Implication of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Human Health

REFERENCES

• Adams , R. E. , Hsueh , A. , Alford , B. , King , C. , Mo , H. and Wildman , R. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation does not reduce visceral adipose tissue in middle-aged men engaged in a resistance-training program . J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. , 3 : 28 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahren , B. , Mari , A. , Fyfe , C. L. , Tsofliou , F. , Sneddon , A. A. , Wahle , K. W. , Winzell , M. S. , Pacini , G. and Williams , L. M. 2009 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid plus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin secretion and estimated insulin sensitivity in men . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 63 : 778 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akahoshi , A. , Goto , Y. , Murao , K. , Miyazaki , T. , Yamasaki , M. , Nonaka , M. , Yamada , K. and Sugano , M. 2002 . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 66 : 916 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers , R. , van der Wielen , R. P. , Brink , E. J. , Hendriks , H. F. , Dorovska-Taran , V. N. and Mohede , I. C. 2003 . Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on immune function in healthy men . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 57 : 595 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminot-Gilchrist , D. V. and Anderson , H. D. 2004 . Insulin resistance-associated cardiovascular disease: Potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1159S – 1163S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aro , A. , Mannisto , S. , Salminen , I. , Ovaskainen , M. L. , Kataja , V. and Uusitupa , M. 2000 . Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women . Nutr. Cancer. , 38 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. L. 1999 . “ Conjugated linoleic acid for altering body composition and treating obesity ” . Edited by: Yurawecz , M. P. , Mossoba , M. M. , Kramer , J. K. G. , Pariza , M. W. and Nelson , G. J. 348 – 353 . Champaign , IL : AOCS Press . Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 1
   Google Scholar
• Attar-Bashi , N. M. , Weisinger , R. S. , Begg , D. P. , Li , D. and Sinclair , A. J. 2007 . Failure of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation to enhance biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from alpha-linolenic acid in healthy human volunteers . Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. , 76 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banu , J. , Bhattacharya , A. , Rahman , M. , O’Shea , M. and Fernandes , G. 2006 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on bone mass in young male Balb/C mice . Lipids. Health. Dis. , 5 : 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassaganya-Riera , J. , Hontecillas , R. and Beitz , D. C. 2002 . Colonic anti-inflammatory mechanisms of conjugated linoleic acid . Clin. Nutr. , 21 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassaganya-Riera , J. , Pogranichniy , R. M. , Jobgen , S. C. , Halbur , P. G. , Yoon , K. J. , O’Shea , M. , Mohede , I. and Hontecillas , R. 2003 . Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates viral infectivity in a pig model of virally induced immunosuppression . J. Nutr. , 133 : 3204 – 3214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu , S. , Riserus , U. , Turpeinen , A. and Vessby , B. 2000 . Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity . Clin. Sci. (Lond). , 99 : 511 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu , S. , Smedman , A. and Vessby , B. 2000 . Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans . FEBS Lett. , 468 : 33 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belury , M. A. and Kempa-Steczko , A. 1997 . Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice . Lipids. , 32 : 199 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belury , M. A. , Mahon , A. and Banni , S. 2003 . The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus . J. Nutr. , 133 : 257S – 260S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito , P. , Nelson , G. J. , Kelley , D. S. , Bartolini , G. , Schmidt , P. C. and Simon , V. 2001a . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans . Lipids. , 36 : 229 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito , P. , Nelson , G. J. , Kelley , D. S. , Bartolini , G. , Schmidt , P. C. and Simon , V. 2001b . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans . Lipids. , 36 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beppu , F. , Hosokawa , M. , Tanaka , L. , Kohno , H. , Tanaka , T. and Miyashita , K. 2006 . Potent inhibitory effect of trans9, trans11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of human colon cancer cells . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 17 : 830 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge , G. M. , Ruyter , B. and Asgard , T. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for juvenile atlantic salmon (salmo salar).; effects on fish performance, proximate composition, fatty acid and mineral content . Aquaculture , 237 : 365 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berven , G. , Bye , A. , Hals , O. , Blankson , H. , Fagertun , H. , Thom , E. , Wadstein , J. and Gudmundsen , O. 2000 . Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers . Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. , 102 : 455 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , A. , Banu , J. , Rahman , M. , Causey , J. and Fernandes , G. 2006 . Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 17 : 789 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , A. , Rahman , M. M. , Sun , D. , Lawrence , R. , Mejia , W. , McCarter , R. , O’Shea , M. and Fernandes , G. 2005 . The combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and treadmill exercise lowers gain in body fat mass and enhances lean body mass in high fat-fed male Balb/C mice . J. Nutr. , 135 : 1124 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankson , H. , Stakkestad , J. A. , Fagertun , H. , Thom , E. , Wadstein , J. and Gudmundsen , O. 2000 . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans . J. Nutr. , 130 : 2943 – 2948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownbill , R. A. , Petrosian , M. and Ilich , J. Z. 2005 . Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 24 : 177 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr , L. L. , Taylor , C. G. and Weiler , H. A. 2006 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid does not adversely affect bone mass in obese fa/fa or lean zucker rats . Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). , 231 : 1602 – 1609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chajes , V. , Lavillonniere , F. , Ferrari , P. , Jourdan , M. L. , Pinault , M. , Maillard , V. , Sebedio , J. L. and Bougnoux , P. 2002 . Conjugated linoleic acid content in breast adipose tissue is not associated with the relative risk of breast cancer in a population of french patients . Cancer. Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 11 : 672 – 673 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chajes , V. , Lavillonniere , F. , Maillard , V. , Giraudeau , B. , Jourdan , M. L. , Sebedio , J. L. and Bougnoux , P. 2003 . Conjugated linoleic acid content in breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients and the risk of metastasis . Nutr. Cancer. , 45 : 17 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Changhua , L. , Jindong , Y. , Defa , L. , Lidan , Z. , Shiyan , Q. and Jianjun , X. 2005 . Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates the production and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide . J. Nutr. , 135 : 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin , S. F. , Storkson , J. M. , Ha , Y. L. and Pariza , M. W. 1992 . Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid . J. Food Comp. Anal. , 5 : 185 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , Y. , Park , Y. , Pariza , M. W. and Ntambi , J. M. 2001 . Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 284 : 689 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , S. , Brown , J. M. , Provo , J. N. , Hopkins , R. and McIntosh , M. K. 2005 . Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production . J. Biol. Chem. , 280 : 38445 – 38456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement , L. , Poirier , H. , Niot , I. , Bocher , V. , Guerre-Millo , M. , Krief , S. , Staels , B. and Besnard , P. 2002 . Dietary trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse . J. Lipid Res. , 43 : 1400 – 1409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close , R. N. , Schoeller , D. A. , Watras , A. C. and Nora , E. H. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the 6-mo change in fat oxidation during sleep . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 86 : 797 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colakoglu , S. , Colakoglu , M. , Taneli , F. , Cetinoz , F. and Turkmen , M. 2006 . Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levels . J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness , 46 : 570 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , M. E. , Miller , C. C. , Park , Y. and Pariza , M. 1993 . Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism: Nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression . Poult. Sci. , 72 : 1301 – 1305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corl , B. A. , Barbano , D. M. , Bauman , D. E. and Ip , C. 2003 . Cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduces cancer risk in rats . J. Nutr. , 133 : 2893 – 2900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish , S. M. , Candow , D. G. , Jantz , N. T. , Chilibeck , P. D. , Little , J. P. , Forbes , S. , Abeysekara , S. and Zello , G. A. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training . Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. , 19 : 79 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaree , S. R. , Gilbert , C. D. , Mersmann , H. J. and Smith , S. B. 2002 . Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs . J. Nutr. , 132 : 3272 – 3279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desroches , S. , Chouinard , P. Y. , Galibois , I. , Corneau , L. , Delisle , J. , Lamarche , B. , Couture , P. and Bergeron , N. 2005 . Lack of effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids naturally incorporated into butter on the lipid profile and body composition of overweight and obese men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 82 : 309 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhiman , T. R. , Zaman , S. , Olson , K. C. , Bingham , H. R. , Ure , A. L. and Pariza , M. W. 2005 . Influence of feeding soybean oil on conjugated linoleic acid content in beef . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 684 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz , M. L. , Watkins , B. A. , Li , Y. , Anderson , R. A. and Campbell , W. W. 2008 . Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight women . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 19 : 61 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , L. , Jewell , C. , Mullen , A. , Nugent , A. P. , Roche , H. M. and Cashman , K. D. 2005 . Effect of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on markers of calcium and bone metabolism in healthy adult men . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 59 : 432 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyjolfson , V. , Spriet , L. L. and Dyck , D. J. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans . Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 36 : 814 – 820 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnworth , E. R. , Chouinard , Y. P. , Jacques , H. , Venkatramanan , S. , Maf , A. A. , Defnoun , S. and Jones , P. J. 2007 . The effect of drinking milk containing conjugated linoleic acid on fecal microbiological profile, enzymatic activity, and fecal characteristics in humans . Nutr. J. , 6 : 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers , M. and Thompson , P. A. 2009 . t10c12 conjugated linoleic acid suppresses HER2 protein and enhances apoptosis in SKBr3 breast cancer cells: Possible role of COX2 . PLoS One. , 4 : e5342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fushiki , T. , Matsumoto , K. , Inoue , K. , Kawada , T. and Sugimoto , E. 1995 . Swimming endurance capacity of mice is increased by chronic consumption of medium-chain triglycerides . J. Nutr. , 125 : 531 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaullier , J. M. , Berven , G. , Blankson , H. and Gudmundsen , O. 2002 . Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies . Lipids. , 37 : 1019 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaullier , J. M. , Halse , J. , Hoivik , H. O. , Hoye , K. , Syvertsen , C. , Nurminiemi , M. , Hassfeld , C. , Einerhand , A. , O’Shea , M. and Gudmundsen , O. 2007 . Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 550 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaullier , J. M. , Halse , J. , Hoye , K. , Kristiansen , K. , Fagertun , H. , Vik , H. and Gudmundsen , O. 2005 . Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans . J. Nutr. , 135 : 778 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaullier , J. M. , Halse , J. , Hoye , K. , Kristiansen , K. , Fagertun , H. , Vik , H. and Gudmundsen , O. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1118 – 1125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin , A. , Griinari , J. M. , Williams , J. E. , Shahin , A. M. , McGuire , M. A. and McGuire , M. K. 2007 . Consumption of c9,t11–18:2 or t10,c12–18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women . Lipids. , 42 : 835 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Diaz , G. , Alexander-Aguilera , A. , Arzaba-Villalba , A. , Soto-Rodriguez , I. and Garcia , H. S. 2010 . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat, tumor necrosis factor alpha and resistin secretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats . Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. , 82 : 105 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera , J. A. , Arevalo-Herrera , M. , Shahabuddin , A. K. , Ersheng , G. , Herrera , S. , Garcia , R. G. and Lopez-Jaramillo , P. 2006 . Calcium and conjugated linoleic acid reduces pregnancy-induced hypertension and decreases intracellular calcium in lymphocytes . Am. J. Hypertens. , 19 : 381 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera , J. A. , Shahabuddin , A. K. , Ersheng , G. , Wei , Y. , Garcia , R. G. and Lopez-Jaramillo , P. 2005 . Calcium plus linoleic acid therapy for pregnancy-induced hypertension . Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. , 91 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann , J. , Rubin , D. , Hasler , R. , Helwig , U. , Pfeuffer , M. , Auinger , A. , Laue , C. , Winkler , P. , Schreiber , S. , Bell , D. and Schrezenmeir , J. 2009 . Isomer-specific effects of CLA on gene expression in human adipose tissue depending on PPARgamma2 P12A polymorphism: A double blind, randomized, controlled cross-over study . Lipids Health Dis. , 8 : 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu , Y. C. , Meng , X. , Ou , L. and Ip , M. M. 2010 . Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-p38 MAP kinase pathway mediates apoptosis induced by conjugated linoleic acid in p53-mutant mouse mammary tumor cells . Cell. Signal. , 22 : 590 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata , T. , Kamegai , T. , Yamauchi-Sato , Y. , Ogawa , A. , Kasai , M. , Aoyama , T. and Kondo , K. 2007 . Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight japanese male volunteers . J. Oleo Sci. , 56 : 517 – 525 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jewell , C. and Cashman , K. D. 2003 . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like caco-2 cells . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 : 639 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell , C. , Cusack , S. and Cashman , K. D. 2005 . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on transepithelial calcium transport and mediators of paracellular permeability in human intestinal-like caco-2 cells . Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. , 72 : 163 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis , M. M. , Lejeune , M. P. , Saris , W. H. and Westerterp-Plantenga , M. S. 2003a . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjects . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 57 : 1268 – 1274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis , M. M. , Lejeune , M. P. , Saris , W. H. and Westerterp-Plantenga , M. S. 2003b . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 27 : 840 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , J. K. , Mackle , T. R. , Auldist , M. J. , Thomson , N. A. and Bauman , D. E. 2004 . Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture . J. Dairy Sci. , 87 : 369 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. S. and Erickson , K. L. 2003 . Modulation of body composition and immune cell functions by conjugated linoleic acid in humans and animal models: Benefits vs. risks . Lipids. , 38 : 377 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. S. , Simon , V. A. , Taylor , P. C. , Rudolph , I. L. , Benito , P. , Nelson , G. J. , Mackey , B. E. and Erickson , K. L. 2001 . Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function . Lipids. , 36 : 669 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. S. , Taylor , P. C. , Rudolph , I. L. , Benito , P. , Nelson , G. J. , Mackey , B. E. and Erickson , K. L. 2000 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did not alter immune status in young healthy women . Lipids. , 35 : 1065 – 1071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , N. S. , Hubbard , N. E. and Erickson , K. L. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer . J. Nutr. , 137 : 2599 – 2607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , O. and Cashman , K. D. 2004 . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in adult ovariectomised rats . Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. , 71 : 295 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , O. , Cusack , S. , Jewell , C. and Cashman , K. D. 2003 . The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid, on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in young growing rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 90 : 743 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepler , C. R. , Hirons , K. P. , McNeill , J. J. and Tove , S. B. 1966 . Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by butyrinvibrio fibrisolvens . J. Biol. Chem. , 241 : 1350 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knekt , P. , Jarvinen , R. , Seppanen , R. , Pukkala , E. and Aromaa , A. 1996 . Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer . Br. J. Cancer. , 73 : 687 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , J. K. , Sehat , N. , Dugan , M. E. , Mossoba , M. M. , Yurawecz , M. P. , Roach , J. A. , Eulitz , K. , Aalhus , J. L. , Schaefer , A. L. and Ku , Y. 1998 . Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography . Lipids. , 33 : 549 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreider , R. B. , Ferreira , M. P. , Greenwood , M. , Wilson , M. and Almada , A. L. 2002 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers . J. Strength Cond. Res. , 16 : 325 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky , D. 2000 . Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid . Br. J. Nutr. , 83 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Wright , S. , Czarnecki , S. K. , Wilson , T. A. and Nicolosi , R. J. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid isomer effects in atherosclerosis: Growth and regression of lesions . Lipids. , 39 : 611 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , E. V. , Goedecke , J. H. , Bluett , K. , Heggie , K. , Claassen , A. , Rae , D. E. , West , S. , Dugas , J. , Dugas , L. , Meltzeri , S. , Charlton , K. and Mohede , I. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: Effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 1001 – 1011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , T. M. , Toubro , S. and Astrup , A. 2003 . Efficacy and safety of dietary supplements containing CLA for the treatment of obesity: Evidence from animal and human studies . J. Lipid Res. , 44 : 2234 – 2241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , T. M. , Toubro , S. , Gudmundsen , O. and Astrup , A. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 83 : 606 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson , S. C. , Bergkvist , L. and Wolk , A. 2005 . High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the swedish mammography cohort . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 82 : 894 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laso , N. , Brugue , E. , Vidal , J. , Ros , E. , Arnaiz , J. A. , Carne , X. , Vidal , S. , Mas , S. , Deulofeu , R. and Lafuente , A. 2007 . Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components . Br. J. Nutr. , 98 : 860 – 867 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K. N. , Pariza , M. W. and Ntambi , J. M. 1998 . Conjugated linoleic acid decreases hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 248 : 817 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K. W. , Lee , H. J. , Cho , H. Y. and Kim , Y. J. 2005 . Role of the conjugated linoleic acid in the prevention of cancer . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 45 : 135 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. H. , Yamaguchi , K. , Kim , J. S. , Eling , T. E. , Safe , S. , Park , Y. and Baek , S. J. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates an anti-tumorigenic protein NAG-1 in an isomer specific manner . Carcinogenesis. , 27 : 972 – 981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , J. J. , Huang , C. J. and Xie , D. 2008 . Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 52 : 631 – 645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. , Seifert , M. F. , Ney , D. M. , Grahn , M. , Grant , A. L. , Allen , K. G. and Watkins , B. A. 1999 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids . J. Bone Miner. Res. , 14 : 1153 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. and Watkins , B. A. 1998 . Conjugated linoleic acids alter bone fatty acid composition and reduce ex vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in rats fed n-6 or n-3 fatty acids . Lipids. , 33 : 417 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , A. H. , Ausman , L. M. , Jalbert , S. M. and Schaefer , E. J. 1999 . Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels . N. Engl. J. Med. , 340 : 1933 – 1940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luongo , D. , Bergamo , P. and Rossi , M. 2003 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth and cytokine expression in jurkat T cells . Immunol. Lett. , 90 : 195 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpuech-Brugere , C. , Verboeket-van de Venne , W. P. , Mensink , R. P. , Arnal , M. A. , Morio , B. , Brandolini , M. , Saebo , A. , Lassel , T. S. , Chardigny , J. M. , Sebedio , J. L. and Beaufrere , B. 2004 . Effects of two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans . Obes. Res. , 12 : 591 – 598 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masso-Welch , P. A. , Zangani , D. , Ip , C. , Vaughan , M. M. , Shoemaker , S. F. , McGee , S. O. and Ip , M. M. 2004 . Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid differ in their effects on angiogenesis and survival of mouse mammary adipose vasculature . J. Nutr. , 134 : 299 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters , N. , McGuire , M. A. , Beerman , K. A. , Dasgupta , N. and McGuire , M. K. 2002 . Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans . Lipids. , 37 : 133 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , S. E. , Ip , C. , Ip , M. M. , McGuire , M. K. , Muti , P. , Edge , S. B. , Trevisan , M. and Freudenheim , J. L. 2004 . Dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acids and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer, western new york exposures and breast cancer study (WEB study) . Cancer. Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 13 : 1480 – 1484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , R. S. , LeBlanc , A. M. , Langille , M. A. , Mitchell , P. L. and Currie , D. L. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acids, atherosclerosis, and hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1169S – 1174S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina , E. A. , Horn , W. F. , Keim , N. L. , Havel , P. J. , Benito , P. , Kelley , D. S. , Nelson , G. J. and Erickson , K. L. 2000 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite . Lipids. , 35 : 783 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , C. C. , Park , Y. , Pariza , M. W. and Cook , M. E. 1994 . Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 198 : 1107 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizunoya , W. , Haramizu , S. , Shibakusa , T. , Okabe , Y. and Fushiki , T. 2005 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases endurance capacity and fat oxidation in mice during exercise . Lipids. , 40 : 265 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moloney , F. , Yeow , T. P. , Mullen , A. , Nolan , J. J. and Roche , H. M. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 : 887 – 895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosley , S. A. , Shahin , A. M. , Williams , J. , McGuire , M. A. and McGuire , M. K. 2007 . Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women . Lipids. , 42 : 723 – 729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mougios , V. , Matsakas , A. , Petridou , A. , Ring , S. , Sagredos , A. , Melissopoulou , A. , Tsigilis , N. and Nikolaidis , M. 2001 . Effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on human serum lipids and body fat . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 12 : 585 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moya-Camarena , S. Y. , Vanden Heuvel , J. P. , Blanchard , S. G. , Leesnitzer , L. A. and Belury , M. A. 1999 . Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha . J. Lipid Res. , 40 : 1426 – 1433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , A. , Moloney , F. , Nugent , A. P. , Doyle , L. , Cashman , K. D. and Roche , H. M. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces peripheral blood mononuclear cell interleukin-2 production in healthy middle-aged males . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 18 : 658 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , E. F. , Jewell , C. , Hooiveld , G. J. , Muller , M. and Cashman , K. D. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid enhances transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like caco-2 cells: An insight into molecular changes . Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. , 74 : 295 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushtaq , S. , Heather Mangiapane , E. and Hunter , K. A. 2010 . Estimation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in UK foods and assessment of dietary intake in a cohort of healthy adults . Br. J. Nutr. , 103 : 1366 – 1374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao , K. , Inoue , N. , Wang , Y. M. , Hirata , J. , Shimada , Y. , Nagao , T. , Matsui , T. and Yanagita , T. 2003 . The 10trans,12cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the development of hypertension in otsuka long-evans tokushima fatty rats . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 306 : 134 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann , E. , Carpentier , Y. A. , Saebo , A. , Lassel , T. S. , Chardigny , J. M. , Sebedio , J. L. , Mensink , R. P. and FunCLA Study Group . 2006 . Cis-9, trans- 11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). do not affect the plasma lipoprotein profile in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B . Atherosclerosis. , 188 : 167 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazare , J. A. , de la Perriere , A. B. , Bonnet , F. , Desage , M. , Peyrat , J. , Maitrepierre , C. , Louche-Pelissier , C. , Bruzeau , J. , Goudable , J. , Lassel , T. , Vidal , H. and Laville , M. 2007 . Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched yoghurts: Effects on energy metabolism and adipose tissue gene expression in healthy subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 273 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolosi , R. J. , Rogers , E. J. , Kritchevsky , D. , Scimeca , J. A. and Huth , P. J. 1997 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters . Artery. , 22 : 266 – 277 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noone , E. J. , Roche , H. M. , Nugent , A. P. and Gibney , M. J. 2002 . The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 88 : 243 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , L. E. , Collene , A. L. , Asp , M. L. , Hsu , J. C. , Liu , L. F. , Richardson , J. R. , Li , D. , Bell , D. , Osei , K. , Jackson , R. D. and Belury , M. A. 2009 . Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 90 : 468 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hagan , S. and Menzel , A. 2003 . A subchronic 90-day oral rat toxicity study and in vitro genotoxicity studies with a conjugated linoleic acid product . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 41 : 1749 – 1760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrowska , E. , Suster , D. , Muralitharan , M. , Cross , R. F. , Leury , B. J. , Bauman , D. E. and Dunshea , F. R. 2003 . Conjugated linoleic acid decreases fat accretion in pigs: Evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 : 219 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariza , M. W. 2004 . Perspective on the safety and effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1132S – 1136S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariza , M. W. , Park , Y. and Cook , M. E. 2000 . Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: Evidence and speculation . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 223 : 8 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Albright , K. J. , Storkson , J. M. , Liu , W. and Pariza , M. W. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model . J. Food Sci. , 72 : S612 – S617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. and Pariza , M. W. 2007 . Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) . Food Res. Int. , 40 : 311 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Pariza , M. W. and Park , Y. 2008 . Co-supplementation of dietary calcium and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). improves bone mass in mice . J. Food Sci. , 73 : C556 – C560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Park , Y. H. , Rhee , S. and Park , G. K. 2006 . Effect of interaction between dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). and calcium on body composition . FASEB J. , 20 : A570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).: Good or bad trans fat? . J. Food Comp. Anal. , 22S : S4 – S12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Albright , K. J. , Liu , W. , Storkson , J. M. , Cook , M. E. and Pariza , M. W. 1997 . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice . Lipids. , 32 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. and Pariza , M. W. 2009 . Bioactivities and potential mechanisms of action for conjugated fatty acids . Food Sci. Biotech. , 18 : 586 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. and Pariza , M. W. 1998 . Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid . Lipids. , 33 : 817 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Storkson , J. M. , Albright , K. J. , Liu , W. and Pariza , M. W. 1999 . Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice . Lipids. , 34 : 235 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. , Yang , M. D. , Storkson , J. M. , Albright , K. J. , Liu , W. , Cook , M. E. and Pariza , M. W. 2007 . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on serum tumor necrosis factor-a concentration in mice . J. Food Biochem. , 31 : 252 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , D. G. , Matitashvili , E. A. and Bauman , D. E. 2004 . The inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1 . J. Nutr. , 134 : 2523 – 2527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , K. M. , O’Shea , M. , Stam , W. , Mohede , I. C. , Patrie , J. T. and Hayden , F. G. 2009 . Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on experimental human rhinovirus infection and illness . Antivir. Ther. , 14 : 33 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkoski , C. , Chilibeck , P. D. , Candow , D. G. , Esliger , D. , Ewaschuk , J. B. , Facci , M. , Farthing , J. P. and Zello , G. A. 2006 . The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training . Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 38 : 339 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier , H. , Rouault , C. , Clement , L. , Niot , I. , Monnot , M. C. , Guerre-Millo , M. and Besnard , P. 2005 . Hyperinsulinaemia triggered by dietary conjugated linoleic acid is associated with a decrease in leptin and adiponectin plasma levels and pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia in the mouse . Diabetologia , 48 : 1059 – 1065 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier , H. , Shapiro , J. S. , Kim , R. J. and Lazar , M. A. 2006 . Nutritional supplementation with trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid induces inflammation of white adipose tissue . Diabetes , 55 : 1634 – 1641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine , N. M. , Watras , A. C. , Carrel , A. L. , Allen , D. B. , McVean , J. J. , Clark , R. R. , O’Brien , A. R. , O’Shea , M. , Scott , C. E. and Schoeller , D. A. 2010 . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 91 : 1157 – 1164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff , M. , Tholstrup , T. , Basu , S. , Nonboe , P. , Sorensen , M. T. and Straarup , E. M. 2008 . A diet rich in conjugated linoleic acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk markers in healthy young men . J. Nutr. , 138 : 509 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff , M. , Tholstrup , T. , Sejrsen , K. , Straarup , E. M. and Wiinberg , N. 2006 . Diets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young men . J. Nutr. , 136 : 992 – 997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff , M. , Tholstrup , T. , Toubro , S. , Bruun , J. M. , Lund , P. , Straarup , E. M. , Christensen , R. , Sandberg , M. B. and Mandrup , S. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acids reduce body fat in healthy postmenopausal women . J. Nutr. , 139 : 1347 – 1352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakers , J. D. , Plat , J. , Sebedio , J. L. and Mensink , R. P. 2005 . Effects of the individual isomers cis-9,trans-11 vs. trans-10,cis-12 of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammation parameters in moderately overweight subjects with LDL-phenotype B . Lipids. , 40 : 909 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos , R. , Mascarenhas , J. , Duarte , P. , Vicente , C. and Casteleiro , C. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acid-induced toxic hepatitis: First case report . Dig. Dis. Sci. , 54 : 1141 – 1143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot , J. , Portillo , M. P. , Pico , C. , Macarulla , M. T. and Palou , A. 2007 . Effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of uncoupling proteins in hamsters fed an atherogenic diet . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 1074 – 1082 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus , U. , Arner , P. , Brismar , K. and Vessby , B. 2002 . Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome . Diabetes Care , 25 : 1516 – 1521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus , U. , Basu , S. , Jovinge , S. , Fredrikson , G. N. , Arnlov , J. and Vessby , B. 2002 . Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: A potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance . Circulation , 106 : 1925 – 1929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus , U. , Berglund , L. and Vessby , B. 2001 . Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: A randomised controlled trial . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 25 : 1129 – 1135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus , U. , Vessby , B. , Arner , P. and Zethelius , B. 2004 . Supplementation with trans10cis12-conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperproinsulinaemia in obese men: Close association with impaired insulin sensitivity . Diabetologia , 47 : 1016 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus , U. , Vessby , B. , Arnlov , J. and Basu , S. 2004 . Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 : 279 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissanen , H. , Knekt , P. , Jarvinen , R. , Salminen , I. and Hakulinen , T. 2003 . Serum fatty acids and breast cancer incidence . Nutr. Cancer. , 45 : 168 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritzenthaler , K. L. , McGuire , M. K. , Falen , R. , Shultz , T. D. , Dasgupta , N. and McGuire , M. A. 2001 . Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology . J. Nutr. , 131 : 1548 – 1554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche , H. M. , Terres , A. M. , Black , I. B. , Gibney , M. J. and Kelleher , D. 2001 . Fatty acids and epithelial permeability: Effect of conjugated linoleic acid in caco-2 cells . Gut , 48 : 797 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller , D. A. , Watras , A. C. and Whigham , L. D. 2009 . A meta-analysis of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on fat-free mass in humans . Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. , 34 : 975 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluijs , I. , Plantinga , Y. , de Roos , B. , Mennen , L. I. and Bots , M. L. 2010 . Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adults . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 91 : 175 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedman , A. , Basu , S. , Jovinge , S. , Fredrikson , G. N. and Vessby , B. 2005 . Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 94 : 791 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedman , A. and Vessby , B. 2001 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Metabolic effects . Lipids. , 36 : 773 – 781 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedman , A. , Vessby , B. and Basu , S. 2004 . Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans: Regulation by alpha-tocopherol and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor . Clin. Sci. (Lond) , 106 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneddon , A. A. , Tsofliou , F. , Fyfe , C. L. , Matheson , I. , Jackson , D. M. , Horgan , G. , Winzell , M. S. , Wahle , K. W. , Ahren , B. and Williams , L. M. 2008 . Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin . Obesity , 16 : 1019 – 1024 . (Silver Spring)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi , F. , Buccioni , A. , Cesari , F. , Gori , A. M. , Minieri , S. , Mannini , L. , Casini , A. , Gensini , G. F. , Abbate , R. and Antongiovanni , M. 2010 . Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese). naturally rich in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: A dietary intervention study . Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. , 20 : 117 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , H. J. , Grant , I. , Rotondo , D. , Mohede , I. , Sattar , N. , Heys , S. D. and Wahle , K. W. 2005 . Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 59 : 508 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachowska , E. , Gutowska , I. , Szumilowicz , H. , Bober , J. and Chlubek , D. 2005 . Is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) a protective factor in atherosclerosis? A study with the use of neural networks . Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin. , 51 : 27 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steck , S. E. , Chalecki , A. M. , Miller , P. , Conway , J. , Austin , G. L. , Hardin , J. W. , Albright , C. D. and Thuillier , P. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humans . J. Nutr. , 137 : 1188 – 1193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugano , M. , Akahoshi , A. , Koba , K. , Tanaka , K. , Okumura , T. , Matsuyama , H. , Goto , Y. , Miyazaki , T. , Murao , K. , Yamasaki , M. , Nonaka , M. and Yamada , K. 2001 . Dietary manipulations of body fat-reducing potential of conjugated linoleic acid in rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 65 : 2535 – 2541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syvertsen , C. , Halse , J. , Hoivik , H. O. , Gaullier , J. M. , Nurminiemi , M. , Kristiansen , K. , Einerhand , A. , O’Shea , M. and Gudmundsen , O. 2007 . The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese . Int. J. Obes. (Lond). , 31 : 1148 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarnopolsky , M. , Zimmer , A. , Paikin , J. , Safdar , A. , Aboud , A. , Pearce , E. , Roy , B. and Doherty , T. 2007 . Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults . PLoS ONE , 2 : e991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. S. , Williams , S. R. , Rhys , R. , James , P. and Frenneaux , M. P. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function . Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , 26 : 307 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra , A. H. 2004 . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 352 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra , A. H. 2001 . Differences between humans and mice in efficacy of the body fat lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: Role of metabolic rate . J. Nutr. , 131 : 2067 – 2068 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel-Cooper , R. L. , Parrish , F. C. Jr. , Sparks , J. C. , Wiegand , B. R. and Ewan , R. C. 2001 . Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition . J. Anim. Sci. , 79 : 1821 – 1828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tholstrup , T. , Raff , M. , Basu , S. , Nonboe , P. , Sejrsen , K. and Straarup , E. M. 2006 . Effects of butter high in ruminant trans and monounsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins, incorporation of fatty acids into lipid classes, plasma C-reactive protein, oxidative stress, hemostatic variables, and insulin in healthy young men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 83 : 237 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tholstrup , T. , Raff , M. , Straarup , E. M. , Lund , P. , Basu , S. and Bruun , J. M. 2008 . An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal women . J. Nutr. , 138 : 1445 – 1451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom , E. , Wadstein , J. and Gudmundsen , O. 2001 . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans . J. Int. Med. Res. , 29 : 392 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom , T. , Haase , N. , Rosamond , W. , Howard , V. J. , Rumsfeld , J. , Manolio , T. , Zheng , Z. J. , Flegal , K. , O’Donnell , C. , Kittner , S. , Lloyd-Jones , D. , Goff , D. C. Jr , Hong , Y. , Adams , R. , Friday , G. , Furie , K. , Gorelick , P. , Kissela , B. , Marler , J. , Meigs , J. , Roger , V. , Sidney , S. , Sorlie , P. , Steinberger , J. , Wasserthiel-Smoller , S. , Wilson , M. , Wolf , P. and American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee . 2006 . Heart disease and stroke statistics–2006 update: A report from the american heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee . Circulation , 113 : e85 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrush , A. B. , Chabowski , A. , Heigenhauser , G. J. , McBride , B. W. , Or-Rashid , M. and Dyck , D. J. 2007 . Conjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humans . Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. , 32 : 372 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricon , S. , Burdge , G. C. , Jones , E. L. , Russell , J. J. , El-Khazen , S. , Moretti , E. , Hall , W. L. , Gerry , A. B. , Leake , D. S. , Grimble , R. F. , Williams , C. M. , Calder , P. C. and Yaqoob , P. 2006 . Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 83 : 744 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricon , S. , Burdge , G. C. , Kew , S. , Banerjee , T. , Russell , J. J. , Grimble , R. F. , Williams , C. M. , Calder , P. C. and Yaqoob , P. 2004 . Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune cell function in healthy humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 : 1626 – 1633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricon , S. and Yaqoob , P. 2006 . Conjugated linoleic acid and human health: A critical evaluation of the evidence . Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. , 9 : 105 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turek , J. J. , Li , Y. , Schoenlein , I. A. , Allen , K. G. D. and Watkins , B. A. 1998 . Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6 : N-3 fatty acid ratio . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 9 : 258 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpeinen , A. M. , Ylonen , N. , von Willebrand , E. , Basu , S. and Aro , A. 2008 . Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy . Br. J. Nutr. , 100 : 112 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorrips , L. E. , Brants , H. A. , Kardinaal , A. F. , Hiddink , G. J. , van den Brandt , P. A. and Goldbohm , R. A. 2002 . Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 76 : 873 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanders , A. J. , Leder , L. , Banga , J. D. , Katan , M. B. and Brouwer , I. A. 2010 . A high intake of conjugated linoleic acid does not affect liver and kidney function tests in healthy human subjects . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 48 : 587 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , L. S. , Huang , Y. W. , Sugimoto , Y. , Liu , S. , Chang , H. L. , Ye , W. , Shu , S. and Lin , Y. C. 2005 . Effects of human breast stromal cells on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). modulated vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). expression in MCF-7 cells . Anticancer. Res. , 25 : 4061 – 4068 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. and Jones , P. J. 2004 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1153S – 1158S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargent , E. , Sennitt , M. V. , Stocker , C. , Mayes , A. E. , Brown , L. , O’dowd , J. , Wang , S. , Einerhand , A. W. , Mohede , I. , Arch , J. R. and Cawthorne , M. A. 2005 . Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: Possible involvement of PPAR activation . Lipids Health. Dis. , 4 : 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins , B. A. , Shen , C. L. , McMurtry , J. P. , Xu , H. , Bain , S. D. , Allen , K. G. and Seifert , M. F. 1997 . Dietary lipids modulate bone prostaglandin E2 production, insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and formation rate in chicks . J. Nutr. , 127 : 1084 – 1091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watras , A. C. , Buchholz , A. C. , Close , R. N. , Zhang , Z. and Schoeller , D. A. 2007 . The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain . Int. J. Obes. (Lond). , 31 : 481 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler , H. , Austin , S. , Fitzpatrick-Wong , S. , Nitschmann , E. , Bankovic-Calic , N. , Mollard , R. , Aukema , H. and Ogborn , M. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces parathyroid hormone in health and in polycystic kidney disease in rats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1186S – 1189S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whigham , L. D. , Cook , E. B. , Stahl , J. L. , Saban , R. , Bjorling , D. E. , Pariza , M. W. and Cook , M. E. 2001 . CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2). release from sensitized guinea pig tracheae . Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. , 280 : R908 – R912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whigham , L. D. , O’Shea , M. , Mohede , I. C. , Walaski , H. P. and Atkinson , R. L. 2004 . Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 42 : 1701 – 1709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whigham , L. D. , Watras , A. C. and Schoeller , D. A. 2007 . Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: A meta-analysis in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 85 : 1203 – 1211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett , W. C. , Stampfer , M. J. , Manson , J. E. , Colditz , G. A. , Speizer , F. E. , Rosner , B. A. , Sampson , L. A. and Hennekens , C. H. 1993 . Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women . Lancet , 341 : 581 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , M. and Cook , M. E. 2003 . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production . Exp. Biol. Med. , 228 : 51 – 58 . (Maywood)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , Y. , Correll , P. H. and Vanden Heuvel , J. P. 2002 . Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: Evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1581 : 89 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambell , K. L. , Keim , N. L. , Van Loan , M. D. , Gale , B. , Benito , P. , Kelley , D. S. and Nelson , G. J. 2000 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: Effects on body composition and energy expenditure . Lipids. , 35 : 777 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , W. S. , Zhai , J. J. , Wang , Y. H. , Xie , P. S. , Yin , X. J. , Li , L. X. and Cheng , K. L. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation enhances antihypertensive effect of ramipril in chinese patients with obesity-related hypertension . Am. J. Hypertens. , 22 : 680 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar