Physicochemical Characteristics, Functional Properties, and Nutritional Benefits of Peanut Oil: A Review

REFERENCES

• Abbasi , M. A. , Riaz , T. , Khan , F. M. , Aziz-Ur-Rehman , Shahwar , D. , Ahmad , N. , Shahzadi , T. , Ajaib , M. and Ahmad , V. U. 2009 . Chemical composition of volatile fraction of Pakistani peanut and its antiradical activities . J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan. , 31 : 955 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , E. M. and Young , C. T. 1982 . “ Composition, quality, and flavor of peanuts ” . In Peanut Science and Technology , Edited by: Pattee , H. E. and Young , C. T. 655 – 688 . Yoakum , TX : American Peanut Research and Education Society .
   Google Scholar
• Ali , D. O. M. A. , Abdel Halim , R. A. and Babiker , E. M. 2011 . Improvement of the frying quality and storage stability of the Sudanese groundnut oil . Pak. J. Nutr. , 10 : 156 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , P. C. and Gorbet , D. W. 2002 . Influence of year and planting date on fatty acid chemistry of high oleic acid and normal peanut genotypes . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 1298 – 1305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APC . 2011 . Peanut value added products Available from http://www.peanutsusa.com/MainMenu/About-Peanuts/Peanut-History/Value-Added-Products.html. Accessed October 20, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Awad , A. B. , Chan , K. C. , Downie , A. C. and Fink , C. S. 2000 . Peanuts as a source of b-sitosterol, a sterol with anticancer properties . Nutr. Cancer. , 36 : 238 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad , A. B. , Chinnam , M. , Fink , C. S. and Bradford , P. G. 2007 . Beta-sitosterol activates Fas signaling in human breast cancer cells . Phytomedicine , 14 : 747 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad , A. B. , Fink , C. S. , Williams , H. and Kim , U. 2001 . In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice) effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 10 : 507 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres , J. L. 1983 . Peanut oil . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 60 : 357 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare-Rogers , J. , Dieffenbacher , A. and Holm , J. V. 2001 . Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report) . Pure App. Chem. , 73 : 685 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertioli , D. J. , Seijo , G. , Freitas , F. O. , Valls , J. F. M. , Leal-Bertioli , S. C. M. and Moretzsohn , M. C. 2011 . An overview of peanut and its wild relatives: Characterization and utilization . Plant Genetic Res. , 9 : 134 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishayee , A. , Politis , T. and Darvesh , A. S. 2010 . Resveratrol in the chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma . Cancer Treat Rev. , 36 : 43 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. F. , Cater , C. M. , Mattil , K. F. and Darroch , J. G. 1975 . Effect of variety, growing location and their interaction on the fatty acid composition of peanuts . J. Food Sci. , 40 : 1055 – 1060 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , A. W. 2008 . Peanut allergy . Lancet , 371 : 1538 – 1564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrín , M. E. and Carelli , A. A. 2010 . Peanut oil: Compositional data . Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. , 112 : 697 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casini , C. , Dardanelli , J. L. , Martínez , M. J. , Balzarini , M. , Borgogno , C. S. and Nassetta , M. 2003 . Oil quality and sugar content of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) grown in Argentina. Their relationship with climatic variables and seed yield . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 6309 – 6313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casini , C. , Martínez , M. J. , Silva , M. and Manzur , M. 2005 . Caracterización de la calidad del maní argentino: hacia su denominación de origen . Aceites Grasas , 59 : 330 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• CEC and WHO . 2005 . “ Codex standard for named vegetable oils ” . In Codex Alimentarius , Rome , , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , J. C. , Lai , Y. H. , Djoko , B. , Wu , P. L. , Liu , C. D. , Liu , Y. W. and Chiou , R. Y. 2006 . Biosynthesis enhancement and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and isopentadienylresveratrol . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 10281 – 10287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. , Zhou , Y. , Mueller-Steiner , S. , Chen , L. F. , Kwon , H. , Yi , S. , Mucke , L. and Gan , L. 2005 . SIRT1 protects against microglia-dependent amyloid-b toxicity through inhibiting NF-kB signaling . J. Biol. Chem. , 280 : 40363 – 40374 .
   Google Scholar
• Cobb , W. Y. and Johnson , B. R. 1973 . Peanuts: Culture and Uses , 209– Am Peanut Res Educ Assoc, Stillwater, OK . Physicochemical properties of peanuts. In 210
   Google Scholar
• Cobb , W. Y. and Johnson , B. R. 1972 . Peanut—Culture and Uses , 210 Stillwater , , OK : American Peanut Research and Education Association .
   Google Scholar
• Djoko , B. , Robin , Y. Y. C. , Shee , J. J. and Liu , Y. W. 2007 . Characterization of immunological activities of peanut stilbenoids, arachidin-1, piceatannol, and resveratrol on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation of RAW 264.7 macrophages . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 2376 – 2383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorschel , C. 2002 . Characterization of the TAG of peanut oil by electrospray LC-MS-MS . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 79 : 749 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois , V. , Breton , S. , Linder , M. , Fanni , J. and Parmentier , M. 2007 . Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential . Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. , 109 : 710 – 732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emekli-Alturfan , E. , Kasikci , E. and Yarat , A. 2007 . Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) consumption improves glutathione and HDL-cholesterol levels in experimental diabetes . Phytother. Res. , 22 : 180 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO . 2011 . “ FAO-STAT Data Base ” . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . http://faostat.fao.org/ Accessed October 10, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Fedeli , E. , Capella , P. , Cirimele , M. and Jacini , G. 1966 . Isolation of geranylgeraniol from the unsaponifiable fraction of linseed oil . J. Lipid Res. , 7 : 437 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francisco , M. L. and Resurreccion , A. V. 2008 . Functional components in peanuts . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 48 : 715 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , G. E. and Shavlik , D. J. 1997 . Risk factors for all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in the oldest-old. The Adventist Health Study . Arch. Intern. Med. , 157 : 2249 – 2258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frega , N. , Bocci , F. and Lercker , G. 1993 . High-resolution gas-chromatographic determination of diacylglycerols in common vegetable oils . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 70 : 175 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvez , F. C. F. , Aquino , M. B. , Villarino , B. J. , Francisco , M. L. L. , Lustre , A. O. and Resurreccion , A. V. A. 2006 . “ Development and optimization of choco-peanut spread ” . In Peanut Butter and Spreads , Edited by: Lustre , A. O. , Francisco , M. L. L. , Palomar , L. S. and Resurreccion , A. V. A. Tbilisi , , Georgia : United States Agency for International Development .
   Google Scholar
• Ghadimi , N. M. , Kimiagar , M. , Abadi , A. , Mirzazadeh , M. and Harrison , G. 2010 . Peanut consumption and cardiovascular risk . Public Health Nutr , 13 : 1581 – 1586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrum , J. W. and Kilgo , M. B. 1982 . Peanut oil. Solubility and kinetic functions . Trans. ASAE. , 30 : 1865 – 1868 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodrum , J. W. and Law , S. E. 1982 . Rheological properties of peanut oil-diesel fuel blends . Trans. ASAE , 25 : 897 – 900 .
   Google Scholar
• Grosso , N. R. , Zygadlo , J. A. , Lamarque , A. L. , Maestri , D. M. and Guzman , C. A. 1997 . Proximate, fatty acid and sterol compositions of aboriginal peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) seeds from Bolivia . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 73 : 349 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunstone , F. D. 2002 . Vegetable Oil in Food Technology Composition, Properties and Uses , Oxford , , UK : Willey-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Gunstone , F. D. 2011 . Vegetable Oil in Food Technology Composition, Properties and Uses , Oxford , , UK : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , J. D. , Hoffpauir , C. L. and Stansbury , M. F. 1949 . Survey of the chemical composition of cotton fibers, cottonseed, peanuts, and sweet potatoes; A literature review, USDA . Bur. Agr. Industr. Chem., Mimeo Circ. , : 10–24 AIC-61 (Rev.),
   Google Scholar
• Hashim , I. B. , Koehler , P. B. and Eitenmiller , R. R. 1993 . Tocopheroles in runner and virginia cultivars at various maturity stages . J. Am. Oils Chem. Soc. , 70 : 633 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haumann , B. F. 1998 . Peanuts find niche in healthy diet . INFORM , 9 : 746 – 752 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinds , M. J. 1995 . Fatty acid composition of Caribbean-grown peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) at three maturity stages . Food Chem , 53 : 7 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , G. 1989 . The Chemistry and Technology of Edible Oils and Fats and Their High Fat Products , San Diego , CA : Academic Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , F. B. , Stampfer , M. J. , Manson , J. E. , Rimm , E. B. , Colditz , G. A. , Rosner , B. A. , Speizer , F. E. , Hennekens , C. H. and Willett , W. C. 1998 . Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Prospective cohort study . Br. Med. J. , 317 : 1341 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang , J. Y. , Wang , Y. T. , Shyu , Y. and Wu , J. S. 2008 . Antimutagenic and antiproliferative effects of roasted and defatted peanut dregs on human leukemic U937 and HL-60 cells . Phytotherapy Res , 22 : 286 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , M. B. 1973 . The Chemical Analysis of Foods and Food Products, 3rd ed. , Edited by: Robert , E. New York : Krieger Publishing Co. . The chemical analysis of foods and food products
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , L. H. , Hua , D. , Wang , Z. and Xu , S. Y. 2010 . Aqueous enzymatic extraction of peanut oil and protein hydrolysates . Food Bioprod. Process. , 88 : 233 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , R. , Manson , J. E. , Stampfer , M. J. , Liu , S. , Willett , W. C. and Hu , F. B. 2002 . Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 288 : 2554 – 2560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonnala , R. S. , Dunford , N. T. and Dashield , K. E. 2006 . Tocopherol, phytosterol and phospholipid compositions of new high oleic peanut cultivars . J. Food Comp. Anal. , 19 : 601 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , L. , Heng , W. , Yuan , A. , Baolin , L. and Fang , H. 2010 . Resveratrol modulates adipokine expression and improves insulin sensitivity in adipocytes: Relative to inhibition of inflammatory responses . Biochimie , 92 : 789 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton , P. M. , Zhao , G. , Binkoski , A. E. , Coval , S. M. and Etherton , T. D. 2001 . The effect of nuts on coronary heart disease risk . Nutr. Rev. , 59 : 103 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy , R. G. and White , V. C. 1996 . “ Bailey's cooking oils, salad oils and oil-based dressings ” . In Industrial Oil and Fat Products , Edited by: Hui , Y. H. 193 – 223 . New York , , USA : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Vesselinovitch , D. and Wissler , R. W. 1973 . Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis.13 Randomized peanut oil . Atherosclerosis , 17 : 225 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzani , A. , Petrini , N. C. , Cozzoli , O. , Gallavresi , C. , Carola , C. and Jacini , G. 1975 . On use of enzymes for vegetable oil extraction, a preliminary report . Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasses. , 21 : 226 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , T. Y. , Brennan , A. M. , Wedick , N. M. , Mantzoros , C. , Rifai , N. and Hu , F. B. 2009 . Regular consumption of nuts is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes . J Nutr , 139 : 1333 – 1338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima , I. M. , Guraya , H. S. and Champagne , E. T. 2000 . Improved peanut flour for a reduced-fat peanut butter product . J. Food Sci. , 65 : 854 – 861 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes , R. M. , Agostini-Costa , T.d. S. , Gimenes , M. A. and Silveira , D. 2011 . Chemical composition and biological activities of Arachis species . J. Agri. Food Chem. , 59 : 4321 – 4320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , X. , Ma , L. , Ruan , L. , Kong , Y. , Mou , H. , Zhang , Z. , Wang , Z. , Wang , J. M. and Le , Y. 2010 . Resveratrol differentially modulates inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes . J. Neuroinflammation. , 7 : 46 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganaro , F. , Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. and Kritchevsky , D. 1981 . Acylglycerol structure of genetic varieties of peanut oils of varying atherogenic potential . Lipids , 16 : 508 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matricardi , M. , Hesketh , R. and Farrell , S. 2002 . Technical Note-20. Supercritical Fluid , Newark , DE : Technologies, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• McMichael , C. E. and Bailey , A. E. 1951 . Edible Fats and Oils. In The Chemistry and Technology of Food and Food Products, Ed. M. B. Jacobs, Interscience, NY, pp . : 1134 – 1161 .
   Google Scholar
• McKiernan , F. , Lokko , P. , Kuevi , A. , Sales , R. L. , Costa , N. M. , Bressan , J. , Alfenas , R. C. and Mattes , R. D. 2010 . Effects of peanut processing on body weight and fasting plasma lipids . Br. J. Nutr. , 11 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Misuna , S. , Swatsitang , P. and Jogloy , S. 2008 . Fatty acids content and antioxidant capacity of peanut . KKU Sci. J. , 36 : 64 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. C. , Evans , D. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Scherr , P. A. , Tangney , C. C. , Hebert , L. E. , Bennett , D. A. , Wilson , R. S. and Aggarwal , N. 2004 . Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. , 75 : 1093 – 1099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M. C. , Evans , D. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Tangney , C. C. , Bennett , D. A. , Aggarwal , N. , Wilson , R. S. and Scherr , P. A. 2002 . Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 287 : 3230 – 3237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau , R. A. , Johnston , D. B. , Powell , M. J. and Hicks , K. B. 2004 . A comparison of commercial enzymes for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn oil from corn germ . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 81 : 1071 – 1075 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettleton , J. A. , Steffen , L. M. , Mayer-Davis , E. J. , Jenny , N. S. , Jiang , R. , Herrington , D. M. and Jacobs , D. J. 2006 . Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 83 : 1369 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özcan , M. M. 2010 . Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) . J. Oleo Sci. , 59 : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özcan , M. and Seven , S. 2003 . Physical and chemical analysis and fatty acid composition of peanut, peanut oil and peanut butter from ÇOM and NC-7 cultivars . Grasas y Aceites , 54 : 12 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien , R. D. 2004 . Fats and Oils. Formulating and Processing for Applications , Boca Raton, FL , , USA : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olas , B. and Wachowicz , B. 2005 . Resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant with effects on blood platelet functions . Platelets , 16 : 251 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padley , F. B. , Gunstone , F. D. and Harwood , J. L. 1994 . “ Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats ” . In The Lipid Handbook , Edited by: Gunstone , F. D. , Harwood , J. L. and Padley , F. B. 47 – 223 . London , , UK : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Peanut Institute . 2011 . Types of Peanut oil Available from http://www.peanut-institute.org/health-and-nutrition./ Accessed October 20, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Rhee , K. C. , Cater , C. M. and Mattil , K. F. 1972 . Simultaneous recovery of protein and oil from raw peanuts in an aqueous system . J. Food Sci. , 37 : 90 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendahl , A. , Pyle , D. L. and Niranjan , K. 1996 . Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction . Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 19 : 402 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabate , J. 2003 . Nut consumption and body weight . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : 647S – 650S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales , R. L. , Coelho , S. B. , Costa , N. M. B. , Bressan , J. , Iyer , S. , Boateng , L. A. , Lokko , P. and Mattes , R. D. 2008 . The effects of peanut oil on lipid profile of normolipidemic adults: A three-country collaborative study . J. Appl. Res. , 8 : 216 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , T. H. 1980 . Effects of variety and maturity on lipid class composition of peanut oil . J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. , 57 : 8 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , T. H. 2001 . Individual oils: Peanut oil. Wilson, R. F. (Ed). Proceedings of the sorld conference on oilseed processing and utilization. American Oil Chemist's Society Press, Champaign., IL., pp. . : 141 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , T. H. 2002 . “ Groundnut (peanut) oil ” . In Vegetable Oils in Food Technology Composition, Properties, and Uses , Edited by: Gunstone , F. D. 231 – 243 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , T. H. , Vercellotti , J. R. , Crippen , K. L. , Hinsch , R. T. , Rasmussen , G. K. and Edwards , J. H. 1992 . Quality factors in exported peanuts from Argentina, China and the United States . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 69 : 1032 – 1035 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sempore , G. and Bezard , J. 1986 . Qualitative and quantitative analysis of peanut oil triacylglycerols by reversed-phase liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 366 : 261 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Khare , S. K. and Gupta , M. N. 2002 . Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of peanut oil . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 79 : 215 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , E. C. , Huang , Y. Z. , Pegg , R. B. , Phillips , R. D. and Eitenmiller , R. R. 2009 . Commercial runner peanut cultivars in the United States: Tocopherol composition . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 57 : 10289 – 10295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , U. P. , Singh , N. P. , Singh , B. , Hofseth , L. J. , Price , R. L. , Nagarkatti , M. and Nagarkatti , P. S. 2010 . Resveratrol (trans-3,5,40- trihydroxystilbene) induces silent mating type information regulation- 1 and down-regulates nuclear transcription factor-κB activation to abrogate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , : 829 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton , J. A. and Stikeleather , L. F. 1995 . High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of peanut phospholipids. II. Effect of postharvest stress on phospholipid composition . Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 72 : 485 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobolev , V. S. and Cole , R. J. 1999 . trans-Resveratrol content in commercial peanuts and peanut products . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 47 : 1435 – 1439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soytech . 2011 . “ Peanut facts and industrial overview ” . Available from www.soytech.com/peanut_facts.htm. Accessed October 2, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Stephens , A. M. , Dean , L. L. , Davis , J. P. , Osborne , J. A. and Sanders , T. H. 2010 . Peanuts, peanut oil, and fat free peanut flour reduced cardiovascular disease risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis in Syrian golden hamsters . J. Food Sci. , 75 : 116 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talcott , S. T. , Passeretti , S. , Duncan , C. E. and Gorbet , D. W. 2005 . Polyphenolic content and sensory properties of normal and high oleic acid peanuts . Food Chem , 90 : 379 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuberoso , C. I. G. , Kowalczyk , A. , Sarritzu , E. and Cabras , P. 2007 . Determination of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity in commercial oilseeds for food use . Food Chem , 103 : 1494 – 1501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassiliou , E. K. , Gonzalez , A. , Garcia , C. , Tadros , J. H. , Chakraborty , G. and Toney , J. H. 2009 . Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-a in both in vitro and in vivo systems . Lipids Health Dis , 26 : 25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , K. H. , Lai , Y. H. , Chang , J. C. , Ko , T. F. , Shyu , S. L. and Chiou , R. Y. 2005 . Germination of peanut kernels to enhance resveratrol biosynthesis and prepare sprouts as a functional vegetable . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 242 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng , Y.-L. , Liao , H. F. , Li , A. F. Y. , Chang , J. C. and Chiou , R. Y. Y. 2010 . Oral administration of resveratrol in suppression of pulmonary metastasis of BALB/c mice challenged with CT26 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 54 : 259 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Win , M. M. , Abdul-Hamid , A. , Baharin , B. S. , Anwar , F. and Saari , N. 2011a . Effects of roasting on phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) kernal flour . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 233 : 599 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Win , M. M. , Abdul-Hamid , Z. A. , Baharin , B. S. , Anwar , F. , Sabu , M. C. and Pak-Dek , M. S. 2011b . Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of peanuts skin, hull, raw kernel and roasted kernel flour . Pak. J. Bot. , 43 : 1635 – 1642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodroof , J. F. 1983 . Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products , Westport , CT : Avi Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , R. E. , Hammons , R. O. and Allison , J. R. 1972 . Varietal differences and seasonal effects on fatty acid composition and stability of oil from 82 peanut genotypes . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 20 : 727 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wretensjo , I. 2004 . Characterisation of Borage Oil by GC-MS , Stockholm , , Sweden : Stockholm University .
   Google Scholar
• Yeh , C. C. , You , S. L. , Chen , C. J. and Sung , F. C. 2006 . Peanut consumption and reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women: A prospective study in Taiwan . World J. Gastroenterol. , 12 : 222 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , T. 1996 . “ Peanut oil ” . In Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products , Edited by: Hui , Y. H. 377 – 392 . New York , , USA : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler , G. R. and Liaw , Y.-J. 1993 . Deodorization and deacidification of edible oils with dense carbon dioxide . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. , 70 : 947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. B. , Lu , Q. Y. , Yang , H. , Li , Yu. and Wang , S. 2011 . Aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil and protein hydrolysates from roasted peanut seeds . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 88 : 727 – 732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar