7,139
Views
163
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Beta Glucan: A Valuable Functional Ingredient in Foods

, , , &
Pages 201-212 | Published online: 03 Jan 2012

REFERENCES

  • AACC . 2001 . AACC Dietary Fiber Technical Committee. The definition of dietary fiber . Cereal Foods World , 46 : 112 – 126 .
  • Aastrup , S. 1979 . The effect of rain on β-glucan content in barley grains . Carlsberg Research Communications , 44 : 381 – 393 .
  • Ahluwalia , B. and Fry , S. C. 1986 . Barley endosperm cell walls contain a feruloylated arabinoxylan and a non-feruloylated β-glucan . J. Cereal Sci. , 4 : 287 – 295 .
  • Ahmad , A. , Anjum , F. M. , Zahoor , T. , Chatha , Z. A. and Nawaz , H. 2008 . Effect of barley β-glucan on sensory characteristics of bread . Pak. J. Agric. Sci. , 45 ( 1 ) : 88 – 94 .
  • Ahmad , A. , Anjum , F. M. , Zahoor , T. , Nawaz , H. and Din , A. 2009 . Physicochemical and functional properties of barley β-glucan as affected by different extraction procedures . Int. J. Food Sci. and Tech. , 44 : 181 – 187 .
  • Ahmad , A. , Anjum , F. M. , Zahoor , T. , Nawaz , H. and Ahmed , Z. 2010 . Extraction and characterization of β-d-glucan from oat for industrial utilization . Int. J. Biological Macromolecules. , 46 ( 3 ) : 304 – 309 .
  • Akihiro , K. , Fumihisa , K. , Godliving , M. and Yoshitoshi , N. 2006 . Development of optimal culture method of Sparassis crispa mycelia and a new extraction method of antineoplastic constituent . Biochem. Eng. J. , 30 ( 1 ) : 109 – 113 .
  • Åman , P. , Lena , R. and Roger , A. 2004 . Molecular weight distribution of beta-Glucan in oat-based foods . Cereal Chem , 81 ( 3 ) : 356 – 360 .
  • Andersson , R. , Fransson , G. , Tietjen , M. and Aman , P. 2009 . Content and molecular-weight distribution of dietary fiber components in whole-grain rye flour and bread . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 57 ( 5 ) : 2004 – 2008 .
  • Anker-Nilssen , K. , Færgestad , E. M. , Sahlstrøm , S. and Uhlen , A. K. 2006 . Interaction between barley cultivars and growth temperature on starch degradation properties measured in vitro . Animal Feed Sci. and Tech. , 130 ( 1–2 ) : 3 – 22 .
  • Ayhan , D. 2005 . β-Glucan and mineral nutrient contents of cereals grown in Turkey . Food Chem , 90 ( 4 ) : 773 – 777 .
  • Banas , J. A. and Vickerman , M. M. 2003 . Glucan-binding proteins of the oral streptococci . Crit. Rev. Oral Biol Med. , 14 ( 2 ) : 89 – 99 .
  • Beck , E. J. , Tosh , S. M. , Batterham , M. J. , Tapsell , L. C. and Huang , X. F. 2009 . Oat beta-glucan increases postprandial cholecystokinin levels, decreases insulin response and extends subjective satiety in overweight subjects . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 53 ( 10 ) : 1343 – 1351 .
  • Behall , K. M. , Schofield , D. J. and Hallfrisch , J. 1997 . Effect of beta glucan level in oat fiber extracts on blood lipids in men and women . J. of the American College of Nutr. , 16 : 46 – 51 .
  • Bhatty , R. S. 1993 . β-glucan content and viscosities of barleys and their roller milled flour and bran products . Cereal Chem , 69 : 469 – 471 .
  • Bhatty , R. S. 1995 . Laboratory and pilot plant extraction and purification of β-glucans from hull-less barley and oat brans . J. of Cereal Sci. , 22 ( 2 ) : 163 – 167 .
  • Böhme , N. and Kulicke , W. M. 1999 . Rheological studies of barley (1→3)(1→4)- β-glucan in concentrated solution: Investigation of the viscoelastic flow behavior in the sol-state . Carbohydr. Res. , 315 : 293 – 301 .
  • Brennan , C. S. and Cleary , L. J. 2005 . The potential use of cereal (1→3) (1→4) - β-D-glucan as functional food ingredients . J. of Cereal Sci. , 42 : 1 – 13 .
  • Brennan , C. S. and Cleary , L. J. 2007 . Utilisation of Glucagel in the β-glucan enrichment of breads: A physicochemical and nutritional evaluation . Food Res. Int , 40 ( 2 ) : 291 – 296 .
  • Brennan , C. S. , Tudorica , C. M. and Kuri , V. 2002 . Soluble and insoluble dietary fibers (non-starch polysaccharides) and their effects on food structure and nutrition . Food Ind. J. , 5 : 261 – 272 .
  • Buckeridge , M. S. , Rayon , C. , Urbanowicz , B. , Tine , M. A. S. and Carpita , N. C. 2004 . Mixed linkage (1→3) (1→4) - β-D-glucans of grasses . Cereal Chem , 81 : 115 – 127 .
  • Burkus , Z. and Temelli , F. 2000 . Stabilization of emulsions and foams using barley beta-glucan . Food Res. Int. , 33 : 27 – 33 .
  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) . 2006 . Report of the 27th Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) 21 – 25 . Bonn , , Germany November, 2005. ALINORM 06/29/26, 2006
  • Cao , W. , Li , X. Q. , Liu , L. , Wang , M. , Fan , H. T. , Li , C. , Lv , Z. , Wang , X. and Mei , Q. 2006 . Structural analysis of water-soluble glucans from the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels . Carbohydr Res , 14 ( 11 ) : 1870 – 1877 .
  • Cavallero , A. , Empilli , S. , Brighenti , F. and Stanca , A. M. 2002 . High (1→3,1→4)- β-glucan barley fractions in bread making and their effects on human glycemic response . J. Cereal Sci. , 36 : 59 – 66 .
  • Chakraborty , I. , Mondal , S. , Pramanik , M. , Rout , D. and Islam , S. S. 2004 . Structural investigation of a water-soluble glucan from an edible mushroom, Astraeus hygrometricus . Carbohydr. Res , 339 ( 13 ) : 2249 – 2254 .
  • Chakraborty , I. , Mondal , S. , Rout , D. and Islam , S. S. 2006 . A water-insoluble (1→3)-beta-D-glucan from the alkaline extract of an edible mushroom Termitomyces eurhizus . Carbohydr. Res. , 341 ( 18 ) : 2990 – 2993 .
  • Chauveau , C. , Talaga , P. , Wieruszeski , J. M. , Strecker , G. and Chavant , L. 1996 . A water-soluble beta-D-glucan from Boletus erythropus . Phytochemistry. , 43 ( 2 ) : 413 – 415 .
  • Cheryl , L. , Dikeman , A. and Fahey , G. C. 2006 . Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: A review . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. , 46 : 649 – 663 .
  • Choi , J. S. , Kim , H. , Ho Jung , M. , Hong , S. and Song , J. 2010 . Consumption of barley β-glucan ameliorates fatty liver and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet . Molecular Nut. and Food Res. , (In Press)
  • Cordeiro , L. M. , Stocker-Worgotter , E. , Gorin , P. A. and Iacomini , M. 2003 . Comparative studies of the polysaccharides from species of the genus Ramalina-lichenized fungi-of three distinct habitats . Phytochemistry , 63 ( 8 ) : 967 – 975 .
  • Crittenden , R. , Karppinen , S. , Ojanen , S. , Tenkanen , M. , Fagerstrom , R. , Matto , J. , Saarela , M. , Matiila-Sandholm , T. and Poutanen , K. 2002 . In vitro fermentation of cereal dietary carbohydrates by probiotic and intestinal bacteria . J. of the Sci. of Food and Agric. , 82 : 781 – 789 .
  • Cugnet-Anceau , C. , Nazare , J. A. , Biorklund , M. , Le Coquil , E. , Sassolas , A. , Sothier , M. , Holm , J. , Landin-Olsson , M. , Önning , G. , Laville , M. and Moulin , P. 2010 . A controlled study of consumption of β-glucan-enriched soups for 2 months by type 2 diabetic free-living subjects . Br. J. Nut. , 103 : 422 – 428 .
  • Cui , S. W. 2001 . Polysaccharides gums from agricultural products: Processing, structure and functionality . Lancaster Technomic. , : 103 – 166 . Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Company Inc.,
  • Cui , W. and Wood , P. J. 2000 . “ Relationships between structural features, molecular weight and rheological properties of cereal b-D-glucans ” . In Hydrocolloids Physical Chemistry and Industrial Applications of Gels, Polysaccharides, and Proteins, Vol. 1. , Edited by: Nishinari , K. 159 – 168 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Cui , W. , Wood , P. J. , Blackwell , B. and Nikiforuk , J. 2000 . Physicochemical properties and structural characterization by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of wheat β-D-glucan comparison with other cereal β-D-glucans . Carbohydrate Polymers , 41 ( 3 ) : 249 – 258 .
  • Daniëlle , A. J. , Kerckhoffs , M. , Gerard , H. and Ronald , P. M. 2003 . Cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan from oat bran in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects may decrease when β-glucan is incorporated into bread and cookies . Am. J. Clin. Nutr , 78 : 221 – 227 .
  • Davidson , M. H. , Dugan , L. D. , Burns , J. H. , Bova , J. , Story , K. and Drennan , K. B. 1991 . The hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucan in oatmeal and oat bran. A dose-controlled study . JAMA. , 265 ( 14 ) : 234 – 237 .
  • Dawkins , N. L. and Nnanna , I. A. 1995 . Studies on oat gum (1 →3,1→4)- β -d-glucan: Composition, molecular weight estimation and rheological properties . Food Hydrocoll , 9 ( 1 ) : 1 – 7 .
  • De Paula , A. C. , Sousa , R. V. , Figueiredo-Ribeiro , R. C. and Buckeridge , M. S. 2005 . Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide fractions containing beta-glucans from extracts of Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) . J. Med. Biol. Res. , 38 ( 6 ) : 885 – 893 .
  • Dervilly , G. , Leclercq , C. , Zimmermann , D. , Roue , C. , Thibault , J. F. and Saulnier , L. 2002 . Isolation and characterization of high molar mass water-soluble arabinoxylans from barley and barley malt . Carbohydrate Polymers , 47 ( 2 ) : 143 – 149 .
  • DeVries , J. W. 2001 . AACC report: The definition of dietary fiber . Cereal Foods World , 46 ( 3 ) : 112 – 126 .
  • Delaney , B. , Nicolosi , R. J. , Wilson , T. A. , Carlson , T. , Frazer , S. , Zheng , G. H. , Hess , R. , Ostergren , K. , Haworth , J. and Knutson , N. 2003 . Beta-glucan fractions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters . J. of Nutr. , 133 : 468 – 475 .
  • Dong , Q. , Yao , J. , Yang , X. T. and Fang , J. N. 2002 . Structural characterization of a water-soluble β -D-glucan from fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murr . Carbo. Res , 337 ( 15 ) : 1417 – 1421 .
  • Dongowski , G. , Drzikova , B. , Senge , B. , Blochwitz , R. , Gebhardt , E. and Habel , A. 2005 . Rheological behaviour of β-glucan preparations from oat products . Food Chem , 93 ( 2 ) : 279 – 291 .
  • Dongowski , G. , Huth , M. , Gebhardt , E. and Flamme , W. 2002 . Dietary fiber rich barley products beneficially affect the intestinal tract of rats . J. of Nutr. , 132 : 3704 – 3714 .
  • Doublier , J. L. and Wood , P. J. 1995 . Rheological properties of aqueous solutions of (1→3),(1→4)- β -D-glucan from oats (Avena sativa L.) . Cereal Chem. , 72 : 335 – 340 .
  • Drzikova , B. , Dongowski , G. , Gebhardt , E. and Habel , A. 2005 . The composition of dietary fiber-rich extrudates from oat affects bile acid binding and fermentation in vitro . Food Chemistry , 90 : 181 – 192 .
  • Dziezak , J. D. 1987 . Yeasts and yeast derivatives . Applications in Food Technol , 41 : 122 – 125 .
  • Elaine , R. , Carbonero , A. , Helena , P. , Gracher , F. , Smiderle , R. , Fábio , R. , Rosado , R. , Guilherme , L. S. , Philip , A. , Gorin , J. and Marcello , I. 2006 . A β-glucan from the fruit bodies of edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatoroseus . Carbohydrate Polymers , 66 ( 2 ) : 252 – 257 .
  • Evers , T. and Millart , S. 2002 . Cereal grain structure and development: some implications for quality . J Cereal Sci , 36 : 261 – 284 .
  • FAO . 2001 . Food balance sheet-excluding beer , FAOSTAT database . (7.1.03, 2003).
  • Faraj , A. , Vasanthan , T. and Hoover , R. 2006 . The influence of a-amylase-hydrolysed barley starch fractions on the viscosity of low and high purity barley β-glucan concentrates . Food Chem , 96 : 56 – 65 .
  • FDA . 1997 . Final rule for food labelling: Health claims: Oats and coronary heart disease . Federal Regulations. , 62 : 3584 – 3681 .
  • FDA . 1996 . Food labeling: Health claims: Oats and coronary heart disease. Food and Drug Administration, proposed rule . Fed. Regist. , 61 : 296 – 313 .
  • Flander , L. , Salmenkallio-Marttila , M. , Suortti , T. and Autio , K. 2007 . Optimization of ingredients and baking process for improved wholemeal oat bread quality . LWT , 40 : 860 – 870 .
  • Fliegmann , J. , Mithoffer , A. , Wanner , G. and Ebel , J. 2004 . An ancient enzyme domain hidden in the putative β-glucan elicitor receptor of soybean may play an active part in the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns during broad host resistance . J. Biol. Chem. , 279 : 1132 – 1140 .
  • Fliegmann , J. , Montelb , E. , Djulicća , A. , Cottazb , S. , Driguezb , H. and Ebela , J. 2005 . Catalytic properties of the bifunctional soybean b-glucan-binding protein, a member of family 81 glycoside hydrolases . FEBS Letters , 579 : 6647 – 6652 .
  • Freimund , S. , Sauter , M. , Käppeli , O. and Dutler , H. 2003 . A new non-degrading isolation process for 1→3-β-D-glucan of high purity from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Carbohydrate Polymers. , 54 ( 2 ) : 159 – 171 .
  • Frey , T. , Cosio , E. G. and Ebel , J. 1993 . Affinity purification and characterization of a binding protein for a hepta-β-glucoside phytoalexin elicitor in soybean . Phytochemistry , 32 : 543 – 550 .
  • Gardiner , T. 2004 . Beta-glucan biological activities: A review . 1–39 Accessed on August 7, 2005 from Internet: www.usa.glycoscience
  • Genc , H. , Ozdemir , M. and Demirbas , A. 2001 . Analysis of mixed-linked (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucans in cereal grains from Turkey . Food Chem , 73 : 221 – 224 .
  • Giese , J. H. 1992 . Hitting the spot: Beverages and beverage technology . Food Technol , 46 : 70 – 80 .
  • Granfeldt , Y. , Nyberg , L. and Bjoärck , I. 2008 . Muesli with 4 g oat β-glucans lowers glucose and insulin responses after a bread meal in healthy subjects . Euro. J. Clini. Nut. , 62 : 600 – 607 .
  • Guillén , D. , Sánchez , S. and Rodríguez-Sanoja , R. 2010 . Carbohydrate-binding domains: multiplicity of biological roles . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. , 85 : 1241 – 1249 .
  • Gi-Young , K. , Hyung-Sik , P. , Byong-Hyok , N. , Sang-Jun , L and Jae-Dong , L. 2003 . Purification and characterization of acidic proteo-heteroglycan from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus . Teng. Bioresource Tech. , 89 : 81 – 87 .
  • Hallfrisch , J. and Behall , K. M. 1997 . Evaluation of foods and physiological responses to menus in which fat content was lowered by replacement with Oatrim . Cereal Foods World , 43 : 100 – 103 .
  • Hallfrisch , J. and Behall , K. M. 2000 . Improvement in insulin and glucose responses related to grains . Cereal Foods World , 45 : 66 – 69 .
  • Hallfrisch , J. , Schofield , D. J. and Behall , K. M. 2003 . Physiological responses of men and women to barley and oat extracts (NutrimX). II. Comparison of glucose and insulin responses . Cereal Chem , 80 : 80 – 83 .
  • Han , J. Y. 2000 . Structural characteristics of arabinoxylan in barley, malt, and beer . Food Chem , 70 ( 2 ) : 131 – 138 .
  • Han , J. Y. and Schwarz , P. B. 1996 . Arabinoxylan composition in barley, malt, and beer . J. of the American Soc. of Brewing Chem. , 54 ( 4 ) : 216 – 220 .
  • Hlebowicz , J. , Darwiche , G. , Björgell , O. and Almér , L. 2008 . Effect of Muesli with 4 g Oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying and satiety in healthy subjects: A randomized crossover trial . J. Am. Coll. Nut. , 27 ( 4 ) : 470 – 475 .
  • Holtekjølen , A. K. , Uhlen , A. K. , Braøthen , E. , Sahlstrøm , S. and Knutsen , S. H. 2006 . Contents of starch and non-starch polysaccharides in barley varieties of different origin . Food Chemistry , 94 : 348 – 358 .
  • Honnavally , P. , Ramesh , R. and Tharanathan , N. 1998 . Structural characteristics of a mixed linkage β-D-glucan from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) . Carbohydrate Res , 308 ( 1–2 ) : 239 – 243 .
  • Hrmova , M. , Banik , M. , Harvey , A. J. , Garrett , T. P. J. , Varghese , J. N. , Hoj , P. B. and Fincher , G. B. 1997 . Polysaccharide hydrolases in germinated barley and their role in the depolymerization of plant and fungal cell walls . Int. J. Biol. Macromol. , 21 : 67 – 72 .
  • Immerstrand , T. , Bergenståhl , B. , Trägårdh , C. , Nyman , M. , Cui , S. and Öste , R. 2009 . Extraction of β-glucan from oat bran on laboratory scale . Cereal Chem , 86 ( 6 ) : 601 – 608 .
  • Inglett , G. E. , Carriere , C. J. , Maneepun , S. and Tungtrakul , P. 2004 . A soluble fiber gel produced from rice bran and barley flour as a fat replacer in Asian foods . International Journal of Food Sci. and Tech. , 39 : 1 – 10 .
  • Irakli , M. , Biliaderis , C. G. , Izydorczyk , M. S. and Papadoyannis , I. N. 2004 . Isolation, structural features and rheological properties of water-extractable β-glucans from different Greek barley cultivars . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 84 : 1170 – 1178 .
  • Izawa , M. , Kano , Y. and Koshino , S. 1993 . Relationship between structure and solubility of (1→3),(1→4)- β-glucan from barley . J. Am. Assoc. Brew. Chem. , 51 ( 3 ) : 123 – 127 .
  • Izydorczyk , M. S. , Jacobs , M. and Dexter , J. E. 2003 . Distribution and structural variation of non-starch polysaccharides in milling fractions of hull-less barley with variable amylase content . Cereal Chem. , 80 : 6445 – 6653 .
  • Izydorczyk , M. S. and Biliaderis , C. G. 2000 . Structural and functional aspects of cereal arabinoxylans and b-glucans. In: Doxastakis, G. and Kiosseoglou, V. (Eds.), Novel Macromolecules in Food Systems. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 361–384.
  • Izydorczyk , M. S. , Storsley , J. , Labossiere , D. , MacGregor , A. W. and Rossnagel , B. G. 2000 . Variation in total and soluble β -glucan content in hulless barley: Effects of thermal, physical, and enzymic treatments . J. of Agric. and Food Chem. , 48 : 982 – 989 .
  • Jackson , C. and Barth , H. G. 1995 . Concerns regarding the practice of multiple detector size-exclusion chromatography . Adv. Chem. Ser. , 247 : 59 – 68 .
  • Jadhav , S. J. , Lutz , S. E. , Ghorpade , V. M. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1998 . Barley: Chemistry and value-added processing . Critical Rev. in Food Sci. and Nutr. , 38 ( 2 ) : 123 – 171 .
  • Jenkins , A. L. , Jenkins , D. J. A. , Zdravkovic , U. , Würsch , P. and Vuksan , V. 2002 . Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of β-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type-2 diabetes . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 56 : 622 – 628 .
  • Jinshui , W. , Cristina , M. R. and De-Barbera , C. B. 2002 . Effect of the addition of different fibers on wheat dough performance and bread quality . Food Chem. , 79 : 221 – 226 .
  • Jørgensen , K. G. 1988 . Quantification of high molecular weight (1→3)(1→4)- β-D-glucan using Calcofluor complex formation and flow injection analysis. I. Analytical principle and its standardization . Carlsberg Res Commun , 53 : 277 – 285 .
  • Jung , H. , Kim , A. and White , P. J. 2010 . In vitro bile-acid binding and fermentation of high, medium, and low molecular weight β-glucan . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 : 628 – 634 .
  • Kalinga , D. and Mishra , V. K. 2009 . Rheological and physical properties of low fat cakes produced by addition of cereal β-glucan concentrates . Journal of Food Processing and Preservation , 33 ( 3 ) : 384 – 400 .
  • Kanauchi1 , M. and Bamforth , C. W. 2001 . Release of β-Glucan from cell walls of starchy endosperm of barley . Cereal Chem , 78 ( 2 ) : 121 – 124 .
  • Kang , S. A. , Jang , K. H. , Hong , K. , Choi , W. A. and Lee , I. Y. 2003 . Effects of dietary beta-glucan on serum lipids and leptin levels in the diet-induced obese rats . A FASEB Journal , 17 : 1141
  • Karaduman , D. , Eren , B. and Keles , O. N. 2010 . The protective effect of beta-1,3-D-glucan on taxol-induced hepatotoxicity: A histopathological and stereological study . Drug and Chem. Toxicol. , 33 ( 1 ) : 8 – 16 .
  • Ken-ichi , I. , Noriko , N. , Miura , Y. A. , Hiroshi , T. , Shigenori , T. and Naohito , O. 2004 . The solubilization and biological activities of Aspergillus β-(1→3)-D- glucan . FEMS Immunol. and Med. Microbiol , 42 ( 1 ) : 155 – 166 .
  • Kerckhoffs , D. A. J. M. , Hornstra , G. and Mensink , R. P. 2003 . Cholesterol lowering effect of β-glucan from oat bran in mildly hypercholersterolemic subjects may decrease when β-glucan is incorporated into bread and cookies . American J. of Clinical Nutr. , 78 : 221 – 227 .
  • Kim , Y. W. , Kim , K. H. , Choi , H. J. and Lee , D. S. 2005 . Anti-diabetic activity of beta-glucans and their enzymatically hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from Agaricus blazei . Biotechnol. Lett , 7 ( 7 ) : 483 – 487 .
  • Kim , H. J. and White , P. J. 2010 . In vitro bile-acid binding and fermentation of high, medium, and low molecular weight β-glucan . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 ( 1 ) : 628 – 634 .
  • Kjell , M. Vårum and Olav , S. 1988 . Partial chemical and physical characterization of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucans from oat (Avena sativa L.) aleurone . Carbohydrate Polymers , 9 ( 2 ) : 103 – 117 .
  • Konuklar , G. , Inglett , G. E. , Warner , K. and Carriere , C. J. 2004 . Use of a β- glucan hydrocolloidal suspension in the manufacture of low-fat cheddar cheeses: textural properties by instrumental methods and sensory panels . Food Hydrocolloids , 18 : 535 – 545 .
  • Lazaridou , A. , Biliaderis , C. G. , Micha-Screttas , M. and Steele , B. R. 2004 . A comparative study on structure–function relations of mixed linkage (1→3) linear β-D-glucan . Food Hydrocolloids , 18 : 837 – 855 .
  • Lazaridou , A. and Biliaderis , C. G. 2004 . Cryogelation of cereal β-glucans: Structure and molecular size effects . Food Hydrocolloids , 18 : 933 – 947 .
  • Lazaridou , A. , Biliaderis , C. G. and Izydorczyk , M. S. 2003 . Molecular size effects on rheological properties of oat β-glucans in solutions and gels . Food Hydrocolloids , 17 : 693 – 712 .
  • Lazaridou , A. , Duta , D. , Papageorgiou , M. , Belc , N. and Biliaderis , C. G. 2007 . Effects of hydrocolloids on dough rheology and bread quality parameters in gluten-free formulations . J. of Food Engin. , 79 : 1033 – 1047 .
  • Lehtonen , M. and Aikasalo , R. 1987 . Pentosans in barley varieties . Cereal Chemistry , 64 ( 2 ) : 133 – 134 .
  • Levin , D. E. and Bartlett-Heubusch , E. 1992 . Mutants in the S. cerevisiae PKC1 gene display a cell cycle-specific osmotic stability defect . J. Cell Biol. , 116 : 1221 – 1229 .
  • Li , J. , Kaneko , T. , Qin , L. Q. , Wang , J. and Wang , Y. 2003 . Effects of barley intake on glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and bowel function in women . Nutrition , 19 : 11 – 12 .
  • Lia , W. , Wanga , Q. , Cuia , S. W. , Huanga , X. and Kakudab , Y. 2006 . Elimination of aggregates of (1→3) (1→4) - β-D-glucan in dilute solutions for light scattering and size exclusion chromatography study . Food Hydrocolloids , 20 : 361 – 368 .
  • Liu , S. , Mansin , J. E. and Stampfer , M. J. 2000 . Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women . J. A. M. A. , 284 : 1534 – 1540 .
  • Liu , W. , Zhang , B. , Wang , Q. , Xie , Z. , Yao , W. , Gao , X. and Yu , L. 2010 . Effects of sulfation on the physicochemical and functional properties of psyllium . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 : 172 – 179 .
  • Lyly , M. , Marttila , M. S. , Suortti , T. , Autio , K. , Poutanen , K. and Liisa , L. 2004 . The sensory characteristics and rheological properties of soups containing oat and barley b-glucan before and after freezing . Lebensm.-Wiss. U.-Technol. , 37 : 749 – 761 .
  • Lyly , M. , Roininen , K. , Honkapaa , K. , Poutanen , K. and Lahteenmaki , L. 2007 . Factors influencing consumers willingness to use beverages and ready-to-eat frozen soups containing oat b-glucan in Finland, France and Sweden . Food Quality and Preference , 18 : 242 – 255 .
  • Lyly , M. , Salmenkallio , M. , Suortti , M. , Autio , K. , Poutanen , K. and Lahteenmaki , L. 2003 . Influence of oat β-glucan preparations on the perception of mouth feel and rheological properties in beverage prototypes . Cereal Chem , 80 : 536 – 541 .
  • MacGregor , A. W. and Rattan , S. 1993 . Barley: Chemistry and Technology , St. Paul , Minnesota : American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc. .
  • Magda , F. , Tomoya , I. , Vincent , B. and Antoni , P. 2004 . In vitro synthesis of a crystalline (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-D-glucan by a mutated (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-D-glucanase from Bacillus . Biochemical Journal , Ms. BJ20040145
  • Mälkki , Y. and Virtanen , E. 2001 . Gastrointestinal effects of oat bran and oat gum: A review . Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und –Technologie , 34 : 337 – 347 .
  • Mekis , E. , Pinter , G. and Bendek , G. 1987 . Modified fluorometric flow-injection-analysis (FIA) method for the determination of (1 → 3) (1 → 4)- β-glucan . J. Inst. Brew. , 93 : 396 – 398 .
  • Meyer , K. A. , Kushi , L. H. , Jacobs , D. R. , Slavin , J. Jr , Sellers , T. A. and Folsom , A. R. 2000 . Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr , 71 : 921 – 925 .
  • Mithofer , A. , Lottspeich , F. and Ebel , J. 1996 . One-step purification of the β-glucan elicitor-binding protein from soybean (Glycine max L.) roots and characterization of an anti-peptide antiserum . F.E.B./ Lett , 381 : 203 – 207 .
  • Miura , N. N. , Adachi , Y. , Yadomae , T. , Tamura , H. , Tanaka , S. and Ohno , N. 2003 . Structure and biological activities of beta-glucans from yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans . Microbiol Immunol , 47 ( 3 ) : 173 – 182 .
  • Moriartey , S. , Temelli , F. and Vasanthan , T. 2010 . Effect of formulation and processing treatments on viscosity and solubility of extractable barley β-glucan in bread dough evaluated under in vitro conditions . Cereal Chem , 87 ( 1 ) : 65 – 72 .
  • Newman , R. K. and Newman , C. W. 1991 . Barley as a food grain . Cereal Food World , 36 : 800 – 805 .
  • Odes , H. S. , Lazovski , H. , Stern , I. and Madar , Z. 1993 . Double blind trial of high dietary fiber, mixed grain cereal in patients with chronic constipation and hyperlipidaemia . Nut. Res. , 13 : 979 – 985 .
  • Ohno , N. , Miura , N. N. , Nakajima , M. and Yadomae , T. 2000 . Antitumor 1 →3-beta-glucan from cultured fruit body of Sparassis crispa . Biol. Pharm. Bull. , 23 ( 7 ) : 866 – 872 .
  • Östman , E. , Rossi , E. , Larsson , H. , Brighenti , F. and Bjorck , I. 2006 . Glucose and insulin response in healthy men to barley bread with different levels of (1→3) (1→4)- β-glucans; predictions using fluidity measurements of in vitro enzyme digests . J. Cereal Sci. , 43 : 230 – 235 .
  • Ozdemir , M. and Genc , H. 2001 . β-Glucan contents of cereal grains grown in Turkey . Energy Education Science and Technology , 7 : 10 – 17 .
  • Paliyath , G. and Poovaiah , B. W. 1988 . Promotion of ß-Glucan synthase activity in performance of rye samples used in Scandinavia . Acta Agr. Scand , 47 : 26 – 34 .
  • Park , S. Y. , Bae , I. Y. , Lee , S. and Lee , H. G. 2009 . Physicochemical and hypocholesterolemic characterization of oxidized oat β-glucan . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 57 ( 2 ) : 439 – 443 .
  • Pauchet , Y. , Freitak , D. , Heidel-Fischer , H. M. , Heckel , D. G. and Vogel , H. 2009 . Immunity or digestion: Glucanase activity in a glucan-binding protein family from Lepidoptera . J. Biol. Chem. , 284 ( 4 ) : 2214 – 2224 .
  • Pomeranz , Y. , Shogern , M. D. , Finney , K. F. and Bechtel , D. B. 1977 . Fiber in bread making-effects on functional properties . Cereal Chem. , 54 : 25 – 41 .
  • Reis , R. A. , Tischer , C. A. , Gorin , P. A. and Iacomini , M. 2002 . A new pullulan and a branched (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-linked beta-glucan from the lichenised ascomycete Teloschistes flavicans . F.E.M.S. Microbiol. Lett , 210 ( 1 ) : 1 – 5 .
  • Roemer , T. and Bussey , H. 1991 . Yeast beta-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. , 88 : 11295
  • Roemer , T. , Delaney , S. and Bussey , H. 1993 . SKN1 and KRE6 define a pair of functional homologs encoding putative membrane proteins involved in beta-glucan synthesis . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 13 : 4039 – 4048 .
  • Roubroeks , J. P. , Andersson , R. and Åman , P. 2000 . Structural features of (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan and arabinoxylan fractions isolated from rye bran . Carbohydrate Polymer. , 42 ( 1 ) : 3 – 11 .
  • Rout , D. , Mondal , S. , Chakraborty , I. , Pramanik , M. and Islam , S. S. 2005 . Chemical analysis of a new (1 → 3)-, (1 → 6)-branched glucan from an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida . Carbohydr. Res , 340 ( 16 ) : 2533 – 2539 .
  • Rudel , H. A composition of flours containing vital gluten and soluble oat dietary fiber and a baked product . 1990 . US Patent 4961937
  • Santos , A. , Marquina , D. , Leal , J. A. and Peinado , J. M. 2000 . (1→6)- β-D-glucan as cell wall receptor for Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin . Applied and Environmental Microbiol. , 66 ( 5 ) : 1809 – 1813 .
  • Shin , M. S. , Lee , S. , Lee , K. Y. and Lee , H. G. 2005 . Structural and biological characterization of aminated-derivatized oat β-glucan . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 5554 – 5558 .
  • Skendi , A. , Papageorgiou , M. and Biliaderis , C. G. 2010 . Influence of water and barley β-glucan addition on wheat dough viscoelasticity . Food Res. Int. , 43 ( 1 ) : 57 – 65 .
  • Skendi , A. , Biliaderis , C. G. , Papageorgiou , M. and Izydorczyk , M. S. 2010 . Effects of two barley β-glucan isolates on wheat flour dough and bread properties . Food Chem. , 119 ( 3 ) : 1159 – 1167 .
  • Smiderle , F. R. , Carbonero , E. R. , Mellinger , C. G. , Sassaki , G. L. , Gorin , P. A. and Iacomini , M. 2006 . Structural characterization of a polysaccharide and a beta-glucan isolated from the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes . Phytochem. , 67 ( 19 ) : 2189 – 2196 .
  • Smith , K. N. , Queenan , K. , Thomas , W. , Fulcher , G. and Slavin , J. 2004 . Cholesterol-lowering effect of barley beta-glucan in hypercholesterolemic subjects . F.A.S.E.B Journal. , 18 : 149 – 152 .
  • Staudte , R. G. , Woodward , J. R. , Fincher , G. B. and Stone , B. A. 1983 . Water soluble (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-glucan from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm III. Distribution of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl residues . Carbohydr. Polym , 3 : 299 – 312 .
  • Storsley , J. M. , Izydorczyk , M. S. , You , S and Biliaderis , C. G. 2003 . Structure and physicochemical properties of β-glucans and arabinoxylans isolated from hull-less barley . Food Hydrocolloids , 17 ( 6 ) : 831 – 844 .
  • Sudha , M. L. , Vetrimani , R. and Leelavathi , K. 2007 . Influence of fiber from different cereals on the rheological characteristics of wheat our dough and on biscuit quality . Food Chem. , 100 : 1365 – 1370 .
  • Sugawara , T. , Takahashi , S. , Osumi , M. and Ohno , N. 2004 . Refinement of the structures of cell-wall glucans of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by chemical modification and NMR spectroscopy . Carbohydr Res , 339 ( 13 ) : 2255 – 2265 .
  • Suphantharika , M. , Khunrae , P. , Thanardkit , P. and Verduyn , C. 2003 . Preparation of spent brewer's yeast beta-glucans with a potential application as an immunostimulant for black tiger shrimp . Penaeus monodon.Bioresour Technol. , 88 ( 1 ) : 55 – 60 .
  • Svihus , B. , Selmer-Olsen , I. and Brathen , E. 1995 . Effect of different preservation methods for high-moisture barley on feeding value for broiler-chickens . Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A: Animal Science. , 45 ( 4 ) : 252 – 259 .
  • Temelli , F. , Bansema , C. B. and Stobbe , K. S. 2004 . Development of an orange-flavored barley β-Glucan beverage with added whey protein isolate . J. of Food Sci. , 69 ( 7 ) : 237 – 242 .
  • Thondre , P. and Henry , C. 2009 . High-molecular-weight barley β-glucan in chapatis (unleavened Indian flatbread) lowers glycemic index . Nut. Res. , 29 ( 7 ) : 480 – 486 .
  • Trogh , I. , Courtin , C. M. , Andersson , A. A.M. , Man , A. P. , Sorensen , J. F. and Delcour , J. A. 2004 . The combined use of hull-less barley flour and xylanase as a strategy for wheat/hull-less barley flour breads with increased arabinoxylan and (1→3) (1→4)- β-D-glucan levels . J. Cereal Sci. , 40 : 257 – 267 .
  • Truswell , A. S. 2002 . Cereal grains and coronary heart disease . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 56 : 1 – 3 .
  • Tudorica , C. M. , Jones , E. , Kuri , V. and Brennan , C. S. 2004 . The effects of refined barley β -glucan on the physico-structural properties of low-fat dairy products: curd yield, microstructure, texture and rheology . J. of Sci. of Food and Agric. , 84 : 1159 – 1169 .
  • Tungland , B. C. 2003 . Fructo oligosaccharides and other fructans: structures and occurrence, production, regulatory aspects, food applications, and nutritional health significance . ACS Symposium Series , 849 : 135 – 152 .
  • Tungland , B. C. and Meyer , D. 2002 . Nondigestible olig-and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): Their physiology and role in human health and food . Compr. Rev. in Food Sci. and Food Safety. , 1 : 73 – 92 .
  • Umemoto , N. , Kakitani , M. , Iwamatsu , A. , Yoshikawa , M. , Yamaoka , N. and Ishida , I. 1997 . The structure and function of a soybean beta-glucan-elicitor-binding protein . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 94 : 1029 – 1034 .
  • Vaikousi , H. , Biliaderis , C. G. and Izydorczyk , M. S. 2004 . Solution flow behaviour and gelling properties of water-soluble barley (1 → 3), (1 → 4)- β-glucans varying in molecular size . Journal of Cereal Sci , 39 : 119 – 137 .
  • Valle-Jones , J. C. 1985 . An open study of oat bran meal biscuits (Lejifiber) in the treatment of constipation in the elderly . Current Med. Res. and Opinion. , 9 : 716 – 720 .
  • Warren , R. A. J. 1996 . Microbial hydrolysis of polysaccharides . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 50 : 183 – 212 .
  • Wei , L. , Steve , W. , Cui and Yukio , K. 2006 . Extraction, fractionation, structural and physical characterization of wheat β-d-glucans . Carbohydrate Polymers , 63 ( 3 ) : 408 – 416 .
  • White , D. R. Jr. 1999 . “ Applications of gel permeation chromatography with multiple light scattering to the characterization of polysaccharides ” . In Polysaccharide Applications, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals , Edited by: El-Nokaly , M. A. and Soini , H. A. 299 – 316 . Washington , D.C : American Chemical Society .
  • WHO . 2001 . Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme , 70 Berlin , , Germany : Report of the 23rd Session of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses .
  • WHO . 2003 . Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases , Geneva : Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 916 .
  • Wisker , E. , Daniel , M. , Rave , G. and Feldeim , W. 2000 . Short chain fatty acids produced in vitro from fiber residues obtained from mixed diets containing different breads and in human feces during ingestion of diets . British J. of Nutr. , 84 : 31 – 37 .
  • Wood , P. J. and Weisz , J. 1984 . Use of calcofluor in analysis of oat beta-D-glucan . Cereal Chem. , 61 ( 1 ) : 73 – 75 .
  • Wood , P. J. , Weisz , J. and Blackwell , B. A. 1994 . Structural studies of (1 → 3) (1 → 4)- β -D-glucans by 13C-NMR by rapid analysis of cellulose-like regions using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase . Cereal Chem. , 71 : 301 – 307 .
  • Wood , P. J. 1980 . The interaction of direct dyes with water soluble substituted celluloses and cereal β-glucans . Ind. Eng. Prod. Rev. Dev. , 19 : 19 – 23 .
  • Wood , P. J. 1993 . “ Physicochemical characteristics and physiological properties of oat (1→3) (1→4) - β-D-glucan ” . Edited by: Wood , P. J. 83 – 112 . St. Paul , MN : AOAC . Oat Bran
  • Wood , P. J. , Weisz , J. and Mahn , W. 1991 . Molecular characterization of cereal β-D-glucans II. Size exclusion chromatography for comparison of molecular weight . Cereal Chem. , 68 : 530 – 536 .
  • Wood , P. J. , Beer , M. and Butler , U. 2000 . Evaluation of role of concentration of molecular weight of oat β-glucan in determining effect of viscosity on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load . British J. of Nutr. , 84 : 19 – 23 .
  • Wood , P. J. 2001 . Cereal β-glucans: Structure, properties and health claims. In: Advanced Dietary Fiber Technology , Edited by: McCleary , B. V. and Prosky , L. 315 – 327 . London : Blackwell Science .
  • Woodward , J. R. , Fincher , G. B. and Stone , B. A. 1983 . Water-soluble (1→3), (1→4)- β-glucan from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm II. Finestructure . Carbohydrate Polym , 3 : 207 – 225 .
  • Wyatt , P. J. 1993 . Review: Light scattering and the absolute characterization of macromolecules . Analytica Chimica Acta. , 272 : 1 – 40 .
  • Yalin , W. , Yuanjiang , P. and Cuirong , S. 2005 . Isolation, purification and structural investigation of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Solanum lyratum Thunb . .Int. J. Biol. Macromol. , 36 ( 4 ) : 241 – 245 .
  • Yang , J. L. , Kim , Y. H. , Lee , H. S. , Lee , M. S. and Moon , Y. K. 2003 . Barley beta-glucan lowers serum cholesterol based on the up-regulation of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity and mRNA abundance in cholesterol fed rats . Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology , 49 : 381 – 387 .
  • Yokoyama , W. H. , Hudson , C. A. , Knucles , B. E. , Chiu , M. C. M. , Sayre , R. N. , Turnlund , J. R. and Schneeman , B. O. 1997 . Effect of barley β-glucan in durum wheat pasta on human glycemic response . Cereal Chem , 74 : 293 – 296 .
  • Yun-Hyoung , Y. , Eun-Young , K. , Mi-Kyoung , K. , Han-Young , C. and Mee-Ree , K. 2006 . Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of milk bread substituted with high amount of beta-Glucan . Korean J. Food and Cookery Sci. , 22 ( 2 ) : 204 – 212 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.