1,949
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Black Tea Polyphenols: A Mechanistic Treatise

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1002-1011 | Received 02 Jul 2011, Accepted 09 Sep 2011, Published online: 05 Feb 2014

REFERENCES

  • Adhami , V. M. , Siddiqui , I. A. , Ahmad , N. , Gupta , S. and Mukhtar , H. 2004 . Oral consumption of green tea polyphenols inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I-induced signaling in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 64 : 8175 – 8122 .
  • Agarwal , R. and Mukhtar , H. 1993 . “ Oxidative stress in skin chemical carcinogenesis ” . In Oxidative Stress in Dermatology , Edited by: Fuchs , J. and Packer , L. 207 – 241 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Almajano , M. P. , Carboa , R. , Jimenez , J. A. L. and Michael , H. 2008 . Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusion Gordon . Food Chem. , 108 : 55 – 63 .
  • Amić , D. , Davidovič-Amić , D. , Bešlo , D. , Rastija , V. , Lučić , B. and Trinajstić , N. 2007a . SAR and QSAR of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids . Curr. Med. Chem. , 14 : 827 – 845 .
  • Amić , D. , Lučić , B. , de Lange , D. W. , Verhoef , S. , Gorter , G. , Kraaijenhagen , R. J. , van de Wiel , A. and Akkerman , J. W. 2007b . Polyphenolic grape extract inhibits platelet activation through PECAM-1: An explanation for the French paradox . Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. , 31 : 1308 – 1314 .
  • Amić , D. and Lučić , B. 2010 . Reliability of bond dissociation enthalpy calculated by the PM6 method and experimental TEAC values in antiradical QSAR of flavonoids . Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 18 : 28 – 35 .
  • Auvichayapat , P. , Prapochanung , M. , Tunkamnerdthai , O. , Sripanidkulchai , B. O. , Auvichayapat , N. , Thinkhamrop , B. , Kunhasura , S. , Wongpratoom , S. , Sinawat , S. and Hongprapas , P. 2008 . Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial . Physiol. Behav. , 93 : 486 – 91 .
  • Bai , H. W. , Shim , J. Y. , Yu , J. and Zhu , B. T. 2007 . Biochemical and molecular modeling studies of the O-methylation of various endogenous and exogenous catechol substrates catalyzed by recombinant human soluble and membrane-bound catechol-O-methyltransferases . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 20 : 1409 – 1425 .
  • Balentine , D. A. , Wiseman , S. A. and Bouwens , L. C. M. 1997 . The chemistry of tea flavonoids . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 37 ( 8 ) : 693 – 704 .
  • Baoru , Y. , Teemu , H. , Olli , R. , Keith , P. and Heikki , K. 2009 . Flavonol glycosides in wild and cultivated berries of three major subspecies of Hippophaë rhamnoides and changes during harvesting period . Food Chem. , 115 : 657 – 664 .
  • Boris , K. , Nir , G. , Amos , D. and Korczyn , H. 2009 . “ Smoking and tea consumption delay onset of Parkinson's disease ” . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 15. 41–46 (E). 061
  • Bursill , C. A. , Abbey , M. and Roach , P. D. 2007 . A green tea extract lowers plasma cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and upregulating the LDL receptor in the cholesterol-fed rabbit . Atherosclerosis. , 193 : 83
  • Cabrera , C. , Giménez , R. and López , M. C. 2003 . Determination of tea components with antioxidant activity . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 4427 – 4435 .
  • Cao , G. , Sofic , E. and Prior , R. 1996 . Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables . J. Agri. Food Chem. , 44 : 3426 – 3431 .
  • Cavia , S. M. , Busto , M. D. , Pilar-Izquierdo , M. C. , Ortega , N. , Perez-Mateos , M. and Muñiz , P. 2010 . Antioxidant properties, radical scavenging activity and biomolecule protection capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin: A comparative study . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 90 : 1238 – 1244 .
  • Chlebda , E. , Magdalan , J. , Merwid-Ląd , A. , Trocha , M. and Kopacz , M. 2010 . Influence of watersoluble flavonoids, quercetin-5′-sulfonic acid sodium salt and morin-5′-sulfonic acid sodium salt, on antioxidant parameters in the sub acute cadmium intoxication mouse model . Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. , 62 : 105 – 108 .
  • Chow , H. H. , Hakim , I. A. , Vining , D. R. , Crowell , J. A. , Tome , M. E. , Ranger-Moore , J. , Cordova , C. A. , Mikhael , D. M. , Briehl , M. M. and Alberts , D. S. 2007 . Modulation of human glutathione s-transferases by polyphenone intervention . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 16 : 1662 – 1666 .
  • Cirico , T. L. and Omaye , S. T. 2006 . Additive or synergetic effects of phenolic compounds on human low density lipoprotein oxidation . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 44 : 510 – 516 .
  • Das , S. A. , Mukherjee , M. , Das , D. and Mitra , C. 2009 . Protective action of aqueous black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (BTE) against ovariectomy-induced oxidativestress of mononuclear cells and its associated progression of bone loss . Phytother. Res. , 23 ( 9 ) : 1287 – 1294 .
  • De Mejia , E. G. , Ramirez-Mares , M. V. and Puangpraphant , S. 2009 . Bioactive components of tea: Cancer, inflammation and behavior . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. , 23 : 721 – 731 .
  • Di , W. , Ying , Z. , Xiao , L. , Shuang , W. , Rong , X. , Wei , B. , Wei , Y. , Hong , Y. , Ping , Y. and Liegang , L. 2011 . Pu-erh black tea supplementation decreases quinocetone-induced ROS generation and oxidative DNA damage in Balb/c mice . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 49 : 477 – 484 .
  • Dimpfel , W. , Kler , A. , Kriesl , E. and Lehnfeld , R. 2007 . Theogallin and L-theanine as active ingredients in decaffeinated green tea extract: II. Characterization in the freely moving rat by means of quantitative field potential analysis . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 59 : 1397 – 1403 .
  • Duffy , S. J. , Keaney , J. F. Jr. , Holbrook , M. , Gokce , N. , Swerdloff , P. L. , Frei , B. and Vita , J. A. 2001 . Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease . Circulation. , 104 : 151 – 156 .
  • Dufresne , C. J. and Farnworth , E. R. 2001 . A review of latest research findings on the health promotion properties of tea . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 12 : 404 – 412 .
  • Erba , D. , Riso , P. , Foti , P. , Frigerio , F. , Criscuoli , F. and Testolin , G. 2003 . Black tea extract supplementation decreases oxidative damage in Jurkat T cells . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 416 : 196 – 201 .
  • Feng , Q. , Torii , Y. , Uchida , K. , Nakamura , Y. , Hara , Y. and Osawa , T. 2002 . Black tea polyphenols, theaflavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell cultures . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 213 – 220 .
  • Flint , B. M. and Balz , F. 1999 . Black tea increases the resistance of human plasma to lipid peroxidation in vitro, but not ex vivo . Antonio Cherubini Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 27 ( 3/4 ) : 381 – 387 .
  • Gardner , E. J. , Ruxton , C. H. and Leeds , A. R. 2007 . Black tea–helpful or harmful? A review of the evidence . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 61 : 3 – 18 .
  • Gupta , J. , Siddique , Y. H. , Beg , T. , Ara , G. and Afzal , M. 2009 . Protective role of green tea extract against genotoxic damage induced by anabolic steroids in cultured human lymphocytes . Biol. Med. , 1 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
  • Hakim , I. A. , Harris , R. B. , Brown , S. , Chow , H. H. , Wiseman , S. , Agarwal , S. and Talbot , W. 2003 . Effect of increased tea consumption on oxidative DNA damage among smokers: A randomized controlled study . J. Nutr. , 133 : 3303S – 3309 .
  • Halliwell , B. 2007 . Dietary polyphenols: Good, bad, or indifferent for your health? . Cardiovasc. Res. , 73 : 341 – 347 .
  • Haslam , E. 2003 . Thoughts on thearubigins . Phytochemistry. , 64 : 61 – 73 .
  • Henning , S. M. , Niu , Y. , Lee , N. H. , Thames , G. D. , Minutti , R. R. , Wang , H. , Go , V. L. and Heber , D. 2004 . Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of tea flavanols after consumption of green tea, black tea, or a green tea extract supplement . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 ( 6 ) : 1558 – 1564 .
  • Henning , S. M. , Wang , P. and Heber , D. 2011 . Chemopreventive effects of tea in prostate cancer: Green tea versus black tea . Mol. Nutr. Food Res , 55 : 1 – 16 .
  • Hideyuki , S. , Shunsuke , I. , Nobukazu , M. and Hidehiko , K. 2002 . Enzymatic production of theanine, an “umami” component of tea, from glutamine and ethylamine with bacterial γ-glutamyl trans peptidase . Enzyme Microb. Tech. , 31 : 884 – 889 .
  • Hodgson , J. M. , Puddey , I. B. , Burke , V. , Watts , G. F. and Beilin , L. J. 2002 . Regular ingestion of black tea improves brachial artery vasodilator function . Clin. Sci (Lond.). , 102 : 195 – 201 .
  • Hodgson , J. M. , Puddey , I. B. and Croft , K. D. 2000 . Acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on lipoprotein oxidation . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 71 : 1103 – 1107 .
  • Hsu , A. , Bruno , R. S. , Löhr , C. V. , Taylor , A. W. , Dashwood , R. H. , Bray , T. M. and Ho , E. 2011 . Dietary soy and tea mitigate chronic inflammation and prostate cancer via NFkappaB pathway in the Noble rat model . J Nutr Biochem , 22 : 502 – 510 .
  • Huang , X. J. , Zhang , H. H. , Wang , X. , Huang , L. L. , Zhang , L. Y. , Yan , C. X. , Liu , Y. and Yuan , Z. H. 2010 . ROS mediated cytotoxicity of porcine adrenocortical cells induced by QdNOs derivatives in vitro . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 185 : 227 – 234 .
  • Imran , A. , Butt , M. S. and Sharif , M. K. 2012 . Phytochemical Density of Some Promising Commercial Tea Brands . International Journal of Food Properties , 15 ( 1 ) : 99 – 108 .
  • Inami , S. , Takano , M. , Yamamoto , M. , Murakami , D. , Tajika , K. , Yodogawa , K. , Yokoyama , S. , Ohno , N. , Ohba , T. , Sano , J. , Ibuki , C. , Seino , Y. and Mizuno , K. 2007 . Tea catechin consumption reduces circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein . Int. Heart J. , 48 : 725 – 732 .
  • Jayasekera , S. , Molan , A. L. , Garg , M. and Moughan , P. J. 2011 . Variation in antioxidant potential and total polyphenol content of fresh and fully-fermented Sri Lankan tea . Food Chem , 125 ( 2 ) : 536 – 541 .
  • Jovanavic , S. V. , Hara , Y. , Steenken , S. and Simic , M. G. 1997 . Antioxidant potential of gallocatechins. A pulse radiolysis and laser photolysis study . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 119 : 5337 – 5343 .
  • Ju , J. , Lu , G. , Lambert , J. D. and Yang , C. S. 2007 . Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea constituents . Semin. Cancer Biol. , 17 : 395 – 402 .
  • Katiyar , S. K. 2010 . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , Corrected Proof, Available online In Press
  • Kaur , S. , Greaves , P. , Cooke , D. N. , Edwards , R. , Steward , W. P. , Gescher , A. J. and Marczylo , T. H. 2007 . Breast cancer prevention by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins in theC3(1) SV40 T,t antigen transgenic mouse model is accompanied by increased apoptosis and a decrease in oxidative DNA adducts . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 3378 – 3385 .
  • Kaviarasan , K. , Kalaiarasi , P. and Pugalendi , V. 2008 . Antioxidant efficacy of flavonoid-rich fraction from Spermacoce hispida in hyperlipidemic rats . J. Appl. Biomed. , 6 : 165 – 176 .
  • Kim , B. H. , Cho , S. M. , Reddy , A. M. , Kim , Y. S. , Min , K. R. and Kim , Y. 2005 . Down-regulatory effect of quercetrin gallate on nuclear factor kappaB-dependent inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7 . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 69 : 1577 – 1583 .
  • Kumar , N. , Shibata , D. , Helm , J. , Coppola , D. and Malafa , M. 2007 . Green tea polyphenols in the prevention of colon cancer . Front Biosci. , 12 : 2309 – 2315 .
  • Lachman , J. , Sulc , M. and Schilla , M. 2007 . Comparison of the total antioxidant status of Bohemian wines during the wine-making process . Food Chem. , 103 : 802 – 807 .
  • Lambert , J. D. , Sang , S. and Yang , C. S. 2007a . Biotransformation of green tea polyphenols and the biological activities of those metabolites . Mol. Pharm. , 4 : 819 – 825 .
  • Lambert , J. D. , Sang , S. M. and Yang , C. S. 2007b . Possible controversy over dietary polyphenols: Benefits vs risks . Chemical Research in Toxicology. , 20 : 583 – 585 .
  • Lambert , J. D. and Yang , C. S. 2003 . Cancer chemopreventive activity and bioavailability of tea and tea polyphenols . Mutat Res. , 523–524 : 201 – 208 .
  • Langley , S. C. 2000 . Consumption of black tea elicits an increase in plasma antioxidant potential in humans . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 51 : 309 – 315 .
  • Lee-Hilz , Y. Y. , Boerboom , A. M. , Westphal , A. H. , Berkel , W. J. , Aarts , J. M. and Rietjens , I. M. 2006 . Pro-oxidant activity of flavonoids induces EpRE-mediated gene expression . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 19 : 1499 – 1505 .
  • Leenen , R. , Roodenburg , A. J. , Tijburg , L. B. and Wiseman , S. A. 2000 . A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity inhumans . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 54 : 87 – 92 .
  • Letchoumy , P. V. , Mohan , K. V. , Stegeman , J. J. , Gelboin , H. V. , Hara , Y. and Nagini , S. 2008 . In vitro antioxidative potential of lactoferrin and black tea polyphenols and protective effects in vivo on carcinogen activation, DNA damage, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis during experimental oral carcinogenesis . Oncol. Res , 17 ( 5 ) : 193 – 203 .
  • Leung , L. K. , Su , Y. , Chen , R. , Zhang , Z. , Huang , Y. and Chen , Z. Y. 2001 . Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants . J. Nutr. , 131 : 2248 – 2251 .
  • Luczaj , W. and Skrzydlewska , E. 2005 . Antioxidative properties of black tea . Preventive Medicine , 40 : 910 – 918 .
  • Macedo , J. A. , Battestin , V. , Ribeiro , M. L. and Macedo , G. A. 2011 . Increasing the antioxidant power of tea extracts by biotransformation of polyphenol . Food Chemistry. , 126 : 491 – 497 .
  • Maeta , K. , Nomur , W. , Takashume , Y. , Izawa , S. and Inove , Y. 2007 . Green tea polyphenols function as prooxidants to active oxidative-stress-responsive transcription factors in yeasts . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 73 : 572 – 580 .
  • Maeta , K. , Nomura , W. , Takatsume , Y. , Izawa , S. and Inoue , Y. 2007 . Green tea polyphenols function as prooxidants to activate oxidative-stress-responsive transcription factors in yeasts . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 73 : 572 – 580 .
  • Maki , K. C. , Reeves , M. S. , Farmer , M. , Yasunaga , K. , Matsuo , N. , Katsuragi , Y. , Komikado , M. , Tokimitsu , I. , Wilder , D. , Jones , F. , Blumberg , J. B. and Cartwright , Y. 2009 . Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults . J. Nutr. , 139 : 264 – 270 .
  • Maron , D. J. , Lu , G. P. , Gai , N. S. , Wu , Z. G. , Li , Y. H. , Chen , H. , Zhu , J. Q. , Jin , X. J. , Wouters , B. C. and Zhao , J. 2003 . Cholesterol lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: A randomised controlled trial . Arch. Intern. Med. , 163 : 1448 – 1453 .
  • Martín , M. Á. , Serrano , A. B. G. , Ramos , S. , Pulido , M. I. , Bravo , L. and Goya , L. 2010 . Cocoa flavonoids up-regulate antioxidant enzyme activity via the ERK1/2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 21 : 196 – 205 .
  • Martins , F. , Suzan , A. J. , Cerutti , S. M. , Arçari , D. P. , Ribeiro , L. M. , Bastos , D. H. M. and Carvalho Pde , O. 2009 . Consumption of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver . Br.J. Nutr. , 101 : 527 – 532 .
  • Mazzanti , G. , Menniti-Ippolito , F. , Moro , P. A. , Cassetti , F. , Raschetti , R. , Santuccio , C. and Mastrangelo , S. 2009 . Hepatotoxicity from green tea: A review of the literature and two unpublished cases . Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , 65 : 331 – 341 .
  • Mei , X. , Lin , D. H. , Xu , Y. , Wu , Y. Y. and Tu , Y. Y. 2009 . Effects of phenanthrene on chemical composition and enzyme activity in fresh tea leaves . Food Chem. , 115 ( 2 ) : 569 573
  • Mei , X. , Wu , Y.-Y. , Mao , X. and Tu , Y.-Y. 2011 . Antagonism of phenanthrene cytotoxicity for human embryo lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I by green tea polyphenol . Environ. Pollut. , 159 : 164 – 168 .
  • Meng , J. , Ren , B. , Xu , Y. , Kamendulis , L. M. , Dum , N. and Klaunig , J. E. 2001 . Reduction of oxidative DNA damage (comet assay) in white bloodcells by black tea consumption in smokers and non-smokers . Toxicol. Sci. , 60 : 411 – 412 .
  • Miranda , D. D. C. , Arçari , D. P. , Pedrazzoli , J Jr. , Carvalho , P. O. , Cerutti , S. M. , Bastos , D. H. M. and Ribeiro , M. L. 2008 . Protective effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on H2O2- induced DNA damage and DNA repair in mice . Mutagenesis. , 23 : 261 – 265 .
  • Mladěnka , P. , Zatloukalová , L. , Filipský , T. and Hrdina , R. 2010 . Cardiovascular effects of flavonoids are not caused only by direct antioxidant activity . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 15 : 963 – 975 .
  • Montserrat , D. , Ana , G.-P. and Celestino , S.-B. 2010 . Method and experimental TEAC values in antiradical QSAR of flavonoids . Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 18 : 28 – 35 .
  • Mukai , K. , Mitani , O. K. and Nagaoka , S. I. 2005 . Structure-activity relationship of tocopherol regeneration reaction by catechin . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 38 : 1243 – 1256 .
  • Mukhtar , H. and Ahmad , N. 2000 . Tea polyphenols: Prevention of cancer and optimizing health . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 71 : 1698S – 1702S . (review)
  • Murugan , R. S. , Vinothini , G. , Hara , Y. and Nagini , S. 2009 . Black tea polyphenols target matrix metalloproteinases, RECK, proangiogenic molecules and histone deacetylase in a rat hepatocarcinogenesis model . Anticancer Res. , 29 ( 6 ) : 2301 – 2305 .
  • Nagao , T. , Meguro , S. , Hase , T. , Otsuka , K. , Komikado , M. , Tokimitsu , I. , Yamamoto , T. and Yamamoto , K. A. 2009 . Catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes . Obesity (Silver Spring). , 17 : 310 – 317 .
  • Noelia , C. -M. A. , Sergio , G.-A. , Esteban , G.-R. and Isidro , H.-G. 2010 . Flavonol profiles of Vitis vinifera white grape cultivars . J. Food Comp. Anal. , 23 : 699 – 705 .
  • Nurk , E. , Refsum , H. , Drevon , C. A. , Tell , G. S. , Nygaard , H. A. , Engedal , K. and Smith , A. D. 2009 . Intake of flavonoid-rich wine, tea, and chocolate by elderly men and women is associated with better cognitive test performance . J. Nutr. , 139 ( 1 ) : 120 – 127 .
  • Ou , B. , Huang , D. , Hampsch-Woodill , M. , Flanagan , J. A. and Deemer , E. K. 2002 . Analysis of antioxidant activities of common vegetables employing oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: A comparative study . J. Agricult. Food Chem. , 50 : 3122 – 3128 .
  • Palva , S. and Palva , J. M. 2007 . New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations . Trends Neurosci. , 30 : 150 – 158 .
  • Patel , R. , Garg , R. , Erande , S. and Maru , G. B. 2007 . Chemopreventive herbal anti-oxidants: Current status and future perspectives . J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. , 40 : 82 – 91 .
  • Patel , R. and Maru , G. 2008 . Polymeric black tea polyphenols induce phase II enzymes via Nrf2 in mouse liver and lungs . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 44 : 1897 – 1911 .
  • Phung , O. J. , Baker , W. L. , Matthews , L. J. , Lanosa , M. , Thorne , A. and Coleman , C I. 2010 . Effect of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 91 : 73 – 81 .
  • Platt , K. L. , Aderhold , S. , Kulpe , K. and Fickler , M. 2008 . Unexpected DNA damage caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under standard laboratory conditions . Mutat. Res. , 650 ( 2 ) : 96 – 103 .
  • Popkin , B. M. 2010 . Recent dynamics suggest selected countries catching up to US obesity . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 91 : 1284S – 1288S .
  • Procházková , D. , Boušová , I. and Wilhelmová , N. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids D . Fitoterapia , 82 ( 4 ) 513 – 523 . (2011)
  • Rains , T. M. , Agarwal , S. and Maki , K. C. 2011 . Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: A mechanistic review . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 22 : 1 – 7 .
  • Rietveld , A. and Wiseman , S. 2003 . Antioxidant effects of tea: Evidence from human clinical trials . J. Nutr. , 133 : 3285S – 3292S .
  • Ross , S. , Ziska , D. S. , Zhao , K. and ElSohly , M. A. 2000 . Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice . Fitoterapia. , 71 : 154
  • Roy , M. K. , Koide , M. , Rao , T. P. , Okubo , T. , Ogasawara , W. and Juneja , L. R. 2010 . ORAC and DPPH assay comparison to assess antioxidant capacity of tea infusions: Relationship between total polyphenol and individual catechins content . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 61 : 109 – 124 .
  • Schneider , C. and Segre , T. 2009 . Green tea: Potential health benefits . Am. Fam Physician. , 79 : 591 – 594 .
  • Sharangi , A. B. 2009 . Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)—a review . Food Res. Int. , 42 : 529 – 535 .
  • Shen , J. , Yang , C. , Wu , C. , Feng , P. , Wang , Z. , Li , Y. , Li , Y. and Zhang , S. 2010 . Identification of the major metabolites of quinocetone in swine urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , 24 : 375 – 383 .
  • Shiraki , M. , Hara , Y. , Osawa , T. , Kumon , H. , Nakayama , T. and Kawakishi , S. 1994 . Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of theaflavins from black tea . Mutat. Res. , 323 : 29 – 34 .
  • Siddiqui , I. A. , Raisuddin , S. and Shukla , Y. 2005 . Protective effects of black tea extract on testosterone induced oxidative damage in prostate . Cancer Let. , 227 : 125 – 132 .
  • Sinisalo , M. , Enkovaara , A.-L. and Kivisto , K. T. 2010 . Possible hepatotoxic effect of rooibos tea: A case report . Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , 66 : 427 – 428 .
  • Smith , G. , Thomsen , S. J. , Markham , K. R. , Andary , C. and Cardon , D. 2000 . The photostabilities of naturally occurring 5-hydroxyflavones, flavonols, their glycosides and their aluminium complexes . J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. , 136 : 87
  • Sugiyama , T. and Sadzuka , Y. 2003 . Theanine and glutamate transporter inhibitors enhance the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 1653 : 47 – 59 .
  • Sun , C. , Fu , J. , Chen , J. , Jiang , L. and Pan , Y. 2010 . On-line HPLC method for screening of antioxidants against superoxide anion radical from complex mixtures . J. Sep. Sci. , 33 : 1018 – 1023 .
  • Suzuki , H. and Kumagaya , H. 2001 . c-Glutamyltranspeptridase . Protein, Nucleic Acid and Enzyme. , 46 : 1842 – 1848 .
  • Takayama , T. , Nakajima , T. , Ohi , M. , Miyanishi , K. , Nobuoka , A. , Hayashi , T. , Henderson , C. J. , Wolf , R. C. and Niitsu , Y. 2001 . GST-pi as a cytoprotecting factor in colon carcinogenesis . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 42 : 2983
  • Thielecke , F. and Boschmann , M. 2009 . The potential role of green tea catechins in the prevention of the metabolic syndrome—a review . Phytochemistry. , 70 : 11 – 24 .
  • Turkmen , N. , Sari , F. and Velioglu , Y. S. 2006 . Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin–Ciocalteu methods . Food Chem , 99 : 835 – 841 .
  • Van der Pijla , P. , Chenb , L. and Muldera , T. P. J. 2010 . Human disposition of L-theanine in tea or aqueous solution . J. Funct. Foods. , 2 : 239 – 244 .
  • Van het Hof , K. H. , de Boer , H. S. , Wiseman , S. A. , Lien , N. , Westrate , J. A. and Tijburg , L. B. 1997 . Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 66 : 1125 – 1132 .
  • von Staszewski , M. , Pilosof , A. M. R. and Jagus , R. J. 2010 . Antioxidant and antimicrobial performance of different Argentinean green tea Food varieties as affected by whey proteins . Anticancer Res. , 29 ( 6 ) : 2301 – 2305 .
  • Wang , D. , Xiao , R. , Hu , X. , Xu , K. , Hou , Y. , Zhong , Y. , Meng , J. , Fan , B. and Liu , L. 2010 . Comparative safety evaluation of Chinese Pu-erh green tea extract and Pu-erh black tea extract in Wistar rats . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 : 1350 – 1358 .
  • Wang , H. and Helliwell , K. 2001 . Determination of flavonols in green and black tea leaves and green tea infusions by high-performance liquid chromatography . Food Res. Int. , 34 : 223 – 227 .
  • Warden , B. A. , Smith , L. S. , Beecher , G. R. , Balentine , D. A. and Clevidence , B. A. 2001 . Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day . J. Nutr. , 131 : 1731 – 1737 .
  • Widlansky , M. E. , Duffy , S. J. , Hamburg , N. M. , Gokce , N. , Warden , B. A. , Wiseman , S. , Keaney , J. F. Jr , Frei , B. and Vita , J. A. 2005 . Effects of black tea consumption on plasma catechins and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 38 : 499 – 506 .
  • Xianglin , S. , Ye , J. Leonard , S. 2000 . Antioxidant properties of (_)epicatechin-3-gallate and its inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage and Cr(IV)- or TPA-stimulated NF-nB activation . Mol. Cell Biochem. , 206 : 125 – 132 .
  • Yang , C. S. , Wang , X. , Lu , G. and Picinich , S. C. 2009 . Cancer prevention by tea: Animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance . Nat. Rev. Cancer. , 9 ( 6 ) : 429 – 439 .
  • Young , I. S. and Woodside , J. V. 2001 . Antioxidants in health and disease . J. Clin. Pathol. , 54 : 176 – 186 .
  • Ziyin , Y. , Youying , Tu , Susanne , B. , Fang , D. , Yi , Xuc. and Naoharu , W. 2009 . Isolation and identification of compounds from the ethanolic extract of flowers of the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 42 : 1439 – 1443 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.