Will Isomalto-Oligosaccharides, a Well-Established Functional Food in Asia, Break through the European and American Market? The Status of Knowledge on these Prebiotics

REFERENCES

• Ammeraal , R. N. , Delgado , G. A. , Tenbarge , F. L. and Friedman , R. B. 1991 . High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection of linear and branched glucose oligosaccharides. . Carbohyd Res. , 215 : 179 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai , S. 2002 . Global view on functional foods: Asian perspectives. . Br J Nutr. , 88 : 139 – 143 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Argüello-Morales , M. A. , Remaud-Simeon , M. , Pizzut , S. , Sarcabal , P. , Willemot , R. M. and Monsan , P. 2000 . Sequence analysis of the gene encoding alternansucrase, a sucrose glucosyltransferase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355. . FEMS Microbiol Lett. , 182 : 81 – 85 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker , S. A. and Carrington , T. R. 1953 . Studies of Aspergillus niger. Part II. Transglycosidation by Aspergillus niger . J Chem Soc. (Lond.) , 1953 : 3588 – 3593 .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , C. P. , Kelly , C. T. and Fogarty , W. M. 1982 . Production and quantification of transglucosidase from Aspergillus niger. . J Chem Tech Biotechnol. , 32 : 790 – 798 .
   Google Scholar
• Berensmeier , S. and Buchholz , K. 2004 . Separation of isomaltose from high sugar concentrated enzyme reaction mixture by dealuminated β-zeolite. . Sep Purif Technol. , 38 : 129 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , J. M. and Dutton , G. G.S. 1974 . Synthesis of isomaltose and other α-D-glucopyranosides. . Carbohydr Res. , 38 : 339 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Binder , T. P. , Côté , G. L. and Robyt , J. F. 1983 . Disproportionation reactions catalyzed by Leuconostoc and Streptococcus glucansucrases. . Carbohydr Res , 124 ( 2 ) : 275 – 286 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boucher , J. , Daviaud , D. , Siméon-Remaud , M. , Carpéné , C. , Saulnier-Blache , J.S. , Monsan , P. and Valet , P . 2003 . Effect of non-digestible gluco-oligosaccharides on glucose sensitivity in high fat diet fed mice. . J Physiol Biochem. , 59 ( 3 ) : 169 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouhnik , Y. , Raskine , L. , Simoneau , G. , Vicaut , E. , Neut , C. , Flourie , B. , Brouns , F. and Bornet , F. R. 2004 . The capacity of nondigestible carbohydrates to stimulate fecal bifidobacteria in healthy humans: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-response relation study. . Am. J Clin Nutr. , 80 ( 6 ) : 1658 – 1664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , Y. , Liu , J. , Shi , Y. , Liang , L. and Mou , S. 2005 . Determination of several sugars in serum by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection . J Chrom A , 1085 : 98 – 103 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cataldi , T. R.I. , Campa , C. and De Benedetto , G.E. 2000 . Carbohydrate analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection: The potential is still growing. . Fresenius J Anal Chem. , 368 : 739 – 758 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaen , H. , Nishimoto , T. , Nakada , T. , Fukuda , S. , Kurimoto , M. and Tsujisaka , Y. 2001 . Enzymatic synthesis of kojioligosaccharides using kojibiose phosphorylase. . J Biosci Bioing. , 92 ( 2 ) : 177 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charcosset , C. 2006 . Membrane processes in biotechnology: An overview. . Biotechnol Adv. , 24 ( 5 ) : 482 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H.-L. , Lu , Y.-H. , Lin , J.-J. and Ko , L.-Y. 2001 . Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on bowel functions and indicators of nutritional status in constipated elderly men. . J Am. Coll. Nutr. , 20 ( 1 ) : 44 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang , B. L. , Sheih , Y. H. , Wang , L. H. , Liao , C. K. and Gill , H. S. 2000 . Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and defnition of cellular immune responses. . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 54 : 849 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba , S. , Sam , T. and Shimomura , T. 1973 . Substrate specificity of saccharomyces logos α-Glucosidase. . Agr Biol. Chem. , 37 ( 8 ) : 1831 – 1836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba , S. 1988 . “ α-Glucosidases ” . In Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes , Edited by: The Amylase Research Society of Japan . 104 – 105 . Oxford, UK : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chiba , S. 1997 . Molecular mechanism in α-glucosidase and glucoamylase. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 61 : 1233 – 1239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching-Ching , L. , Hsueh-Fang , W. and Sheng-Dun , L. 2008 . Effect of Isomalto-oligosaccharide syrup on quality characteristics of sponge cake. . Cereal Chem , 85 ( 4 ) : 515 – 521 .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , C. H. 2002 . A potential nutraceutical from leuconostoc mesenteroïde B-742 (ATCC 13146); production and properties , PhD thesis, Sejong University .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , C.-H. and Day , D. F. 2004 . Efficacy of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (ATCC 13146)
   Google Scholar
• Isomalto-oligosaccharides as a Poultry Prebiotic . Poultry Science , 83 1302 – 1306 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conway , P. L. 2001 . Prebiotics and human health: The state-of-the-art and future perspectives. . Scandinavian J Nutr. , 45 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Côté , G. L. and Robyt , J. F. 1982 . Isolation and partial characterization of an extracellular glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355 that synthesizes an alternating (1→6), (1→3)-α- D-glucan. . Carbohydr Res. , 101 ( 1 ) : 57 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté , G. L. and Tao , B. Y. 1990 . Oligosaccharide synthesis by enzymatic transglycosylation. . Glycoconjugate J. , 7 : 145 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté , G. L. , Holt , S. M. and Miller-Fosmore , C. 2003 . “ Prebiotic oligosaccharides via Alternansucrase acceptor reactions ” . In Oligosaccharides in Food and Agriculture , Edited by: Eggleston , G. and Côté , G. vol. 849 , 77 – 89 . Washington DC : ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Côté , G. L. and Sheng , S. 2006 . Penta-, hexa-, and heptasaccharide acceptor products of alternansucrase. . Carbohydr Res. , 41 ( 12 ) : 2066 – 2072 .
   Google Scholar
• Crittenden , R. G. and Playne , M. J. 2002 . Purification of food-grade oligosaccharides using immobilised cells of Zymomonas mobilis. . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. , 58 : 297 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crout , D. H. and Vic , G. 1998 . Glycosidases and glycosyl transferases in glycoside and oligosaccharide synthesis. . Curr Opin. Chem Biol. , 2 : 98 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delzenne , N. and Williams , C. 2002 . Prebiotics and lipid metabolism . Curr Opin. Lipidol. , 13 : 61 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delzenne , N. M. 2003 . Oligosaccharides: State of the art. . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 62 : 177 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demuth , K. , Jordening , H. J. and Buchholz , K. 2002 . Oligosaccharide synthesis by dextransucrase: new unconventional acceptors. . Carbohyd. Res. , 337 : 1811 – 1820 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djouzi , Z. , Andrieux , C. , Pelenc , V. , Somarriba , S. , Popot , F. , Paul , F. , Monsan , P. and Szylit , O. 1995 . Degradation and fermentation of α-gluco-oligosaccharides by bacterial strains from human colon –in vitro and in vivo studies in gnotobiotic rats. . J Appl Bact , 79 ( 2 ) : 117 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djouzi , Z. and Andrieux , C. 1997 . Compared effects of three oligosaccharides on metabolism of intestinal microflora in rats inoculated with a human fecal flora. . Brit. J Nutr. , 78 : 313 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dols-Lafargue , M. , Remaud-Simeon , M. , Willemot , R. M. , Vignon , M. and Monsan , P. 1998 . Structural characterization of the maltose acceptor-products synthesized by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 dextransucrase. . Carbohydr Res. , 305 : 549 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Dols-Lafargue , M. , Willemot , R. M. , Monsan , P. F. and Remaud-Simeon , M. 2001 . Factors affecting alpha-(1–2) glucooligosaccharide synthesis by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 dextransucrase. . Biotechnol Bioeng. , 74 ( 6 ) : 498 – 504 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doudoroff , M. , Hassid , W. Z. and Barker , H. A. 1947 . The mechanism of action of sucrose phosphorylase as a glucose-transferring enzyme (transglucosidase). . J Biol. Chem. , 168 : 725 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas , L. C. and Sanders , M. E. 2008 . Probiotics and Prebiotics in Dietetics Practice . J Am. Diet. Assoc. , 108 : 510 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan , K. J. , Sheu , D. C. , Lin , M. T. and Hsueh , H. C. 1994 . Reaction mechanism of isomalto-oligosaccharides synthesis by α-glucosidase from Aspergillus carbonarious . Biotechnol Lett. , 16 ( 11 ) : 1151 – 1156 .
   Google Scholar
• Duan , K. J. , Sheu , D. C. and Lin , C. T. 1995 . Transglucosylation of a fungal α-glucosidase. The enzyme properties and correlation of isomaltooligosaccharide production. . Ann N Y Acad. Sci. , 750 : 325 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faijes , M. and Planas , A. 2007 . In vitro synthesis of artificial polysaccharides by glycosidases and glycosynthases. . Carbohydr Res. , 342 : 1581 – 1594 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan , J.Q , Kondo , A. , Kato , I. and Lee , Y. C. 1994 . High-performance liquid chromatography of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides on graphitized carbon columns. . Anal Biochem. , 219 : 224 – 229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedorak , R. N. and Madsen , K. L. 2004 . Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. . Curr Opin. Gastroenterol. , 20 : 146 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Arrojo , L. , Marın , D. , Gomez De Segura , A. , Linde , D. , Alcalde , M. , Gutierrez-Alonso , P. , Ghazi , I. , Plou , F. J. , Fernandez-Lobato , M. and Ballesteros , A. 2007 . Transformation of maltose into prebiotic isomalto-oligosaccharides by a novel a-glucosidase from Xantophyllomyces dendrorhous . Process Biochem. , 42 : 1530 – 1536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flickinger , E. A. , Wolf , B. W. , Garleb , K. A. , Chow , J. , Leyer , G. J. , Johns , P. W. and Fahey , G. C. 2000 . Glucose-based oligosaccharides exhibit different in vitro fermentation patterns and affect in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in dogs. . J Nutr. , 130 : 1267 – 1273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks , L.J. , Fuller , R. and Gibson , G. R. 1999 . Prebiotics, probiotics and human gut microbiology. . Int. Dairy J. , 9 : 53 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frandsen , T. P. and Svensson , B. 1998 . Plant α-glucosidases of the glycoside hydrolase family 31. Molecular properties, substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, and comparison with family members of different origin. . Plant Mol Biol. , 37 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , G. R. and Roberfroid , M. B. 1995 . Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. . J Nutr. , 125 : 1401 – 1412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , G. R. , Probert , H. M. , Van Loo , J. , Rastall , R. A. and Roberfroid , M. B. 2004 . Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota : Updating the concept of prebiotics. . Nutr. Res. Rev. , 17 : 259 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffin , D. , Robert , C. , Wathelet , B. , Blecker , C. , Malmendier , Y. and Paquot , M. 2009 . A Step-forward method of quantitative analysis of enzymatically produced isomaltooligosaccharide preparations by AEC-PAD. . Chromatogr. , 69 : 287 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Goffin , D. , Paquot , M. , Blecker , C. and Robert , C. Process for the production of a composition, the composition and the use there-of as food additive. European Patent No. 09150869.7, submitted in january 2009
   Google Scholar
• Goffin , D. , Bystricky , P. , Shashkov , A. S. , Lynch , M. , Hanon , E. , Paquot , M. and Savage , A. V. 2009 . A systematic NMR determination of α-D-glucooligosaccharides, effect of linkage type, anomeric configuration and combination of different linkages type on 13C chemical shifts for the determination of unknown isomalto-oligosaccharides. . Bull. Korean Chem Soc. , 30 ( 11 ) : 2535 – 2541 .
   Google Scholar
• Goffin , D. , Karlsson , N.G. , Paquot , M. and Savage , A. V. 2009 . Structural analysis of α-gluco-oligosaccharides by negative ion, graphitized carbon micro-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, as a tool to identify unknown Isomalto-oligosaccharides (Under revision).
   Google Scholar
• Goffin , D. , Wathelet , B. , Blecker , C. , Malmendier , Y. and Paquot , M. 2010 . Comparison of the glucooligosaccharide profiles produced from maltose by two different transglucosidases from Aspergillus niger . BASE ,
   Google Scholar
• Goulas , A. K. , Grandison , A. S. and Rastall , R. A. 2003 . Fractionation of oligosaccharides by Nanofiltration. . J Sci. Food Agric. , 83 : 675 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulas , A. K. , Fisher , D. A. , Grimble , G. K. , Grandison , A. S. and Rastall , R. A. 2004a . Synthesis of isomalto-oligosaccharides and oligodextrans by the combined use of dextransucrase and dextranase. . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 35 : 327 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulas , A. K. , Cooper , J. M. , Grandison , A. S. and Rastall , R. A. 2004b . Synthesis of isomalto-oligosaccharides and oligodextrans in a recycle membrane bioreactor by the combined use of dextransucrase and dextranase. . Biotechnol Bioeng. , 88 ( 6 ) : 778 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandison , A. S. , Goulas , A. K. and Rastall , R. A. 2002 . The use of dead-end and cross-flow nanofiltration to purify prebiotic oligosaccharides from reaction mixtures. . Songklanakarin J Sci. Technol. , 24 : 915 – 928 .
   Google Scholar
• Grizard , D. and Barthomeuf , C. 1999 . Non-digestible oligosaccharides used as prebiotic agents: mode of production and beneficial effects on animal and human health. . Reprod. Nutr. Dev. , 39 : 563 – 588 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu , Q. , Yang , Y. , Jiang , G. and Chang , G. 2003 . Study on the regulative effect of isomalto-oligosaccharides on human intestinal flora. . J Hyg. Res. , 32 : 54 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Guddat , S. , Thevis , M. and Schänzer , W. 2005 . Identification and quantification of the plasma volume expander dextran in human urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of enzymatically derived isomaltose. . Biomed. Chrom. , 19 : 743 – 750 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamada , S. and Torii , M. 1980 . Interaction of glucosyltransferase from S. mutans with various glucans. . J General Microbiol. , 116 : 51 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamada , S. 2002 . Role of sweeteners in the etiology and prevention of dental caries. . Pure Appl Chem. , 74 ( 7 ) : 1293 – 1300 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasler , C. M. 1996 . Functional foods: The western perspective. . Nutr. Rev. , 54 : 6 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler , C. M. 2000 . The changing face of functional foods. . J Am. Coll. Nutr. , 19 : 499 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa , K. , Ando , K. , Yoshida , N. , Yamamoto , A. , Matsunaga , A. , Nishimura , M. , Kitaoka , M. and Matsui , K. 2000 . Determination of saccharides in sake by high-performance liquid chromatography with polarized photometric detection. . Biomed. Chrom. , 14 ( 2 ) : 72 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hino , K. , Kurose , M. , Sakurai , T. , Inoue , S. , Oku , K. , Chaen , H. , Kohno , K. and Fukuda , S. 2006 . Effect of dietary cyclic Nigerosylnigerose on intestinal immune functions in mice. . Biosci Biotech. Biochem. , 70 ( 10 ) : 2481 – 2487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtkamp , M. , Erhardt , F. A. , Jördening , H.-J. and Scholl , S. 2008 . Reaction-integrated separation of isomaltose by ad- and desorption on zeolite. . Chem Eng. Process , 48 ( 4 ) : 852 – 858 .
   Google Scholar
• Imai , S. , Takeuchi , K. , Shibata , K. , Yoshikawa , S. , Kitahata , S. , Okada , S. , Araya , S. and Nishizawa , T. 1984 . Screening of sugars inhibitory against sucrose-dependent synthesis and adherence of insoluble glucan and acid production by Streptococcus mutans. . J Dent. Res. , 63 : 1293 – 1297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inan , M. S. , Rasoulpour , R. J. , Yin , L. , Hubbard , A. K. , Rosenberg , D. W. and Giardina , C. 2000 . The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-κB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line. . Gastroenterology , 118 ( 4 ) : 724 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnel , J. , Ilieva , P. and Frimmel , F. 1998 . HPAE-PAD –a sensitive method for the determination of carbohydrates. . Fresenius J Anal Chem. , 360 : 827 – 829 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeanes , A. R. , Haynes , W. C. , Wilham , C. A. , Rankin , J. C. , Melvin , E. H. , Austin , M. J. , Cluskey , J. E. , Fisher , B. E. , Tsuchiya , H. M. and Rist , C.E. 1954 . Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety six strains of bacteria. . J Am. Chem Soc. , 76 : 5041 – 5052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko , T. , Kohmoto , T. , Kikuchi , H. , Fukui , F. , Shiota , M. , Yatake , T. , Takaku , H. and Iino , H. 1992 . Digestibility of isomalto-oligosaccharides by rats and effects on serum lipids. . Journal of the Japan Society for Bioscience Biotechnology and Agrochemistry , 66 ( 8 ) : 1211 – 1220 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko , T. , Kohmoto , T , Kikuchi , H. , Shiota , M. , Iino , H. and Mitsuoka , T. 1994 . Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization on human fecal bifidobacteria. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 58 ( 12 ) : 2288 – 2290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko , T. , Yokoyama , A. and Suzuki , M. 1995a . Digestibility characteristics of isomalto-oligosaccharides in comparison with several saccharides using rat jejunum loop method. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 59 : 1190 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko , T. , Matsukubo , T. , Yatake , T. , Muramatsu , Y. and Takaesu , Y. 1995b . Evaluation of acidogenicity of commercial isomalto-oligosaccharides mixture and its hydrogenated derivative by measurement of pH responses under human dental plaque. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 59 : 372 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno , T. 1990 . Some functional properties of so-called isomalto-oligosaccharides and their applications to food industry. . Denpun Kagaku , 37 : 87 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Kato , N. , Suyama , S. , Shirokane , M. , Kato , M. , Kobayashi , T. and Tsukagoshi , N. 2002 . Novel α-Glucosidase from Aspergillus nidulans with strong transglycosylation activity. . Appl Environ Microbiol. , 68 : 1250 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson , N. , Wilson , N. , Wirth , H-J. , Dawes , P. , Joshi , H. and Packer , N. H. 2004 . Negative ion graphitised carbon nano-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry increases sensitivity for glycoprotein oligosaccharide analysis. . Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , 18 : 2282 – 2292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalikova , E. , Susi , P. and Korpela , T. 2005 . Microbial dextran-hydrolyzing enzymes: Fundamentals and applications. . Microbiol Mol Biol. Rev. , 69 ( 2 ) : 306 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killey , M. , Dimler , R. J. and Cluskey , J. E. 1955 . Preparation of panose by the action of NRRL B-512 dextransucrase on a sucrose-maltose mixture. . J Am. Chem Soc. , 77 ( 12 ) : 3315 – 3318 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , A. S. and Floch , M. H. 2008 . Probiotics in clinical trials from 2004 to 2007: A review of current literature. . Gast. , 134 : 694 – 694 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , Y.-M. , Seo , M.-Y. , Kang , H.-K. , Atsuo , K. and Kim , D. 2009 . Construction of a fusion enzyme of dextransucrase and dextranase: Application for one-step synthesis of isomalto-oligosaccharides. . Enz Microb. Technol. , 44 : 159 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Kita , A. , Matsui , H. , Somoto , A. , Kimura , A. , Takata , M. and Chiba , S. 1991 . Substrate specificity and subsite affinities of crystalline α-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger . Agric Biol Chem. , 55 : 2327 – 2335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahata , S. , Brewer , C. F. , Genghof , D.S. , Sawai , T. and Hehre , E. J. 1981 . Scope and mechanism of carbohydrase action stereocomplementary hydrolytic and glucosyl-transfering actions of glucoamylase and glucodextranase with α- and β- D-glucosylfluorides. . J Biol. Chem. , 256 : 6017 – 6026 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitaoka , M. and Robyt , J. F. 1999 . Mechanism of the action of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC dextransucrase: kinetics of the transfer of D-glucose to maltose and the effects of enzyme and substrate concentrations. . Carbohydr Res. , 320 : 183 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , I. , Tokuda , M. , Hashimoto , H. , Konda , T. , Nakano , H. and Kitahata , S. 2003 . Purification and characterization of a new type of a-glucosidase from Paecilomyces lilacinus that has transglucosylation activity to produce α-(1,3)- and α-(1,2)-linked oligosaccharides . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 67 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell , H. J. , Tsuchiya , H.M. , Hellman , N.N. , Kazenko , A. , Hoffman , C. A. , Sharpe , E. S. and Jackson , R. W. 1953 . Enzymatic synthesis of dextran. . J Biol. Chem. , 200 : 793 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga , T. , Horikoshi , T. , Fujiwara , T. and Hamada , S. 1988 . Effects of panose on glucan synthesis and cellular adherence by Streptococcus mutans. . Microbiol Immunol , 32 ( 1 ) : 25 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohmoto , T. , Fukui , F. , Takaku , H. , Machida , Y. , Arai , M. and Mitsuoka , T. 1988 . Effect of isomalto-oligosaccharides on human fecal flora. . Bifidobacteria Microflora , 7 : 61 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohmoto , T. , Fukui , F. , Takaku , H. and Mitsuoka , T. 1991 . Dose-response test of isomalto-oligosaccharides for increasing fecal bifidobacteria. . Agric Biol Chem. , 55 ( 8 ) : 2157 – 2159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohmoto , T , Tsuji , K. , Kaneko , T. , Shiota , M. , Fukui , F , Takaku , H , Nakagawa , Y. , Ichikawa , T. and Kobayashi , S. 1992 . Metabolism of 13C- isomalto-oligosaccharides in healthy human. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 56 ( 6 ) : 937 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koizumi , K. , Kubota , Y. , Tanimoto , T. and Fukuda , M. 1989 . High performance anion-exchange chromatography of homogeneous D-gluco-oligosaccharides and poly-saccharides (polymerization degree >50) with pulsed amperometric detection. . J Chrom. , 464 : 365 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koizumi , K. , Okada , Y. and Fukuda , M. 1991 . High-performance liquid chromatography of mono- and oligo-saccharides on a graphitized carbon column. . Carbohydr Res. , 215 : 67 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Koizumi , K. 1996 . High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of carbohydrates on graphitized carbon columns. . J Chrom A , 720 : 119 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolida , S. , Tuohy , K. and Gibson , G. R. 2000 . The human gut flora in nutrition and approaches for its dietary modulation. . British Nutrition Foundation Nutr. Bull. , 25 : 223 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Konishi , Y. and Shindo , K. 1997 . Production of nigerose, nigerosylglucose, and nigerosylmaltose by Acremonium sp. S4G13. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 61 : 439 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubik , C. , Sikora , B. and Bielecki , S. 2004 . Immobilization of dextransucrase and its use with soluble dextranase for glucooligosaccharides synthesis. . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 34 : 555 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuriki , T. , Tsuda , M. and Imanaka , T. 1992 . Continuous production of panose by immobilized neopullulanase. . J Ferm Bioeng. , 73 ( 3 ) : 198 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuriki , T. , Yanase , M. , Takata , H , Imanaka , T. and Okadawa , S. 1993a . Highly branched oligosaccharides produced by the transglycosylation reaction of neopullulanase. . J Ferm Bioeng. , 76 ( 3 ) : 184 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuriki , T. , Yanase , M. , Takata , H. , Takesada , Y. , Imanaka , T. and Okada , S. 1993b . A new way of producing isomalto-oligosaccharide syrup by using the transglycosylation reaction of neopullulanase. . Appl Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 953 – 959 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuriki , T. , Hondoh , H. and Matsuura , Y . 2005 . The conclusive proof that supports the concept of the α-amylase family: structural similarity and common catalytic mechanism. . Biologia, Bratislava , 60 ( 16 ) : 13 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamothe , J. P. , Marchenay , Y. , Monsan , P. , Paul , F. and Pelenc , V. 1991 . Compositions cosmétiques contenant des glucooligosaccharides , French patent FR 2678166 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S.-L. and Chen , W.-C. 1997 . Optimization of medium composition for the production of glucosyltransferase by Aspergillus niger with response surface methodology. . Enz Microb.Tech. , 21 : 436 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. R. , Lee , K. A. and Ly , S. Y. 2003 . Improving effects of fructooligosaccharides and isomalto-oligosaccharides contained in sponge cakes on the constipation of female college students. . J Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. , 32 ( 4 ) : 621 – 626 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , F. , Vadakoot , J. , Duan , G. and Shetty , J. K. 2004 . Grain compositions containing pre-biotic isomalto-oligosaccharides and methods of making and using same , Genencor International, Inc. World Patent WO 2004/081022 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , J. , Tan , B. and Mai , K. 2009 . Dietary probiotic Bacillus OJ and isomalto-oligosaccharides influence the intestine microbial populations, immune responses and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). . Aquacult. , 291 : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Loo , J. V. , Cummings , J. , Delzenne , N. , Englyst , H. , Franck , A. , Hopkins , M. , Kok , N. , Macfarlane , G. , Newton , D. , Quigley , M. , Roberfroid , M. , Vliet , T. V. and Heuvel , E. 1999 . Functional food properties of non-digestible oligosaccharides: A consensus report from the ENDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94–1095). . Brit. J Nutr. , 81 : 121 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , J. 2002 . European Union-funded research on probiotics, prebiotics and new foods. . Digest. Liver Dis. , 34 ( 2 ) : 98 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane , S. , Macfarlane , G. T. and Cummings , J. H. 2006 . Review article: Prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. . Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. , 24 : 701 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mala , S. , Dvorakova , H. , Hrabal , R. and Kralova , B. 1999 . Towards regioselective synthesis of oligosaccharides by use of α-glucosidases with different substrate specificity. . Carbohydr Res. , 322 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning , T. S. and Gibson , G. R. 2004 . Prebiotics. . Best Pract. Res. Clin Gastroenterol. , 18 ( 2 ) : 287 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleary , B. and Gibson , T. 1989 . Purification, properties, and industrial significance of transglucosidase from Aspergillus niger . Carbohydr Res. , 185 : 147 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , J. A. 2000 . Functional foods: The US perspective . Am. J Clin Nutr. , 71 : 1654 – 1659 .
   Google Scholar
• Minami , T. , Fujiwara , T. , Kabawata , S. , Izumitani , A. , Ooshima , T. , Sobue , S. and Hamada , S. 1989 . Caries-inducing activity of isomaltooligosugars (IMOs) in vitro and in rat experiment. . Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi , 27 ( 4 ) : 1010 – 1017 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirmira , S. R. , Schreiber , M. A. and Guessford , S. A. 1993 . High performance ion chromatographic analysis of glucose, isomaltose, and maltose in hydroxyethyl starch. . J. Liq. Chrom Rel.Technologies. , 16 ( 12 ) : 2631 – 2638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizubuchi , H. , Yajima , T. , Aoi , N. , Tomita , T. and Yoshikai , Y. 2005 . Isomalto-oligosaccharides polarize Th1-like responses in intestinal and systemic immunity in mice. . J Nutr. , 135 : 2857 – 2861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monchois , V. , Willemot , R.-M. and Monsan , P. 1999 . Glucansucrases: Mechanism of action and structure-function relationships. . FEMS Microbiol Rev. , 23 : 131 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsan , P. and Paul , F. 1995 . Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides . FEMS Microbiol Rev. , 16 : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Monsan , P. , Bozonnet , S. , Albenne , C. , Joucla , G. , Willemot , R. M. and Remaud-Simeon , M. 2001 . Homopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. . Int. Dairy J , 11 : 675 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooser , G. 1992 . “ Glycosidase and glycosyltransferases ” . In The Enzymes , Edited by: Boyer , P.D. Vol. 20 , 187 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mountzouris , K. C. , Gilmour , S. G. , Grandison , A. S. and Rastall , R. A. 1999 . Modeling of oligodextran production in an ultrafiltration stirred-cell membrane reactor. . Enz Microb Tech , 24 : 75 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountzouris , K. C. , Gilmour , S. G. and Rastall , R. A. 2002 . Continuous production of oligodextrans via controlled hydrolysis of dextran in an enzyme membrane reactor. . J Food Sci , 67 ( 5 ) : 1767 – 1771 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan , P. J. 1998 . Update on the nomenclature of carbohydrates and their dental effects. . J Dent , 26 ( 3 ) : 209 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mu , X. , Xu , X. , Zhong , Z. , Zhu , J. , Li , X. and Thompson , D . 2005a . A method for the removal of monosaccharide in oligosaccharides production , Canadian Patent CA 2474999 .
   Google Scholar
• Mu , X. , Zhu , J. , Li , X. , Xu , X. , Zhong , Z. and Thompson , D. 2005b . A method to control the distribution of the starch sugars molecular weight in oligosaccharides production , Canadian Patent CA 2475817 .
   Google Scholar
• Mukai , K. , Watanabe , H. , Kubota , M. , Chaen , H. , Fukuda , S. and Kurimoto , M. 2005 . Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of a novel maltosyltransferase from an arthrobacter globiformis strain that produces an alternating α-(1,4)- and α-(1,6)-Cyclic tetrasaccharide from starch. . Appl Environ Microbiol. , 72 ( 2 ) : 1065 – 1071 .
   Google Scholar
• Murase , H. , Yamauchi , R. , Kato , K. , Kunieda , T. and Terao , J. 1997 . Synthesis of a novel vitamin E derivative, 2-(α-D-glucopyranosyl) methyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-6-ol, by α-glucosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation. . Lipids , 32 : 73 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murosaki , S. , Muroyama , K. , Yamamoto , Y. , Kusaka , H. , Liu , T. and Yoshikai , Y. 1999 . Immunopotentiating activity of nigerooligosaccharides for the T helper 1-like immune response in mice. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 63 : 373 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murosaki , S. , Muroyama , K. , Yamamoto , H. , Liu , T. and Yoshikai , Y. 2002 . Nigerooligosaccharides augments natural killer activity of hepatic mononuclear cells in mice . Int. Immunopharmacol. , 2 : 151 – 159 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mussatto , S. I. and Mancilha , I. M. 2007 . Non-digestible oligosaccharides: A review. . Carbohyd. Polym. , 68 : 587 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakakuki , T. 1993 . “ Oligosaccharides. Production, properties and applications ” . In Japanese Technology Reviews Vol. 3, No. 2 , 204 – 229 . Aarborg, , Norway : Gordon & Breach Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Nakakuki , T. 2003 . Development of functional oligosaccharides in Japan. . Trends Glycosci Glycotech. , 15 : 62 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakakuki , T. 2005 . Present status and future prospects of functional oligosaccharides in Japan. . J Appl Glycosci. , 52 : 267 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakanishi , K. , Matsuno , R. , Torii , K. , Yamamoto , K. and Kamikubo , T. 1983 . Properties of immobilized β- D-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. . Enz Microb Technol. , 5 : 115 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakanishi , T. , Nomura , S. and Takeda , Y. 2006 . An improved method for the quantitative analysis of commercial isomalto-oligosaccharides products using the calibration curve of standard reagents. . J Appl Glycosci. , 53 : 215 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Nishimoto , T. , Aga , H. , Mukai , K. , Hashimoto , T. , Watanabe , H. , Kubota , M. , Fukuda , S. , Kurimoto , M. and Tsujisaka , Y. 2002 . Purification and characterization of glucosyltransferase and Glucanotransferase involved in the production of cyclic tetrasaccharides in Bacillus globisporus C11. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , 66 ( 9 ) : 1806 – 1818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguma , T. , Tobe , K. and Kobayashi , M. 1994 . Purification and properties of a novel enzyme from Bacillus spp. T-3040, which catalyzes the conversion of dextran to cyclic isomalto-oligosaccharides. . FEBS Lett. , 345 : 135 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olano-Martin , E. , Mountzouris , K. C. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2000 . In vitro fermentability of dextran, oligodextran and maltodextrin by human gut bacteria. . Brit J Nutr. , 83 : 247 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooshima , T. , Fujiwara , T. , Takei , T. , Izumitani , A. , Sobue , S. and Hamada , S. 1988 . The caries inhibitory effects of GOS-sugar in vitro and in rat experiments. . Microbiol Immunol. , 32 : 1093 – 1105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand , A.C. , Derrien , M , de Vos , W , Tiihonen , K and Rautonen , N. 2005 . Prebiotics and other microbial substrates for gut functionality. . Curr Opin Microbiol. , 16 : 212 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Palframan , R. J. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2002 . Effect of pH and dose on the growth of gut bacteria on prebiotic carbohydrates in vitro. . Anaerobe , 8 : 287 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palframan , R. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2003 . Development of a quantitative tool for the comparison of the prebiotic effect of dietary oligosaccharides. . Lett Appl Microbiol. , 37 : 281 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , S. C. , Andreasen , A. A. and Kolachov , P. 1950 . Enzymatic conversion of maltose into unfermentable carbohydrate. . Science , 112 : 115 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan , Y.-C. and Lee , W.-C. 2005 . Production of high-purity isomalto-oligosaccharides syrup by the enzymatic conversion of transglucosidase and fermentation of yeast cells. . Biotechnol Bioeng. , 89 ( 7 ) : 797 – 804 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pastuch , G. , Wandzik , I. and Szeja , W. 2003 . Stereoselective one-pot synthesis of isomalto-oligosaccharides. . Pol J Chem. , 77 ( 8 ) : 995 – 999 .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , F. , Oriol , E. , Auriol , D. and Monsan , P. 1986 . Acceptor reaction of a highly purified dextran sucrase with maltose and oligosaccharides. Application to the synthesis of controlled-molecular-weight dextrans. . Carbohydr Res. , 149 : 433 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , F. , Lopez-Munguia , A. , Remand , M. , Pelenc , V. and Monsan , P. 1992 . Procédé de préparation enzymatique d'oligodextranes utiles dans la fabrication de substituts de sucre, et nouveaux oligodextranes , European Patent EP 0325872 .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , F. , Lopez-Munguia , A. , Remaud , M. , Pelenc , V. and Monsan , P. 1992 . Method for the production of α-(1,2) oligodextrans using Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299 , US Patent 5141858 .
   Google Scholar
• Paskach , T. , Licker , H. P. , Reilly , P. J. and Thielecke , K. 1991 . High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of sugars and sugar alcohols on quaternary ammonium resins under alkaline conditions. . Carbohydr Res. , 215 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Pazur , J. H. and French , D. 1951 . The Transglucosidase of Aspergillus oryzae . J Am Chem Soc. , 73 ( 7 ) : 3536
   Google Scholar
• Pazur , J. and French , D. 1952 . The action of transglucosidase of Aspergillus oryzae on maltose. . J Biol Chem. , 196 ( 1 ) : 265 – 272 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pazur , J. H. , Cepure , A. , Okada , S. and Forsberg , L. S. 1977 . Comparison of the action of glucoamylase and glucosyltransferase on D-glucose, maltose, and maltooligosaccharides. . Carbohydr Res. , 58 : 193 – 202 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pazur , J. H. , Tominaga , Y. , DeBrosse , C.W. and Jackman , L. M. 1978 . The synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-β- D-glucopyranose and D-glucosyl oligosaccharides from maltose by a fungal glucosyltransferase. . Carbohydr Res. , 61 : 279 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Perlné , M. I. , Horváth , K. and Katona , Z. 2000 . The possibilities of GC/MS and HPLC in the analysis of sugars and acids in natural matrices. . Acta Pharma Hung. , 70 ( 3–6 ) : 231 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perugino , G. , Trincone , A. , Rossi , M. and Moracci , M. 2004 . Oligosaccharide synthesis by glycosynthases. . Trends Biotechnol. , 22 ( 1 ) : 31 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Playne , M. J. and Crittenden , R. G. 2004 . “ Part II Biotechnology strategies for producing specific food ingridents ” . In Bioprocesses and Biotechnology for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals , Edited by: Neeser , J.R. and German , J.B. 120 – 121 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plou , F. J. , Martín , M.T. , Gomez de Segura , A. , Alcalde , M. and Ballesteros , A. 2002 . Glucosyltransferases acting on starch or sucrose for the synthesis of oligosaccharides. . Can J Chem. , 80 : 743 – 752 .
   Google Scholar
• Plou , F. J. , Gomez de Segura , A. and Ballesteros , A. 2007 . “ Application of glycosidases and transglycosidases in the synthesis of oligosaccharides ” . In Industrial Enzymes, Chap. 9 , Edited by: Polaina , J. and MacCabe , A.P. 141 – 157 . Netherlands : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Pratt , V. C. , Tappenden , K. A. , McBurney , M.I. and Field , C. J. 1996 . Short-chain fatty acid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves nonspecific immunity after intestinal resection in rats. . J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. , 20 ( 4 ) : 264 – 271 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rastall , R. A. and Maitin , V. 2002 . Prebiotics and synbiotics: Towards the next generation. . Curr Opin Biotechnol. , 13 : 490 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastall , R. A. and Hotchkiss , A. T. 2003 . “ Potential for the development of prebiotic oligosaccharides from biomass ” . In Oligosaccharides in Food and Agriculture , Edited by: Eggleston , G. and Côté , G.L. 44 – 53 . Washington, DC : ACS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rastall , R. A. , Gibson , G. R. , Harsharnjit , S. G. , Guarner , F. , Klaenhammer , T. R. , Pot , B. , Reid , G. , Rowland , I. R. and Sanders , M. E. 2005 . Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: An overview of enabling science and potential applications. . FEMS Microbiol Ecol. , 52 : 145 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman , H. , Vahjen , W. , Kohl-Parisini , A. , Ijaz , A. and Zentek , J. 2009 . Influence of fermentable carbohydrates on the intestinal bacteria and enteropathogens in broilers. . World's Poultry Sci J. , 65 : 75 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remaud-Simeon , M. , Lopez-Munguia , A. , Pelec , V. , Paul , F. and Monsan , P. 1994 . Production and use of glucosyltransferases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 for the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing α-(1,2) linkages. . Appl Biochem Biotechnol. , 44 : 101 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remaud-Simeon , M , Willemot , R.-M. , Sarcabal , P. , Potocki de Montalk , G. and Monsan , P. 2000 . Glucansucrases: Molecular engineering and oligosaccharide synthesis. . J Mol Catal B: Enzym. , 10 : 117 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberfroid , M. B. 1997 . “ Health benefits of non-digestible oligosaccharides ” . In Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease , Edited by: Kritchevsky and Bonfield . 211 – 219 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roberfroid , M. and Slavin , J. 2000 . Nondigestible oligosaccharides. . Crit. Rev. Food Sci Nutr. , 40 ( 6 ) : 461 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid , M. B. 2002 . Global view on functional foods: European perspectives. . Br J Nutr. , 88 : 133 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberfroid , M. 2002 . Functional food concept and its application to prebiotics. . Digest Liver Dis. , 34 ( 2 ) : 105 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberfroid , M. B. 2008 . “ Prebiotics: Concept, definition, criteria, methodologies, and products ” . In Handbook of Prebiotics , Edited by: Gibson , G.R. and Roberfroid , M.B. 40 – 60 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robyt , J. F. and Walseth , T. F. 1978 . The mechanism of acceptor reactions of leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. . Carbohydr Res. , 61 : 433 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robyt , J. F. and Ecklund , S. H. 1983 . Relative, quantitative effect of acceptors in the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides dextran sucrase. . Carbohydr Res. , 121 : 279 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robyt , J. F. and Mukerjea , R. 1994 . Separation and quantitative determination of nanogram quantities of maltodextrins and isomaltodextrins by thin-layer chromatography. . Carbohydr Res. , 251 : 187 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , H. and Koch , H. 1988 . New carbohydrate-derivatives for biotechnical and chemical processes. . Starch , 40 : 453 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhaak , L. R. , Deelder , A. M. and Wuhrer , M. 2009 . Oligosaccharide analysis by graphitized carbon liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry. . Anal Bioanal Chem. , 394 : 163 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rycroft , C. , Jones , M. , Gibson , G. and Rastall , R. 2001 . The role of prebiotics in human gut microbiology. Prebiotic oligosaccharides. . J Appl Microbiol. , 91 : 878 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarela , M. , Lahteenmaki , L. , Crittenden , R , Salminen , S. and Mattila-Sandholm , T. 2002 . Gut bacteria and health foods—the European perspective. . Int J Food Microbiol. , 78 : 99 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos , A. , San Mauro , M. and Diaz , D. M. 2006 . Prebiotics and their long-term influence on the microbial populations of the mouse bowel. . Food Microbiol. , 23 : 498 – 503 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanz , M. L. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2005 . Influence of disaccharide structure on prebiotic selectivity in vitro. . J Agric Food Chem. , 53 ( 13 ) : 5192 – 5199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki , M. , Joh , T , Koikeda , S. , Kataoka , H. , Tanida , S. , Oshima , T. , Ogasawara , N. , Ohara , H. , Nakao , H. and Kamiya , T. 2007 . A novel strategy in production of oligosaccharides in digestive tract: Prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. . J Clin Biochem Nutr. , 41 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sawai , T. and Niwa , Y. 1975 . Transisomaltosylation activity of a bacterial isomalto-dextranase . Agric Biol Chem , 39 ( 5 ) : 1077 – 1083 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo , E.-S. , Nam , S.-H. , Kang , H.-K. , Cho , J.-Y. , Lee , H.-S , Ryu , H.-W. and Kim , D. 2007 . Synthesis of thermo- and acid-stable novel oligosaccharides by using dextransucrase with high concentration of sucrose. . Enzyme Microb Technol. , 40 : 1117 – 1123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley , K. L. , Slodki , M. E. , Boundy , J. A. and Plattner , R. D. 1982 . A simplified method for preparing linear isomalto-oligosaccharides. . Carbohydr Res. , 108 : 279 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , F. and Enevoldsen , B. S. 1978 . Comparative studies of malto- and Isomalto-oligosaccharides and their corresponding alditols. . Carbohydr Res. , 61 : 197 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swennen , K. , Courtin , C. M. and Delcour , J. A. 2006 . Non-digestible Oligosaccharides with Prebiotic Properties. . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. , 46 : 459 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaku , H. 1988 . “ Anomalously linked oligosaccharides mixture ” . In Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes: Their Sources, Isolation Methods, Properties and Applications , Edited by: The Amylase Research Society of Japan, Osaka, Japan . 215 – 217 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Takata , H. , Kuriki , T. , Okada , S. , Takesada , Y. , Lizuka , M. , Minamiura , N. and Imanaka , T. 1992 . Action of neopullulanase: Neopullulanase catalyzes both hydrolysis and transglycosylation at α-(1–4)- and α-(1–6)-glucosidic linkages. . J Biol Chem. , 267 : 18447 – 18452 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanriseven , A. and Dogan , S. 2002 . Production of isomalto-oligosaccharides using dextransucrase immobilized in alginate fibres. . Process Biochem. , 37 : 1111 – 1115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thitaram , S. N. , Chung , C. H. , Day , D. F. , Hinton , A. , Bailey , J. S. and Siragusa , G. R. 2005 . Isomaltooligosaccharide increases cecal bifidobacterium population in young broiler chickens. . Poultry Sci. , 84 : 998 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomomatsu , H. 1994 . Health effects of oligosaccharides . Food Technol. , 48 : 61 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukahara , T. , Koyama , H. , Okada , M. and Ushida , K. 2002 . Stimulation of butyrate production by gluconic acid in batch culture of pig cecal digesta and identification of butyrate-producing bacteria. . J Nutr. , 132 : 2229 – 2234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunehiro , J. , Matsukubo , T. , Shiota , M. and Takaesu , Y. 1997 . Caries-inducing activity of the hydrogenated derivative of an isomaltooligosaccharide mixture in rats. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 61 ( 8 ) : 1317 – 1322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunehiro , J. , Okamoto , K. , Furuyama , Y. , Yakate , T. and Kaneko , T. 1999 . Digestibility of the hydrogenated derivative of an Isomaltooligosaccharide mixture by rats. . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 63 ( 9 ) : 1515 – 1521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuohy , K. M. , Rouzaud , G. C.M. , Brück , W. M. and Gibson , G. R. 2005 . Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics: Assessment of efficacy. . Curr Pharm Des. , 11 : 75 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valette , P. , Pelenc , V. , Djouzi , Z. , Andrieux , C. , Paul , F. , Monsan , P. and Szylit , O. 1993 . Bioavailability of new synthesized glucooligosaccharides in the intestinal tract of Gnotobiotic rats. . J Sci Food Agric. , 62 : 121 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Vasiljevic , T. and Shah , N. P. 2008 . Probiotics—from Metchnikoff to bioactives. . Int Dairy J , 18 : 714 – 728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke , K. , Ferchaud-Roucher , V. , Preston , T. , Small , A. C. , Henckaerts , L. , Priebe , M. and Vonk , R. J. 2008 . Short chain fatty acid profiles in plasma and urine of healthy volunteers depend on the type of indigestible carbohydrate. . Gast , 134 : 692 – 692 .
   Google Scholar
• Vernazza , C. L. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2006 . Carbohydrate preference, acid tolerance and bile tolerance in five strains of Bifidobacterium. . J Appl Microbiol. , 100 : 846 – 853 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetere , A. , Gamini , A. , Campa , C. and Paoletti , S. 2000 . Regiospecific transglycolytic synthesis and structural characterization of 6-O-a-glucopyranosyl-glucopyranose (isomaltose). . Biochem Biophy Res Commun. , 274 : 99 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinogradov , E. and Bock , K. 1998 . Structural determination of some new oligosaccharides and analysis of the branching pattern of isomaltooligosaccharides from beer. . Carbohydr Res. , 309 : 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitek , V. and Vitek , K. 1973 . Chromatography of sugars in body fluids IV. Separation of isomaltose and lactose in urine by paper chromatography. . Biochem Med. , 7 : 119 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vulevic , J. , Rastall , R. A. and Gibson , G. R. 2004 . Developing a quantitative approach for determining the in vitro prebiotic potential of dietary oligosaccharides. . FEMS Microbiol Lett. , 236 : 153 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. J. 1973 . Preparation of isomaltose oligosaccharides labelled with 14C in the non-reducing terminal unit, and their use in studies of dextranase activity. . Carbohydr Res. , 30 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker , G. J. 1977 . Synthesis of oligosaccharides of the isomaltose series labelled with 14C at the reducing end. . Carbohydr Res. , 53 : 263 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , X. and Rakshit , S. 2000 . Iso-oligosaccharide production by multiple forms of transferase enzymes from Aspergillus foetidus. . Process Biochem. , 35 : 771 – 775 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H.-F. , Lim , P.-S. , Kao , M.-D. , Chan , E.-C , Lin , L.-C. and Wang , N.-P. 2001 . Use of isomalto-oligosaccharide in the treatment of lipid profiles and constipation in hemodialysis patients . J Ren Nutr. , 11 ( 2 ) : 73 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , Y. 2009 . Prebiotics: Present and future in food science and technology. . Food Res Int. , 42 : 8 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Watanabe , M. and Kageyama , S. 2002 . Prophylactic or ameliorating agent for immunological dysfunction, Prophylactic or ameliorating agent for microbism, tumor immunological enhancer and Prophylactic or ameliorating agent for in vivo various dysfunctions and functional food comprising α(1→6)-bonded chain glucose oligomer as active ingredient , Japanese Patent, JP 2002161039 .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , G. M. , Lowden , P. A.S. and Flitsch , S. L. 1997 . Enzyme-catalyzed formation of glycosidic linkages. . Curr Opin Struct Biol. , 7 : 652 – 660 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wichienchot , S. , Prasertsan , P. , Hongpattarakere , T. , Gibson , G. R. and Rastall , R. A. 2003 . In vitro fermentation of mixed linkage glucooligosaccharides produced by gluconobacter oxydans NCIMB 4943 by the human colonic microflora . Curr Issues Intestinal Microbiol. , 7 : 7 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfrom , M. L. and Schwab , G. 1969 . Quantitative analysis of gentibiose and isomaltose in admixture and its application to the characterization of dextrins. . Carbohydr Res. , 9 : 407 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , J. M.W. and Jenkins , D. J.A. 2007 . Carbohydrate digestibility and metabolic effects. . J Nutr. , 137 : 2539S – 2546S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , I. , Muto , N. , Nagata , E. , Nakamura , T. and Suzuki , Y. 1990 . Formation of a stable l-ascorbic acid α-glucoside by mammalian α-glucosidase- catalyzed transglucosylation. . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1035 : 44 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , T. , Unno , T. , Watanabe , Y. , Yamamoto , M. , Okuyama , M. , Mori , H. , Chiba , S. and Kimura , A. 2004 . Purification and characterization of Acremonium implicatum a-glucosidase having regioselectivity for α-(1,3)-glucosidic linkage. . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1700 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki , Y. , Miyake , T. and Suzuki , Y. 1973 . Properties of crystalline α-glucosidase from Mucor javanicus . Agric Biol Chem. , 37 : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki , Y. , Suzuki , Y. and Ozawa , J. 1976 . Purification and properties of α-glucosidase from Penicillium purpurogenum . Agric Biol Chem. , 40 : 669 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. , Iji , P. A. and Choct , M. 2009 . Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. . World's Poultry Sci J. , 65 : 97 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda , E.H , Takaku , H. and Matsumoto , H. 1986 . 61 – 212296 . Japanese Patent, JP .
   Google Scholar
• Yatake , T. 1993 . “ Anomalously linked oligosaccharides in oligosaccharides ” . In Production, Properties and Application , Edited by: Nakakuki , T. 79 – 89 . Tokyo, Japan : Gordon and Breech Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Yoneyama , M. , Shibuya , T. and Miyake , T . 1992 . Saccharides sous forme de poudre, préparation et utilisations , French Patent, FR 2677359 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoo , S. H. , Kweon , M. R. , Kim , M. J. , Auh , J. H. , Jung , D. S. , Kim , J. R. , Yook , C. , Kim , J. W. and Park , K. H. 1995 . Branched oligosaccharides concentrated by yeast fermentation and effectiveness as a low sweetness humectant. . J Food Sci. , 60 ( 3 ) : 516 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo , S. K. 1997 . The production of glucooligosaccharides by Leuconostoc mesenteroides
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . ATCC 13146 and Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 74054 , Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University .
   Google Scholar
• Yoon , S.-H. , Mukerjea , R. and Robyt , J. F. 2003 . Specificity of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in removing carbohydrates by fermentation. . Carbohydr Res. , 338 : 1127 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun , J. , Lee , M. and Song , S. 1994a . Continuous production of isomalto-oligosaccharides from maltose syrup by immobilized cells of permeabilized Aureobasidium Pullulans . Biotechnol Lett. , 16 : 1145 – 1150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun , J. , Suh , J. H. and Song , S. 1994b . Kinetic study and mathematical model for the production of isomalto-oligosaccharides from maltose by transglucosylation of Aureobasidium pullulans. . J Korean Inst Chem Eng. , 32 ( 6 ) : 875 – 880 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , F. , Li , D. F. , Lu , W. Q. and Yi , G. F. 2003 . Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on broiler performance and intestinal microflora. . Poultry Sci. , 82 : 657 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar