (variedad Blanquilla) mínimamente procesada , Doctoral Thesis Spain : Universidad Politécnica de Valencia .
   Google Scholar
• Pérez–Gago , M. B. , Nadaud , P. and Krochta , J. M. 1999 . Water vapor permeability, solubility and tensile properties of heat-denatured versus native whey protein films . J. Food Sci. , 64 : 1034 – 1037 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Gago , M. B. , Rojas , C. and del Río , M. A. 2003 . Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Lipid Edible Composite Coatings on Plum (cv. Autumn giant) Quality During Storage . J. Food Sci. , 68 : 879 – 883 .
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Gago , M. B. , Serra , M. , Alonso , M. , Mateos , M. and del Río , M. A. 2005 . Effect of whey protein-and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based edible composite coatings on color change of fresh-cut apples . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 36 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Gago , M. B. , Serra , M. , Alonso , M. , Mateos , M. and del Río , M. A. 2006 . Color change of fresh-cut apples coated with whey protein concentrate-based edible coatings . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 39 : 84 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , H. J. 1999 . Development of advanced edible coatings for fruits . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 10 : 254 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. I. and Zhao , Y. 2004 . Incorporation of a high concentration of mineral or vitamin into chitosan-based films . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 1933 – 1939 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. I. , Daeschel , M. A. and Zhao , Y. 2004 . Functional properties of antimicrobial lysozyme-chitosan composite films . J. Food Sci. , 69 : 215 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. I. , Stan , S. D. , Daeschel , M. A. and Zhao , Y. 2005 . Antifungal coatings on fresh strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) to control mold growth during cold storage . J. Food Sci. , 70 : 202 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. Y. , Lee , B. I. , Jung , S. T. and Park , H. J. 2001 . Biopolymer composite films based on k-carrageenan and chitosan . Materials Bulletin Research , 36 : 511 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor , C. , González-Martínez , C. , Ortolá , M. D. and Chiralt , A. 2005 . Efecto de la aplicación de films comestibles a base de HPMC y tensoactivos en las propiedades barrera de gajos de mandarina . Actas del V Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería de Alimentos , : 927 – 927 . CIBIA V
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , M. and Stading , M. 2005 . Water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of mixed starch-monoglyceride films and effect of film forming conditions . Food Hydrocolloid. , 19 : 123 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinotti , A. , García , M. A. , Martino , M. N. and Zaritzky , N. E. 2007 . Study on microstructure and physical properties of composite films based on chitosan and methylcellulose . Food Hydrocolloid. , 21 : 66 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posey , R. , Culbertson , E. C. and Westermeier , J. C. Clear barrier coating and coated film . U.S. Patent, 6,911,255 B2 . 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Pranoto , Y. , Rakshit , S. K. and Salokhe , V. M. 2005 . Enhancing antimicrobial activity of chitosan films by incorporating garlic acid, potassium sorbate and nisin . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 38 : 859 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quezada-Gallo , J. A. , Debeafort , F. , Callegarin , F. and Voilley , A. 2000 . Lipid hydrophobicity, physical state and distribution effects on the properties of emulsion-based edible films . J. Membrane Sci. , 180 : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Rhim , J. W. , Hong , S. I. , Park , H. M. and Perry , K. W.N.G. 2006 . Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 5814 – 5822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhim , J. W. , Lee , J. H. and Perry , K. W. 2007 . Mechanical and barrier properties of biodegradable soy protein isolate-based films coated with polylactic acid . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 40 : 232 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro , C. , Vicente , A. A. , Teixeira , J. A. and Miranda , C. 2007 . Optimization of edible coating composition to retard strawberry fruit senescence . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 44 : 63 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindlav , A. , Hulleman , S. H. D. and Gatenholm , P. 1997 . Formation of starch films with varying crystallinity . Carbohydr. Polym. , 34 : 25 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Grau , M. A. , Avena-Bustillos , R. J. , Friedman , M. , Henika , P. R. , Martin-Belloso , O. and McHugh , T. H. 2006 . Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 9262 – 9267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanazzi , G. , Nigro , F. and Ippolito , A. 2003 . Short hypobaric treatments potentiate the effect of chitosan in reducing storage decay of sweet cherries . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 29 : 73 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanazzi , G. , Nigro , F. , Ippolito , A. , Venere , D. D. and Salerno , M. 2002 . Effects of pre-and postharvest chitosan treatments to control storage grey mold of table grapes . J. Food Sci. , 67 : 1862 – 1867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanazzi , G. , Nigro , F. , Ippolito , A. , Venere , D. D. and Salerno , M. 2002 . Effects of pre-and postharvest chitosan treatments to control storage grey mold of table grapes . J. Food Sci. , 67 : 1862 – 1867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltveit , M. E. 1982 . Procedures for estracting and analyzing internal gas sample from plant tissues by gas cromatography . HortScience , 17 : 878 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schram , T. , Terryn , H. and Franquet , A. 2000 . Feasibility study to probe thin inorganic and organic coatings on aluminium substrates by means of visible and infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry . Surf. Interface Anal. , 30 : 507 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Serizawa , T. , Sakaguchi , H. , Matsusaki , M. and Akashi , M. 2005 . Polyelectrolite multilayers prepared on hydrogel surfaces . J. Polym. Sci. , 43 : 1062 – 1067 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seydim , A. C. and Sarikus , G. 2006 . Antimicrobial activity of whey protein based edible films incorporated with oregano, rosemary and garlic essential oils . Food Res. Int. , 39 : 639 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaidi , F. , Arachchi , J. K. V. and Jeon , Y. J. 1999 . Food applications of chitin and chitosan . Trends Food Sci. Tech. , 10 : 37 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Shellhammer , T. H. and Krochta , J. M. 1997 . Whey protein emulsion film performance as affected by lipid type and amount . J. Food Sci. , 62 : 390 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasa , P. C. and Tharanathan , R. N. 2007 . Chitin/Chitosan–Safe, ecofriendly packaging materials with multiple potential uses . Food Rev. Int. , 23 : 53 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanada-Palmu , P. S. and Grosso , C. R. F. 2005 . Effect of edible wheat gluten-based films and coatings on refrigerated strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) quality . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 36 : 199 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharanathan , R. and Kittur , F. 2003 . Chitin-The undisputed biomolecule of great potential . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. and Nutr. , 43 : 61 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theivendran , S. , Hettiarachchy , N. S. and Johnson , M. G. 2006 . Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin combined with grape seed extract or green tea extract in soy protein film coated on turkey frankfurters . J. Food Sci. , 71 : 39 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiré , R. M. S. M. , Simao , R. A. and Andrade , C. T. 2003 . High resolution imaging of the microstructure of maize starch films . Carbohydr. Polym. , 54 : 149 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togrul , H. and Arslan , N. 2004 . Extending shelf-life of peach and pear by using CMC from sugar beet pulp cellulose as a hydrophilic polymer in emulsions . Food Hydrocolloid. , 18 : 215 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togrul , H. and Arslan , N. 2004b . Carboxymethyl cellulose from sugar beet pulp cellulose as a hydrophilic polymer in coating of mandarin . J. Food Eng , 62 : 271 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Trezza , T. A. and Krochta , J. M. 2000 . Color stability of edible coatings during prolonged storage . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 1166 – 1169 .
   Google Scholar
• Trezza , T. A. and Krochta , J. M. 2000b . The gloss of edible coatings as affected by surfactants, lipids, relative humidity, and time . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 658 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Trezza , T. A. and Krochta , J. M. 2001 . Specular reflection, gloss, roughness and surface heterogeneity of biopolymer coatings . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 79 : 2221 – 2229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turhan , K. N. and Sahbaz , F. 2004 . Water vapor permeability, tensile properties and solutions of methylcellulose-based edible films . J. Food Eng. , 61 : 459 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon , C. , D'Aprano , G. D. , Lacroix , M. and Letendre , M. 2003 . Effect of edible coating process and irradiation treatment of strawberry fragaria spp. on storage-keeping quality . J. Food Sci. , 68 : 608 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas , M. , Albors , A. , Chiralt , A. and González-Martínez , C. Application of chitosan-methylcellulose edible coatings to strawberry fruit . Proceedings of the 13th World Congress of Food Science and Technology, IUFoST-2006 Food is Life . pp. 389 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Vargas , M. , Albors , A. , Chiralt , A. and González-Martínez , C. 2006b . Quality of cold-stored strawberries as affected by chitosan-oleic acid edible coatings . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 41 : 164 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobos , R. , Hernandez-Muñoz , P. and Chiralt , A. 2006 . Effect of surfactants on water sorption and barrier properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films . Food Hydrocolloid. , 20 : 502 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobos , R. , Peinado , S. , Talens , P. and Chiralt , A. Effect of coatings of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-surfactants on color of carrot slices . Proceedings of the International Conference Engineering and Food, ICEF9-2004 . pp. 67 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , G. and Nussinovitch , A. 1996 . Gloss properties and surface morphology relationships of fruits . J. Food Sci. , 61 : 973 – 977 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , J. , Takhistov , P. and McClements , D. J. 2006 . Functional materials in food nanotechnology . J. Food Sci. , 71 : 107 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , D. W. S. , Gastineau , F. A. , Gregorisky , K. S. , Tullin , S. J. and Pavlath , A. E. 1992 . Chitosan-Lipid films: Microstructure and Surface energy . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 40 : 540 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , D. W. S. , Tillin , S. J. , Hudson , J. S. and Pavlath , A. E. 1994 . Gas exchange in cut apples with bilayer coatings . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 2278 – 2285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrell , D. B. , Carrington , C. M. S. and Huber , D. J. 2002 . The use of low temperature and coatings to maintain storage quality of breadfruit. Artocarpus altilis (Parks.) Fosb. . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 25 : 33 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , D. and Quantick , P. C. 1997 . Effects of chitosan coating on enzymatic browning and decay during postharvest storage of litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) fruit . Postharvest Biol. Tec. , 12 : 195 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , D. and Quantick , P. C. 1998 . Antifungal effect of chitosan coating on fresh strawberries and raspberries during storage . J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. , 73 : 763 – 767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivanovic , S. , Chi , S. and Draughon , F. 2005 . Antimicrobial activity of chitosan films enriched with essential oils . J. Food Sci. , 70 : 45 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuber , A. , Kaiser , N. and Stehlé , J. L. 1995 . Variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry for deep UV characterization of dielectric coating
   Google Scholar