Evidence-Based Review on the Effect of Normal Dietary Consumption of Fructose on Blood Lipids and Body Weight of Overweight and Obese Individuals

REFERENCES

• Aeberli , I. , Zimmermann , M. B. , Molinari , L. , Lehmann , R. , L’Allemand , D. , Spinas , G. A. and Berneis , K. 2007 . Fructose intake is a predictor of LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 86 : 1174 – 1178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantle , J. P. , Raatz , S. K. , Thomas , W. and Georgopoulos , A. 2000 . Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 1128 – 1134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham , S. , Luben , R. , Welch , A. , Tasevska , N. , Wareham , N. and Khaw , K. T. 2007 . Epidemiologic assessment of sugars consumption using biomarkers: Comparisons of obese and nonobese individuals in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Norfolk . Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention , 16 : 1651 – 1654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon , N. V. , Karam , J. H. and Forsham , P. H. 1980 . Endocrine responses to sugar ingestion in man: Advantages of fructose over sucrose and glucose . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 76 : 555 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , J. , Noakes , M. and Clifton , P. M. 2007 . Appetite hormones and energy intake in obese men after consumption of fructose, glucose and whey protein beverages . International Journal of Obesity , 31 : 1696 – 1703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong , M. F.F. , Fielding , B. A. and Frayn , K. N. 2007 . Mechanisms for the acute effect of fructose on postprandial lipemia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 85 : 1511 – 1520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crapo , P. A. and Kolterman , O. G. 1984 . The metabolic effects of 2-week fructose feeding in normal subjects . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 39 : 525 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crujeiras , A. B. , Parra , M. D. , Rodríguez , M. C. , Martínez de Morentin , B. E. and Martínez , J. A. 2006 . A role for fruit content in energy-restricted diets in improving antioxidant status in obese women during weight loss . Nutrition , 22 : 593 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz , E. O. , Galgani , J. E. and Aguirre , C. A. 2006 . Glycaemic index effects on fuel partitioning in humans . Obesity Reviews , 7 : 219 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , L. C. , Potter , S. M. and Burdock , G. A. 2010 . Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on development of hyperlipidemia and obesity in healthy, normal weight individuals . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 50 : 53 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes Gastrich , M. , Lasser , N. L. , Wien , M. and Bachmann , G. 2008 . Dietary complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index/load decrease levels of specific metabolic syndrome/cardiovascular disease risk factors . Topics on Clinical Nutrition , 23 : 76 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Endres , J. , Poon , S. W. and Welch , P. 1989 . Diabetics in long-term care. Effect of sweetness on dietary intake . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 561 : 157 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA-CFSAN . 1993 . Redbook II: Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients. Chapter VI: Human Studies . : 1 – 9 . US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), College Park, MD
   Google Scholar
• FDA-CFSAN . 2009 . “ Guidance for industry. Evidence based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ” . 1 – 26 . College Park, MD : Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) .
   Google Scholar
• Fried , S. K. and Rao , S. P. 2003 . Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 78 : 873S – 880S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , J. M. , Cook , D. and Gorick , S. 1991 . Effects of conventional sucrose based, fructose based and isomalt based chocolate on post prandial metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetics . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 45 : 561 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallfrisch , J. , Reiser , S. and Prather , E. S. 1983a . Blood lipid distribution of hyperinsulinemic men consuming three levels of fructose . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 37 : 740 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallfrisch , J. , Ellwood , K. C. , Michaelis , O. E. IV , Reiser , S. , O’Dorision , T. M. and Prather , E. S. 1983b . Effects of dietary fructose on plasma glucose and hormone responses in normal and hyperinsulinemic men . Journal of Nutrition , 113 : 1819 – 1826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel , P. J. 2005 . Dietary fructose; Implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Lead Review Article . Nutrition Reviews , 63 : 133 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel , P. J. , Elliott , S. , Keim , N. L. and Teff , K. 2003 . Short-term and long-term consumption of high fructose, but not high glucose, diets increases postprandial triglycerides and apo-lipoprotein-B in women . Abstract. Journal of Investigative Medicine , 52 : S163
   Google Scholar
• Heacock , P. M. , Hertzler , S. R. and Wolf , B. W. 2002 . Fructose prefeeding reduces the glycemic response to a high-glycemic index, starchy food in humans . Journal of Nutrition , 132 : 2601 – 2604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttunen , J. K. 1976 . Serum lipids, uric acid and glucose during chronic consumption of fructose and xylitol in healthy human subjects . International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research , 15 : 105 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Huttunen , J. K. , Makinen , K. K. and Scheinin , A. 1976 . Turku sugar studies XI. Effects of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on glucose, lipid and urate metabolism . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica , 34 : 345 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen , J. , Chen , Y. D.I. , Zhou , M. Y. , Schaaf , P. , Coulston , A. and Reaven , G. M. 1995a . Postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester responses to oral fat: effects of fructose . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 61 : 787 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen , J. , Chen , Y. D.I. , Zhou , M. Y. , Wang , T. and Reaven , G. M. 1995b . Effect of variations in oral fat and carbohydrate load on postprandial lipemia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 62 : 1201 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , J. M. 2009 . Dietary sweeteners containing fructose: Overview of a workshop on the state of the science . Journal of Nutrition , 139 : 1210S – 1213S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosen , A. M. C. P. , Kuhnle , G. G.C. , Runswick , S. A. and Bingham , S. A. 2008 . Urinary sucrose and fructose as biomarkers of sugar consumption: Comparison of normal weight and obese volunteers . International Journal of Obesity , 32 : 1736 – 1740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , N. A. , Poznanski , R. , Blondheim , S. H. and Stein , Y. 1966 . Effect of fructose, glucose, sucrose and starch on serum lipids in carbohydrate induced hypertriglyceridemia and in normal subjects . Israel Journal of Medical Science , 2 : 715 – 726 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufmann , N. A. , Poznanski , R. , Blondheim , S. H. and Stein , Y. 1967 . Comparison of effects of fructose, sucrose, glucose, and starch on serum lipids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and normal subjects . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 20 : 131 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. S. , Paik , H. Y. , Lee , K. U. , Lee , H. K. and Min , H. K. 1988 . Effects of several simple sugars on serum glucose and serum fructose levels in normal and diabetic subjects . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice , 4 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh , E. T. , Ard , N. F. and Mendoza , F. 1988 . Effects of fructose feeding on blood parameters and blood pressure in impaired glucose-tolerant subjects . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 88 : 932 – 938 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kral , J. G. , Lundholm , K. and Bjorntorp , P. 1977 . Hepatic lipid metabolism in severe human obesity . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental , 26 : 1025 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczmarski , R. J. and Flegal , K. M. 2000 . Criteria for definition of overweight in transition: background and recommendations for the United States . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 1074 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren , I. E. , Herron , K. L. , West , K. L. , Zern , T. L. , Patalay , M. , Koo , S. I. and Fernandez , M. L. 2005 . Carbohydrate intake is correlated with biomarkers for coronary heart disease in a population of overweight premenopausal women . Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 16 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald , I. 1972 . Relationship between dietary carbohydrates and fats in their influence on serum lipid concentrations . Clinical Science , 43 : 265 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makinen , K. K. and Scheinin , A. 1976 . Turku sugar studies. VI. The administration of the trial and the control of the dietary regimen . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica , 34 : 217 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott , B. P. , Cole , N. and Lee , E. 2009 . National estimates of dietary fructose intake increased from 1977 to 2004 in the United States . Journal of Nutrition. Supplement , 139 : 1228S – 1235S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDevitt , R. M. , Poppitt , S. D. , Murgatroyd , P. R. and Prentice , A. M. 2000 . Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 369 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean Baird , I. , Shephard , N. W. , Merritt , R. J. and Hildick-Smith , G. 2000 . Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in human subjects . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 38 : S123 – S129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Life Insurance Co . 1977 . Trends in average weights and heights among insured men and women. (cited in Wiesner et al., 1979) . Statistical Bulletin , 26 : 885 – 893 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , M. C. , Davis , S. N. , Mann , S. L. and Cherrington , A. D. 2001 . Acute fructose administration improves oral glucose tolerance in adults with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care , 24 : 1882 – 1886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikkila , E. A. and Kekki , M. 1972 . Effects of dietary fructose and sucrose on plasma triglyceride metabolism in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia . Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum , 542 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogden , C. L. , Fryar , C. D. , Carroll , M. D. and Flegal , K. M. 2004 . Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960-2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics. US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . : 1 – 18 . National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, Report Number: 347
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , C. L. , Kuczmarski , R. J. , Flegal , K. M. , Mei , Z. , Guo , S. , Wei , R. , Grummer–Strawn , L. M. , Curtin , L. R. , Roche , A. F. and Johnson , C. L. 2002 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version . Pediatrics , 109 : 45 – 60 . (cited in Aeberli et al., 2007)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei , K. , Falko , J. , Bossetti , B. M. and Holland , G. C. 1987 . Metabolic effects of fructose as a natural sweetener in the physiologic meals of ambulatory obese patients with type II diabetes . American Journal of Medicine , 83 : 249 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquot , N. , Schneiter , P. , Gaillard , R. , Lefèbvre , P. J. , Scheen , A. and Tappy , L. 1996 . Effects of ingested fructose and infused glucagon on endogenous glucose production in obese NIDDM patients, obese non-diabetic subjects, and healthy subjects . Diabetologia , 39 : 580 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Y. K. and Yetley , E. A. 1993 . Intakes and food sources of fructose in the United States . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 : 737S – 747S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , E. J. , Skokan , L. E. , Timlin , M. T. and Dingfelder , C. S. 2008 . Dietary sugars stimulate fatty acid synthesis in adults . Journal of Nutrition , 138 : 1039 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Pozo , S. E. , Schold , J. , Nakagawa , T. , Sanchez-Lozada , L. G. , Johnson , R. J. and Lopez-Lillo , J. L. 2009 . Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: Role of uric acid in the hypertensive response . International Journal of Obesity , : 1 – 8 . . Online publication, 22 Dec 2009; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser , S. , Powell , A. S. , Scholfield , D. J. , Panda , P. , Ellwood , K. C. and Canary , J. J. 1989a . Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 49 : 832 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser , S. , Powell , A. S. , Scholfield , D. J. , Panda , P. , Fields , M. and Canary , J. J. 1989b . Day-long glucose, insulin, and fructose responses of hyperinsulinemic and nonhyperinsulinemic men adapted to diets containing either fructose or high-amylose cornstarch . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 50 : 1008 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser , S. , Powell , A. S. , Yang , C. Y. and Canary , J. J. 1987 . An insulinogenic effect of oral fructose in humans during postprandial hyperglycemia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 45 : 580 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizkalla , S. W. , Baigts , F. and Fumeron , F. 1986 . Comparative effects of several simple carbohydrates on erythrocyte insulin receptors in obese subjects . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 25 : 681 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin , J. 1990 . Comparative effects of fructose, aspartame, glucose, and water preloads on calorie and macronutrient intake . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 51 : 428 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin , J. , Reed , D. and Jamner , L. 1988 . Metabolic effects of fructose and glucose: implications for food intake . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 47 : 683 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez , M. C. , Parra , M. D. , Marques-Lopes , I. , Martínez de Morentin , B. E. , González , A. and Martínez , J. A. 2005 . Effects of two energy-restricted diets containing different fruit amounts on body weight loss and macronutrient oxidation . Plant Foods for Human Nutrition , 60 : 219 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. M. , Schutz , Y. , Piolono , V. , Schneider , H. , Felber , J. P. and Jequier , E. 1992 . Thermogenesis in obese women: effect of fructose vs. glucose added to a meal . American Journal of Physiology , 262 : E394 – E401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. M. , Neese , R. A. , Turner , S. M. , Nguyen , C. and Hellerstein , M. K. 1994 . Effect of fructose ingestion on glucose production (GP) and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in normal and hyperinsulinemic obese humans . Diabetes. Abstract Book 54th Annual Meeting , 43 : 52A
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , J. M. , Schutz , Y. , Froidevaux , F. , Acheson , K. J. , Jeanpretre , N. , Schneider , H. , Felber , J. P. and Jequier , E. 1989 . Thermogenesis in men and women induced by fructose vs glucose added to a meal . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 49 : 667 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , K. R. , Grebennik , D. , Maliuanag , P. and Riera , C. 1996 . Non-insulin mediated thermogenesis is not blunted in obesity . Abstract. Journal of Investigative Medicine , 44 : 302A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievenpiper , J. L. , Vuksan , V. , Wong , E. Y.Y. , Mendelson , R. A. and Bruce-Thompson , C. 1998a . Effect of meal dilution on the postprandial glycemic response: implications for glycemic testing . Diabetes Care , 21 : 711 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievenpiper , J. L. , Vuksan , V. , Wong , E. Y.Y. , Mendelson , R. A. and Bruce-Thompson , C. 1998b . Increase in water volume raises Postprandial Glycemic Response (PGR) . Abstract. FASEB Journal , 12 : A256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonson , D. C. , Tappy , L. , Jequier , E. , Felber , J. P. and DeFronzo , R. A. 1988 . Normalization of carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis by fructose in insulin-resistant states . American Journal of Physiology , 254 : E201 – E207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton , M. J. , Heiser , C. , Jamesen , K. and Mattes , R. D. 1999 . Sweetener augmentation of serum triacylglycerol during a fat challenge test in humans . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 18 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sir-Petermann , T. , Angel , B. , Maliqueo , M. , Santos , J. L. , Riesco , M. V. , Toloza , H. and Pérez-Bravo , F. 2004 . Insulin secretion in women who have polycystic ovary syndrome and carry the Gly972Arg variant of insulin receptor substrate-1 in response to a high-glycemic or low-glycemic carbohydrate load . Nutrition , 20 : 905 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slyper , A. , Jurva , J. , Pleuss , J. , Hoffmann , R. and Gutterman , D. 2005 . Influence of glycemic load on HDL cholesterol in youth . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 81 : 376 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , L. and Rodin , J. 1987 . Effects of fructose and glucose preloads on subsequent food intake . Appetite , 8 : 135 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spraycar , M. 1995 . “ Laboratory reference range values ” . In Appendices, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, , 26th Edition , Edited by: Spraycar , M. 2000 – 2009 . Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Stanhope , K. L. , Griffen , S. and Krauss , R. M. 2007 . Consumption of fructose-, but not glucose-sweetened beverages produces an atherogenic lipid profile in overweight/obese men and women . Abstract. Diabetes , 56 : A16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanhope , K. L. , Griffen , S. C. , Bair , B. R. , Swarbrick , M. M. , Keim , N. L. and Havel , P. J. 2008 . Twenty-four-hour endocrine and metabolic profiles following consumption of high-fructose corn syrup-, sucrose-, fructose-, and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 87 : 1194 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanhope , K. L. and Havel , P. J. 2008 . Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 88 : 1733S – 1737S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanhope , K. L. and Havel , P. J. 2009 . Fructose consumption: Considerations for future research on its effects on adipose distribution, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity in humans . Journal of Nutrition , 139 : 1236S – 1241S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanhope , K. L. , Schwarz , J. M. , Keim , N. L. , Griffen , S. C. , Bremer , A. A. , Graham , J. L. , Hatcher , B. , Cox , C. L. , Dyachenko , A. , Zhang , W. , Mcgahan , J. P. , Seibert , A. , Krauss , R. M. , Chiu , S. , Schaefer , E. J. , Ai , M. , Otokozawa , S. , Nakajima , K. , Nakano , T. , Beysen , C. , Hellerstein , M. K. , Berglund , L. and Havel , P. J. 2009 . Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 119 : 1322 – 1334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunehag , A. L. , Toffolo , G. , Campioni , M. , Bier , D. M. and Haymond , M. W. 2008 . Short-term high dietary fructose intake had no effects on insulin sensitivity and secretion or glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy, obese adolescents . Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism , 21 : 225 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. E. , Laine , D. C. , Thomas , W. and Bantle , J. P. 1992 . Metabolic effects of dietary fructose in healthy subjects . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 55 : 851 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swarbrick , M. M. , Stanhope , K. L. , Elliott , S. S. , Graham , J. L. , Krauss , R. M. , Christiansen , M. P. , Griffen , S. C. , Keim , N. L. and Havel , P. J. 2008 . Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for ten weeks increases postprandial triaglycerol and apolipoprotein-B concentrations in overweight and obese women . British Journal of Nutrition , 100 : 947 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappy , L. and Jequier , E. 1993 . Fructose and dietary thermogenesis . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 ( Suppl. ) : 766S – 770S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teff , K. L. , Elliott , S. S. , Tschop , M. , Kieffer , T. J. , Rader , D. , Heiman , M. , Townsend , R. R. , Keim , N. L. , D’Alessio , D. and Havel , P. J. 2004 . Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 89 : 2963 – 2972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teff , K. L. , Grudziak , J. , Townsend , R. R. , Dunn , T. N. , Grant , R. W. , Adams , S. H. , Keim , N. L. , Cummings , B. P. , Stanhope , K. L. and Havel , P. J. 2009 . Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose -and glucose- sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 94 : 1562 – 1569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teff , K. L. , Keim , N. L. , Townsend , R. R. and Havel , P. J. 2005 . Fructose -sweetened beverages decrease circulating leptin levels and increase postprandial triglycerides in obese men and women . Abstract. Diabetes , 54 : A385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tittelbach , T. J. , Mattes , R. D. and Gretebeck , R. J. 2000 . Post-exercise substrate utilization after a high glucose vs. high fructose meal during negative energy balance in the obese . Obesity Research , 8 : 496 – 505 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van de Ven , M. L. H. M. , Westerterp-Plantenga , M. S. and Wouters , L. 1994 . Effects of liquid preloads with different fructose/fibre concentrations on subsequent food intake and ratings of hunger in women . Appetite , 23 : 139 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal , L. , Mertens , I. , Vansant , G. and De Leeuw , I. 1999 . Carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis in obese women. Effect of insulin and catecholamines . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation , 22 : 109 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessby , B. , Karlstrom , B. and Skarfors , E. 1990 . Comparison of the effects of maltitol with those of sucrose, fructose and sorbitol on blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects: Studies after an oral load and after addition to a standard breakfast meal . Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental , 3 : 231 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Vozzo , R. , Baker , B. , Wittert , G. A. , Wishart , J. M. , Morris , H. , Horowitz , M. and Chapman , I. 2002 . Glycemic, hormone, and appetite responses to monosaccharide ingestion in patients with type 2 diabetes . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental , 51 : 949 – 957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO . 1997 . “ The z-score or standard deviation classification system ” . In WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition , Edited by: Onis , M. , de and Blossner , M. 45 – 52 . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization (WHO) .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2006 . BMI classification. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland . <http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html>. (site visited on July 7, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Wiesner , T. , Walsh , D. , Doty , N. and Olerud , C. 1979 . Effects of a weight reduction diet with fructose as a carbohydrate source in obese patients . Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental , 26 : 885 – 893 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever , T. M.S. , Jenkins , A. L. , Vuksan , V. and Campbell , J. 2009 . The glycaemic index values of foods contining fructose are affected by metabolic differences between subjects . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 63 : 1106 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , T. , Giovannucci , E. , Pischon , T. , Hankinson , S. E. , Ma , J. , Rifai , N. and Rimm , E. B. 2004 . Fructose, glycemic load, and quantity and quality of carbohydrate in relation to plasma C-peptide concentrations in US women . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 80 : 1043 – 1049 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip , I. , Go , V. L. , DeShields , S. , Saltsman , P. , Bellman , M. , Thames , G. , Murray , S. , Wang , H. J. , Elashoff , R. and Heber , D. 2001 . Liquid meal replacements and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetes patients . Obesity Research , 9 : 341S – 347S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmermann , M. B. and Aeberli , I. 2008 . Dietary determinants of subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia and components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight children: A review . International Journal of Obesity , 32 : S11 – S18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar