52,772
Views
125
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all

REFERENCES

  • Adams, J. M., Pratipanawatr, T., Berria, R., Wang, E., DeFronzo, R. A., Sullards, M. C. and Mandarino, L. J. (2004). Ceramide content is increased in skeletal muscle from obese insulin-resistant humans. Diabetes. 53:25–31.
  • AIM-HIGH Investigators, Boden, W. E., Probstfield, J. L., Anderson, T., Chaitman, B. R., Desvignes-Nickens, P., Koprowicz, K., McBride, R., Teo, K. and Weintraub, W. (2011) Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N. Engl. .J Med. 365(24):2255–2267.
  • Akbar, S., Bellary, S. and Griffiths, H. R. (2011) Dietary antioxidant interventions in type 2 diabetes patients: A meta-analysis. Br. J. Diabetes Vascular Dis. 11(2):62–66.
  • Altschul, R., Hoffer, A. and Stephen, J. (1955). Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 54:558–559.
  • Amar, J., Chabo, C., Waget, A., Klopp, P., Vachoux, C., Bermudez-Humaran, L. G., Smirnova, N., Berge, M., Sulpice, T., Lahtinen, S., et al. (2011a). Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Mol. Med. 3:559–572.
  • Amar, J., Serino, M., Lange, C., Chabo, C., Iacovoni, J., Mondot, S., Lepage, P., Klopp, C., Mariette, J., Bouchez, O., et al. (2011b). Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: Evidence for a concept. Diabetologia. 54:3055–3061.
  • Anderson, R. A., Cheng, N., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., Cheng, N., Chi, J. and Feng, J. (1997). Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 46(11):1786–1791.
  • Andersson, U., Branning, C., Ahrne, S., Molin, G., Alenfall, J., Onning, G., Nyman, M. and Holm, C. (2010). Probiotics lower plasma glucose in the high-fat fed C57BL/6J mouse. Benef. Microbes. 1:189–196.
  • Andreasen, A. S., Larsen, N., Pedersen-Skovsgaard, T., Berg, R. M., Moller, K., Svendsen, K. D., Jakobsen, M., and Pedersen, B. K. (2010). Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM on insulin sensitivity and the systemic inflammatory response in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 104:1831–1838.
  • Antal, M., Regöly-Mérei, A., Biró, L., Arató, G., Schmidt, J., Nagy, K., Greiner, E., Lásztity, N., Szabó, C., Péter, S. and Martos, E. (2008). Effects of oligofructose containing diet in obese persons. Orv. Hetil. 149(42):1989–1995.
  • Anton, S. D., Martin, C. K., Han, H., Coulon, S., Cefalu, W. T., Geiselman, P. and Williamson, D. A. (2010). Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite. 55(1):37–43.
  • Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le, P. D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., Batto, J. M., Bertalan, M., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., Fernandez, L., Gautier, L., Hansen, T., Hattori, M., Hayashi, T., Kleerebezem, M., Kurokawa, K., Leclerc, M., Levenez, F., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, H. B., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Poulain, J., Qin, J. and Sicheritz-Ponten T (2011). Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 473/7346:174–180.
  • Atkinson, F. S. and Foster-Powell, K. et al. (2008). International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values. 2008. Diabetes Care. 31(12):2281–2283.
  • Bays, H., Shah, A., Dong, Q., McCrary Sisk, C. and Maccubbin, D. (2011). Extended-release niacin/laropiprant lipid-altering consistency across patient subgroups. Int. J. Clin. Practice. 65:436–445.
  • Blaak, E. E., Antoine, J. M., Benton, D., Björck, I., Bozzetto, L., Brouns, F., Diamant, M., Dye, L., Hulshof, T., Holst, J. J., Lamport, D. J., Laville, M., Lawton, C. L., Meheust, A., Nilson, A., Normand, S., Rivellese, A. A., Theis, S., Torekov, S. S. and Vinoy, S. (2012) Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease. Obes. Rev. 13(10):923–984.
  • Blachier, F., Leclercq Meyer, V., Marchand, J., Woussen Colle, M. C., Mathias, P. C., Sener, A., and Malaisse, W. J. (1989). Stimulus-secretion coupling of arginine-induced insulin release. Functional response of islets to L-arginine and L-ornithine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1013:144–151.
  • Boesten, R. J. and de Vos, W. M. (2008). Interactomics in the human intestine: Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria make a difference. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42(3):S163–S167.
  • Braaten, J. T., Scott, F. W., Wood, P. J., Riedel, K. D., Wolynetz, M. S., Brulé, D., Collins, M. W. (1994). High beta-glucan oat bran and oat gum reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 11(3):312–318.
  • Brady, L. M., Lovegrove, S. S., Lesauvage, S. V., Gower, B. A., Minihane, A.-M., Williams, C. M. and Lovegrove, J. A. (2004). Increased nÂ-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not attenuate the effects of long-chain nÂ-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity or triacylglycerol reduction in Indian Asians. Ame. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:983–991.
  • Brand-Miller, J. C, Fatima, K., Middlemiss, C., Bare, M., Liu, V., Atkinson, F. and Petocz, P. (2007). Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 85(6):1545–1551.
  • Brasnyo, P., Molnar, G. A., Mohas, M., Marko, L., Laczy, B., Cseh, J., Mikolas, E., Szijarto, I. A., Merei, A., Halmai, R., Meszaros, L. G., Sumegi, B. and Wittmann, I. (2011). Veratrol improves insulin sensitivity, reduces oxidative stress and activates the Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic patients. Br. J. Nutr. 106(3):383.
  • Brennan, C. S. (2005). Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 49(6):560–570.
  • Brennan, L., Shine, A., Hewage, C., Malthouse, J. P., Brindle, K. M., McClenaghan, N., Flatt, P. R. and Newsholme, P. (2002). A nuclear magnetic resonance-based demonstration of substantial oxidative L-alanine metabolism and L-alanine-enhanced glucose metabolism in a clonal pancreatic beta-cell line: Metabolism of L-alanine is important to the regulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes. 51:1714–1721.
  • Brown, A. L., Lane, J., Coverly, J., Stocks, J., Jackson, S., Stephen, A., Bluck, L., Coward, A. and Hendrickx, H. (2009). Effects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: Randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 101(6):886–894.
  • Brown, R. J., Walter, M. and Rother, K. I. (2012). Effects of DietSoda on gut hormones in youths with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 35:959–964.
  • Brun, J. F., Guintrand-Hugret, R., Fons, C. et al. (1995). Effects of oral zinc gluconate on glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity in humans. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 47:385–391.
  • Bryans, J. A., Judd, P. A. and Ellis, P. R. (2007). The effect of consuming instant black tea on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy humans. J. Amer. Coll. Nutr. 26(5):471–477.
  • Cani, P. D., Delzenne, N. M. (2009). The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des. 15(13):1546–1558.
  • Cani, P. D. and Delzenne, N. M. (2011). The gut microbiome as therapeutic target. Pharmacol. Ther. 130:202–212.
  • Cani, P. D., Lecourt, E., Dewulf, E. M., Sohet, F. M., Pachikian, B. D., Naslain, D., De, B. F., Neyrinck, A. M. and Delzenne, N. M. (2009). Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90:1236–1243.
  • Cani, P. D., Rottier, O., Goiot, Y., Neyrinck, A., Geurts, L., Delzenne, N. (2008). Changes in gut microbiota control intestinal permeability-induced inflammation in obese and diabetic mice through unexpected dependent mechanisms. Diabetologia 51:S34–S35.
  • Carlsson, S., Hammar, N. and Grill, V. (2005). Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes. Meta-analysis of epidemiological studies indicates a U-shaped relationship. Diabetologia. 48:1051–1054.
  • Carroll, M. F. and Schade, D. S. (2003). Timing of antioxidant vitamin ingestion alters postprandial proatherogenic serum markers. Circulation. 108:24–31.
  • Cefalu, W. and Hu, F. B. (2004). Role of chromium in human health and in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 27(11):2741–2751.
  • Ceriello, A. (2004). Impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disease: The possible role of post-prandial hyperglycemia. Am. Heart. J. 147(5):803–807.
  • Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Grundy, S. M. and Brinkley, L. J. (2000). Beneficial effects of high dietary Fibre intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1392–1398.
  • Chang, B. J., Park, S. U., Jang, Y. S., Ko, S. H., Joo, N. M., Kim, S. I., Kim, C. H. and Chang DK. (2011). Effect of functional yogurt NY-YP901 in improving the trait of metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:1250–1255.
  • Chan, M. D., Liou, S. J., Lin, P. Y. et al. (1998). Effects of zinc sup-plementation on the plasma glucose level and insulin activity in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 61:303–311.
  • Chearskul, S., Sangurai, S., Nitiyanant, W., Kriengsinyos, W., Kooptiwut, S., Harindhanavudhi, T. (2007). Glycemic and lipid responses to glucomannan in Thais with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai. 90(10):2150–2157.
  • Cheng, N., Zhu, X., Shi, H., Wu, W., Chi, J., Cheng, J. and Anderson, R. A. (1999). Follow-up survery of people in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming supplemental chromium. Trace Elements Exp. Res. 12:55–60.
  • Chen, M. D., Song, Y. M. and Lin, P. Y. (2000). Zinc effects on hyper-glycemia and hypoleptinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Horm. Metab. Res. 32:107–109.
  • Chen, J. J., Wang, R., Li, X. F. and Wang RL. (2011). Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improved high-fat-fed-induced metabolic syndrome and promoted intestinal Reg I gene expression. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 236:823–831.
  • Christiansen, E., Schnider, S., Palmvig, B., Tauber-Lassen, E. and Pedersen, O. (1997). Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids: Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 20:881–887.
  • Clegg, M. E., Pratt, M., Meade, C. M. and Henry, C. J. K. (2011). The addition of raspberries and blueberries to a starch-based food does not alter the glycaemic response. Br. J. Nutr. 106(3):335–338.
  • Cohen, A. E. and Johnston, C. S. (2011). Almond ingestion at mealtime reduces postprandial glycemia and chronic ingestion reduces hemoglobin A(1c) in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 60:1312–1317.
  • Collene, A. L., Hertzler, S. R., Williams, J. A. and Wolf, B. W. (2005). Effects of a nutritional supplement containing Salacia oblonga extract and insulinogenic amino acids on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and breath hydrogen responses in healthy adults. Nutrition. 21/7-8:848–854.
  • Cooper, A. J., Forouhi, N. G., Ye, Z., Buijsse, B., Arriola, L., Balkau, B., Barricarte, A., Beulens, J. W., Boeing, H., Büchner, F. L., Dahm, C. C., de Lauzon-Guillain, B., Fagherazzi, G., Franks, P. W., Gonzalez, C., Grioni, S., Kaaks, R., Key, T. J., Masala, G., Navarro, C., Nilsson, P., Overvad, K., Panico, S., Ramón Quirós, J., Rolandsson, O., Roswall, N., Sacerdote, C., Sánchez, M. J., Slimani, N., Sluijs, I., Spijkerman, A. M., Teucher, B., Tjonneland, A., Tumino, R., Sharp, S. J., Langenberg, C., Feskens, E. J., Riboli, E., Wareham, N. J., The InterAct Consortium. (2012). Fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct prospective study and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 66(10):1082–1092.
  • Cozma, A. I., Sievenpiper, J. L., de Souza, R. J., Chiavaroli, L., Ha, V., Wang, D. D., Mirrahimi, A., Yu, M. E., Carleton, A. J., Di Buono, M., Jenkins, A. L., Leiter, L. A., Wolever, T. M., Beyene, J., Kendall, C. W. and Jenkins, D. J. (2012). Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Diabetes Care. 7:1611–1620.
  • Darwiche, G., Björgell, O. and Almér LO. (2003). The addition of locust bean gum but not water delayed the gastric emptying rate of a nutrient semisolid meal in healthy subjects. BMC Gastroenterol. 6(3):12.
  • Darwiche, G., Stman, E. M., Liljeberg, H. G. M., Kallinen, N., Björgell, O., Björck, I. M. E. and Almer, L.-O. (2001). Measurements of the gastric emptying rate by use of ultrasonography: Studies in humans using bread with added sodium propionate. Am. J. Cli. Nutr. 74:254–258.
  • Dascalu, J. L., Sievenpiper, A. L., Jenkins, M. P., Stavro, L. A., Leiter, J. T., Arnason, et al. (2007). Five batches representative of Ontario-grown American ginseng root produce comparable reductions of postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85:856–864.
  • Daubioul, C. A., Horsmans, Y., Lambert, P., Danse, E., and Delzenne, N. M. Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 723–726 (2005).
  • Dean, P. M., and Matthews, E. K. (1970). Glucose-induced electrical activity in pancreatic islet cells. J. Physiol. 210:255–264.
  • De Bacquer, D., Clays, E., Delanghe, J. and De Backer, G. (2006). Epidemiological evidence for an association between habitual tea consumption and markers of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 189(2):428–435.
  • Delzenne, N. M. and Cani, P. D. (2011a). Gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 11(3):154–159.
  • Delzenne, N. M. and Cani, P. D, (2011b). Interaction between obesity and the gut microbiota: Relevance in nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 31:15–31.
  • Delzenne, N. M., Neyrinck, A. M., Bäckhed, F. and Cani, P. D (2011). Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: Effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7/11:639–646.
  • Del Toma, E., Lintas, C., Clementi, A., Marcelli, M. (1988a). Soluble and insoluble dietary fibre in diabetic diets. Eur J Clin Nutr.42(4):313–319.
  • Del Toma, E., Lintas, C., Clementi, A., Marcelli, M. Cappelloni, M., Lintas, C. (1988b). Food fiber choices for diabetic diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 47(2):243–246.
  • de Munter, J. S., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Franz, M. and van Dam, R. M. (2007). Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. 4:e261.
  • de Natale, C., Annuzzi, G., Bozzetto, L., Mazzarella, R., Costabile, G., Ciano, C., Riccardi, G. and Rivellese, A. A. (2009). Effects of a plant-based high-carbohydrate/high-Fibre diet versus high–monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet on postprandial lipids in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 32:2168–2173.
  • De Souza, L. R., Jenkins, A. L., Sievenpiper, J. L., Jovanovski, E., Rahelic, D. and Vuksan, V. (2011). Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: Differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 137:245–250.
  • Devaraj, S., Wang-Polagruto, J., Polagruto, J., Keen, C. L. and Jialal, I. (2008). High-fat, energy-dense, fast-food—style breakfast results in an increase in oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Metab. Clin. Experl. 57:867–870.
  • Devaraj, S., Wang-Polagruto, J., Polagruto, J., Keen, C. L., Jialal, I. (2008). High-fat, energy-dense, fast-food-style breakfast results in an increase in oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 57(6):867–870
  • Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329/14:977–986.
  • Diamant, M., Blaak, E. E. and de Vos, W. M. (2011). Do nutrient-gut-microbiota interactions play a role in human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes? Obes. Rev. 12(4):272–281.
  • Dikeman, C. L. and Fahey, G. C. J. (2006). Viscosity as related to dietary Fibre: A review. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 46:649–663.
  • Duffy, V. B. and Sigman-Grant, M. (2004). Position of the American Dietetic Association. Use of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners. J. Amer. Dietetic. Assoc. 104:255–275.
  • Dunne, M. J., Yule, D. I., Gallacher, D. V. and Petersen, O. H. (1990). Effects of alanine on insulin-secreting cells: Patch-clamp and single cell intracellular Ca2 +measurements. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1055:157–164.
  • d’Emden, M. C., Marwick, T. H., Dreghorn, J., Howlett, V. L. and Cameron, D. P. (1987). Post-prandial glucose and insulin responses to different types of spaghetti and bread. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 4:221–226.
  • Eastwood, M. A. and Morris, E. R. (1992). Physical properties of dietary fibre that influence physiological function: A model for polymers along the gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:436–442.
  • Ejtahed, H. S., Mohtadi-Nia, J., Homayouni-Rad, A., Niafar, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. and Mofid, V. (2012). Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition. 28:539–543.
  • Ejtahed, H. S., Mohtadi-Nia, J., Homayouni-Rad, A., Niafar, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., Mofid, V. and Akbarian-Moghari, A. (2011). Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Dairy Sci. 94:3288–3294.
  • Elin Östmana, E., Rossia, E., Larssonc, H., Brighentib, F. and Björck, I. (2006). Glucose and insulin responses in healthy men to barley bread with different levels of (1→3;1→4)-β-glucans; predictions using fluidity measurements of in vitro enzyme digests. J. Cereal. Sci. 43(2):230–235.
  • Ellis, P. R., Dawoud, F. M. et al. (1991). Blood glucose, plasma insulin and sensory responses to guar-containing wheat breads: Effects of molecular weight and particle size of guar gum. Br. J. Nutr. 66(3):363–379.
  • Evans, M., Anderson, R. A., Smith, J. C., Khan, N., Graham, J. M., Thomas, A. W., Morris, K., Deely, D., Frenneaux, M. P., Davies, J. S. and Rees, A. (2003). Effects of insulin lispro and chronic vitamin C therapy on postprandial lipaemia, oxidative stress and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Inv. 33:231–238.
  • Everard, A., Lazarevic, V., Derrien, M., Girard, M., Muccioli, G. G., Neyrinck, A. M., Possemiers, S., Van Holle, A., François, P., de Vos, W. M., Delzenne, N. M., Schrenzel, J. and Cani, P. D. (2011). Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 60(11):2775–2786.
  • Facchini, F., Chen, Y. D. and Reaven, G. M. (1994). Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 17(2):115–119.
  • FAO/WHO. (2002). Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group Report on Drafting for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. London, Ontario, Canada
  • Fernstrom, J. D., Munger, S. D., Sclafani, A., de Araujo, I. E., Roberts, A. and Molinary, S. (2012). Mechanisms for sweetness. J Nutr. 142(6):1134S–1141S.
  • Fitch, C. and Keim, K. S. (2012). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112(5):739–758.
  • Flammang, A. M., Kendall, D. M., Baumgartner, C. J., Slagle, T. D., Choe, Y. S. (2006). Effect of a viscous fiber bar on postprandial glycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 25(5):409–414.
  • Floegel, A., Pischon, T., Bergmann, M. M., Teucher, B., Kaaks, R. and Boing, H. (2012). Coffee consumption and risk of chronic disease in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Germany study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95(4):901–908.
  • Floyd, J. C., Jr., Fajans, S. S., Conn, J. W., Knopf, R. F. and Rull, J. (1966). Stimulation of insulin secretion by amino acids. J. Clin. Invest. 45:1487–1502.
  • Floyd, J. C., Jr., Fajans, S. S., Conn, J. W., Thiffault, C., Knopf, R. F. and Guntsche, E. (1968). Secretion of insulin induced by amino acids and glucose in diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 28:266–276.
  • Floyd, J. C., Jr., Fajans, S. S., Knopf, R. F. and Conn, J. W. (1963). Evidence that insulin release is the mechanism for experimentally induced leucine hypoglycemia in man. J. Clin. Invest. 42:1714–1719.
  • Floyd, J. C., Jr., Fajans, S. S., Pek, S., Thiffault, C. A., Knopf, R. F. and Conn, J. W. (1970). Synergistic effect of essential amino acids and glucose upon insulin secretion in man. Diabetes. 19:109–115.
  • Frauchiger, M. T., Wenk, C. and Colombani, P. C. (2004). Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young men. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23(4):351–357.
  • Frid, A. H., Nilsson, M., et al. (2005). “Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects.” Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 82(1):69–75.
  • Fujita, Y., Wideman, R. D., Speck, M., Asadi, A., King, D. S., Webber, T. D., Haneda, M. and Kieffer, T. J. (2009). Incretin release from gut is acutely enhanced by sugar but not by sweeteners in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296:E473–E479.
  • Fukino, Y., Ikeda, A., Maruyama, K., Aoki, N., Okubo T and Iso, H. (2008). Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:953–960.
  • Fukino, Y., Shimbo, M., Aoki, N., Okubo, T. and Iso, H. (2005). Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea consumption on insulin resistance and inflammation markers. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 51(5):335–342.
  • Furet, J. P., Kong, L. C., Tap, J., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Bouillot, J. L., Mariat, D., Corthier, G., Dore, J., Henegar, C., Rizkalla, S. and Clement, K. (2010). Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: Links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes. 59:3049–3057.
  • Gannon, M. C., Nuttall, J. A., Damberg, G., Gupta, V. and Nuttall, F. Q. (2001). Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose appearance rate in people with type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:1040–1047.
  • Gannon, M. C., Nuttall, F. Q., Grant, C. T., Ercan-Fang, S. and Ercan-Fang, N. (1998). Stimulation of insulin secretion by fructose ingested with protein in people with untreated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 21:16–22.
  • Gannon, M. C., Nuttall, F. Q., Lane, J. T. and Burmeister, L. A. (1992). Metabolic response to cottage cheese or egg white protein, with or without glucose, in type II diabetic subjects. Metabolism. 41:1137–1145.
  • Gao, D., Griffiths, H. R. and Bailey, C. J. (2009). Oleate protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes. Br. J. Nutr. 102:1557–1563.
  • Gao, D., Pararasa, C., Dunston, C. R., Bailey, C. J. and Griffiths, H. R. (2012). Palmitate promotes monocyte atherogenicity via de novo ceramide synthesis. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 53:796–806.
  • Garcia, A.L. et al. (2007). Arabinoxylan consumption decreases postprandial serum glucose, serum insulin and plasma total ghrelin response in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 334–341.
  • Gardner, C., Wylie-Rosett, J., Gidding, S. S., Steffen, L. M., Johnson, R. K., Reader, D. and Lichtenstein, A. H. on behalf of American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; American Diabetes Association (2012). Nonnutritive sweeteners: Current use and health perspectives. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 35(8):1798–1808.
  • Gatenby, S. J., Ellis, P. R., Morgan, L. M., Judd, P. A. (1996). Effect of partially depolymerized guar gum on acute metabolic variables in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabet Med. 13(4):358–364.
  • Geohas, J., Daly, A., Juturu, V., Finch, M. and Komorowski, J. (2007). Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Amer. J. Medl. Sci. 333:145–153.
  • Gerss, J., K. W. (2009). The questionable association of vitamin E supplementation and mortality–Inconsistent results of different meta-analytic approaches. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 55:1111–1120.
  • Giacco, R., Clemente, G., Luongo, D., Lasorella, G., Fiume, I., Brouns, F., Bornet, F., Patti, L., Cipriano, P., Rivellese, A. A. and Riccardi, G. (2004). Effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on glucose and lipid metabolism in mild hypercholesterolaemic individuals. Clin. Nutr. 23(3):331–340.
  • Gibson, G. R. and Roberfroid, M. B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr. 125(6):1401–1412.
  • Gilbertson, H. R., Brand-Miller, J. C. et al. (2001). The effect of flexible low glycemic index dietary advice versus measured carbohydrate exchange diets on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 24(7):1137–1143.
  • Godley, R., Brown, R. C., Williams, S. M. and Green, T. J. (2009). Moderate alcohol consumption the night before glycaemic index testing has no effect on glycaemic response. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:692–694.
  • Golay, A., Schneider, H. et al. (1995). The effect of a liquid supplement containing guar gum and fructose on glucose-tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetic-patients. Nutr. Met. Cardiovascular Dis. 5/2:141–148.
  • Goldberg, R. B. and Jacobson, T. A. (2008). Effects of niacin on glucose control in patients with dyslipidemia. Mayo. Clinic. Proc. 83:470–478.
  • Goni, I., Valdivieso, L. and Garcia-Alonso, A. (2000). Nori seaweed consumption modifies glycemic response in healthy volunteers. Nutr. Res. 20(10):1367–1375.
  • Gosby, A. K., Conigrave, A. D., Lau, N. S., Iglesias, M. A., Hall, R. M., Jebb, S. A., Brand-Miller, J., Caterson, I. D., Raubenheimer, D. and Simpson, S. J. (2011). Testing protein leverage in lean humans: A randomised controlled experimental study. PLoS One. 6:e25929.
  • Granfeldt, Y. E. and Bjorck, I. M. (2011) A bilberry drink with fermented oatmeal decreases postprandial insulin demand in young healthy adults. Nutr. J. 10:57.
  • Granfeldt, Y., Drews, A. et al. (1995). Arepas made from high amylose corn flour produce favorable low glucose and insulin responses in healthy humans. J. Nutr. 125(3):459–465.
  • Granfeldt, Y., Eliasson, A.-C. et al. (2000). An examination of the possibility of lowering the glycemic index of oat and barley flakes by minimal processing. J. Nutr. 130(9):2207–2214.
  • Granfeldt, Y., Hagander, B. et al. (1995). Metabolic responses to starch in oat and wheat products. On the importance of food structure, incomplete gelatinization or presence of viscous dietary fibre. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 49:189–199.
  • Granfeldt, Y., Nyberg, L. and Björck, I. (2008). Muesli with 4 g oat beta-glucans lowers glucose and insulin responses after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(5):600–607.
  • Grassi, D., Desideri, G., Necozione, S., Lippi, C., Casale, R., Properzi, G., Blumberg, J. B. and Ferri, C. (2008). Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark. J. Nutr. 138(9):1671–1676.
  • Grassi, D., Lippi, C., Necozione, S., Desideri, G. and Ferri, C. (2005). Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 81(3):611–614.
  • Gregersen, S., Rasmussen, O., Winther, E. and Hermansen, K. (1990). Water volume and consumption time: Influence on the glycemic and insulinemic responses in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:515–518.
  • Grotz, V. L., Henry, R. F., McGill, J. B., Prince, M. J., Shamoon, H., Trout, J. R. and Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2003). Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103:1607–1612.
  • Guévin, N., Jacques, H., Nadeau, A., and Galibois, I. (1996). Postprandial glucose, insulin, and lipid responses to four meals containing unpurified dietary fiber in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 15(4):389–396.
  • Guillon, F. and Champ, M. (2000). Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres and consequences of processing on human physiology. Food Res. Int. 33:233–245.
  • Gunasekara, P., Hettiarachchi, M., Liyanage, C. and Lekamwasam, S. (2011). Effects of zinc and multimineral vitamin supplementation on glycemic and lipid control in adult diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 26(4):53–60.
  • Gunnerud, U. J., Heinzle, C., Holst, J. J., Östman, E. M. and Björck, I. M. (2012a). Effects of pre-meal drinks with protein and amino acids on glycemic and metabolic responses at a subsequent composite meal. PLoS One. 7(9):e44731.
  • Gunnerud, U. J., Heinzle, C., Holst, J. J., Östman, E. M. and Björck, I. M. (2012b). Effects of pre-meal drinks with protein and amino acids on glycemic and metabolic responses at a subsequent composite meal. PLoS One. 7(9):e44731.
  • Gögebakan, O., Kohl, A., Osterhoff, M. A., van Baak, M. A., Jebb, S. A., Papadaki, A., Martinez, J. A., Handjieva-Darlenska, T., Hlavaty, P., Weickert, M. O., Holst, C., Saris, W. H., Astrup, A. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2011). Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: The diet, obesity, and genes (DiOGenes) study: A randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 124:2829–2838.
  • Haber, G. B., Heaton, K. W. et al. (1977). Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre, effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin. Lancet. 679–682.
  • Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Pyorala, K. and Laakso, M. (1998). Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(4):229–234.
  • Hagander, B., Scherstén, B., Asp, N. G., Sartor, G., Agardh, C. D., Schrezenmeir, J., Kasper, H., Ahrén, B., Lundquist, I. (1984). Effect of dietary fibre on blood glucose, plasma immunoreactive insulin, C-peptide and GIP responses in non insulin dependent (type 2) diabetics and controls. Acta Med Scand. 215(3):205–213
  • Hallstrom, E., Sestili, F. et al. (2011). A novel wheat variety with elevated content of amylose increases resistant starch formation and may beneficially influence glycaemia in healthy subjects. Food Nutr. Res. 55:doi: 10.3402/fnr.v55i0.7074.
  • Hanhineva, K., Torronen, R., Bondia-Pons, I., Pekkinen, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkanan, H. and Poutanen, K. (2012). Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11:1365–1402.
  • Heacock, P. M., Hertzler, S. R., Williams, J. A. and Wolf, B. W. (2004). Effects of a medical food containing an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy adults. J. Amer. Diatetic Ass. 105(1):65–71.
  • Heianza, Y., Hara, S., Arase, Y., Saito, K., Fujiwara, K., Tsuji, H., Kodama, S., Hsieh, S. D., Mori, Y., Shimano, H., Yamada, N., Kosaka, K. and Sone, H. (2011). HbA1c 5·7–6·4% and impaired fasting plasma glucose for diagnosis of prediabetes and risk of progression to diabetes in Japan (TOPICS 3): A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 9786:147–155.
  • Hession, M., Rolland, C., Kulkarni, U., Wise, A. and Broom, J. (2009). Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obes. Rev. 10:36–50.
  • Hlebowicz, J., Lindstedt, S., Björgell, O., Höglund, P., Almér, L. O. and Darwiche, G. (2008). The botanical integrity of wheat products influences the gastric distention and satiety in healthy subjects. Nutr. J. 27:7–12.
  • Hooper, L. V., Wong, M. H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P. G. and Gordon, J. I.(2001). Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science. 291:881–884.
  • Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G. and Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:790–797.
  • Huxley, R., Barzi, F. and Woodward, M. (2006). Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: Meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. Br. Med. J. 332/7533:73–78.
  • Hwang, I. K., Go, V. L., Harris, D. M., Yip, I. and Song, M. K. (2002). Effects of arachidonic acid plus zinc on glucose disposal in genetically diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 4/2:124–131.
  • Härtel, B., Graubaum, H. L. and Schneider, B. (1993). The influence of sweetener solutions on the secretion of insulin and the blood glucose level. Ernährungsumschau. 40:152–155.
  • Iso, H., Date, C., Wakai, K., Fukui, M. and Tamakoshi, A. (2006). The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 144(8):554–562.
  • Jans, A., Konings, E., Goossens, G. H., Bouwman, F. G., Moors, C. C., Boekschoten, M. V., et al. (2012). PUFAs acutely affect triacylglycerol-derived skeletal muscle fatty acid uptake and increase postprandial insulin sensitivity. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 95(4):825–836.
  • Jenkins, D. J., Goff, D. V., Leeds, A. R., Alberti, K. G., Wolever, T. M., Gassull, M. A., Hockaday, T. D. (1976). Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decreased post-prandial hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 4;2(7978):172–174.
  • Jenkins, A. L., Jenkins, D. J., Zdravkovic, U., Würsch, P., Vuksan V. (2002). Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of beta-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 56(7):622–628.
  • Jenkins, A. L., Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Rogovik, A. L., Jovanovski, E., Bozikov, V., Rahelić, D., Vuksan, V. (2008). Comparable postprandial glucose reductions with viscous fiber blend enriched biscuits in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus: acute randomized controlled clinical trial. Croat Med J. 49(6):772–782.
  • Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Banach, M. S., Srichaikul, K., Vidgen, E., Mitchell, S., Parker, T., Nishi, S., Bashyam, B., de Souza, R., Ireland, C. and Josse, R. G. (2011). Nuts as a replacement for carbohydrates in the diabetic diet. Diabetes Care. 34:1706–1711.
  • Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Josse, A. R., Salvatore, S., Brighenti, F., Augustin, L. S. et al. (2006). Almonds decrease postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and oxidative damage in healthy individuals. J. Nutr. 136:2987–2992.
  • Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., McKeown-Eyssen, G., et al. (2008a). Effect of a low glycemic index or a high-cereal Fibre diet on type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. JAMA. 300:2742–2753.
  • Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., McKeown-Eyssen, G., Josse, R. G., Silverberg, J., Booth, G. L., Vidgen, E., Josse, A. R., Nguyen, T. H., Corrigan, S., Banach, M. S., Ares, S. and Mitchell, S. (2008b). Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Jenkins, JAMA. 23:2742–2753.
  • Johnson, R. K., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Howard, B. V., Lefevre, M., Lustig, R., Sacks, F., Steffen, L. M. and Judith Wylie-Rosett, J. on behalf of the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of The Council on AHA. (2009). Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the Amer Heart Association. Circulation. 120:1011–1020.
  • Johnston, K. L., Clifford, M. N. and Morgan, L. M. (2003). Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: Glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 78(4):728–733.
  • Johnston, K. L., Thomas, E. L., Bell, J. D., Frost, G. S. and Robertson, M. D. (2010). Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Diabet Med. 27:391–397.
  • Joosten, M. M., Beulens, J. W., Kersten, S. and Hendriks, H. F. (2008). Moderate alcohol consumption increases insulin sensitivity and ADIPOQ expression in postmenopausal women: A randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia. 51:1375–1381.
  • Jorde, R. and Figenschau, Y. (2009). Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 48:349–354.
  • Josic, J., Olsson, A. T., Wickeberg, J., Lindstedt, S. and Hlebowicz, J. (2010). Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J. 9:63.
  • Josic, J., Olsson, A. T., Wickeberg, J., Lindstedt, S. and Hlebowicz, J. (2010). Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J. 9:63.
  • Josse, A. R., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Ellis, P. R. and Jenkins, D. J. (2007). Almonds and postprandial glycemia—A dose-response study. Metabolism. 56:400–404.
  • Juntunen, K. S., Laaksonen, D. E., Autio, K., Niskanen, L. K., Holst, J. H., Savolainen, K. H., Liukkonen, K.-H., Poutanen, K. S. and Mykkänen, H. M. (2003). Structural differences between rye and wheat bread but not total fiber content may explain the lower postprandial insulin response to rye bread. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78:957–964.
  • Juvonen, K. R., Salmenkallio-Marttila, M., Lyly, M., Liukkonen, K. H., Lähteenmäki, L., Laaksonen, D. E., Uusitupa, M. I., Herzig, K. H., Poutanen, K. S. and Karhunen, L. J. (2011). Semisolid meal enriched in oat bran decreases plasma glucose and insulin levels, but does not change gastrointestinal peptide responses or short-term appetite in healthy subjects. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis. 21:748–756.
  • Järvi, A. E., Karlström, B. E. et al. (1995). The influence of food structure on postprandial metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:837–842.
  • Järvi, A. E., Karlström, B. E. et al. (1999). Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 22(1):10–18.
  • Karhunen, L. J., Juvonen, K. R., Flander, S. M., Liukkonen, K. H., Lähteenmäki, L., Siloaho, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Herzig, K. H., uusitupa, M. I. and Poutanen, K. S. (2010). A psyllium fiber-enriched meal strongly attenuates postprandial gastrointestinal peptide release in healthy young adults. J. Nutr. 140:737–744.
  • Kar, P., Laight, D., Rooprai, H. K., Shaw, K. M. and Cummings, M. (2009). Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity. Diabetic. Med. 26(5):526–531.
  • Kaufman, F. R. and Devgan, S. (1996). Use of uncooked cornstarch to avert nocturnal hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type I diabetes. J. Diabetes Complicat. 10(2):84–87.
  • Kelley, D. S., Adkins, Y., Woodhouse, L. R., Swislocki, A., Mackey, B. E. and Siegel, D. (2012). Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improved lipocentric but not glucocentric markers of insulin sensitivity in hypertriglyceridemic men. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 10(1):32–38.
  • Kendall, C. W., Esfahani, A., Josse, A. R., Augustin, L. S., Vidgen, E. and Jenkins, D. J. (2011a). The glycemic effect of nut-enriched meals in healthy and diabetic subjects. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 21(1):S34–S39.
  • Kendall, C. W., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A. and Jenkins, D. J. (2010). Nuts, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Br. J. Nutr. 104:465–473.
  • Kendall, C. W., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A. and Jenkins, D. J. (2011b). The impact of pistachio intake alone or in combination with high-carbohydrate foods on post-prandial glycemia. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:696–702.
  • Khan, L. A., Alam, A. M., Ali, L., Goswami, A., Hassan, Z., Sattar, S., Banik, N. G. and Khan, A. K. (1999). Serum and urinary magnesium in young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69(1):70–73.
  • Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Poewe, W., Egger, G., Oberhollenzer, F., Muggeo, M. and Bonora, E. (1996). Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: Large, prospective, cross-sectional population study (Bruneck study). Br. Med. J. 313:1040–1044.
  • Kim, H., Stote, K. S., Behall, K. M., Spears, K., Vinyard, B. and Conway, J. M. (2009). Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble Fibre, beta-glucan: A dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance. Eur. J. Nutr. 48(3):170–175.
  • Kinlaw, W. B., Levine, A. S., Morley, J. E. et al. (1983). Abnormal zinc metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Med. 75:273–277.
  • Kofod, H., Lernmark, A. and Hedeskov, C. J. (1986). Potentiation of insulin release in response to amino acid methyl esters correlates to activation of islet glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 128:335–340.
  • Krebs, M., Krssak, M., Bernroider, E., Anderwald, C., Brehm, A., Meyerspeer, M., Nowotny, P., Roth, E., Waldhausl, W. and Roden, M. (2002). Mechanism of amino acid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes. 51:599–605.
  • Kroenke, C. H., Chu, N. F., Rifai, N., Spiegelman, D., Hankinson, S. E., Manson, J. E. and Rimm, E. B. (2003). A cross-sectional study of alcohol consumption patterns and biologic markers of glycemic control among 459 women. Diabetes Care. 26:1971–1978.
  • Lagiou, P., Sandin, S., Lof, M., Trichopoulos, D., Adami, H. O. and Weiderpass, E. (2012). Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: Prospective cohort study. Br. Med. J. 344:e4026.
  • Laitinen, K., Poussa, T. and Isolauri, E. (2009). Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 101:1679–1687.
  • Lajoix, A. D., Reggio, H., Chardes, T., Peraldi-Roux, S., Tribillac, F., Roye, M., Dietz, S., Broca, C., Manteghetti, M., Ribes, G., Wollheim, C. B. and Gross, R. (2001). A neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase expressed in pancreatic beta-cells controls insulin secretion. Diabetes. 50:1311–1323.
  • Lappi, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkänen, H. and Poutanen, K. (2012). Do large intestinal events explain the protective effects of whole grain foods against type 2 diabetes? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. In press.
  • Larsen, T. M., Dalskov, S. M., van Baak, M., Jebb, S. A., Papadaki, A., Pfeiffer, A. F., Martinez, J. A., Handjieva-Darlenska, T., Kunesova, M., Pihlsgard, M., Stender, S., Holst, C., Saris, W. H. and Astrup, A. (2010). Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:2102–2113.
  • Larsen, H. N., Rasmussen, O. W., Rasmussen, P. H., Alstrup, K. K., Biswas, S. K., Tetens, I., Thilsted, S. H. and Hermansen, K. (2000). Glycaemic index of parboiled rice depends on the severity of processing: Study in type 2 diabetic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 5:380–385.
  • Leclere, C., Champ, M. et al. (1994). Role of viscous guar gums in lowering the glycemic response after a solid meal. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(4):914–921.
  • Lefevre, M., Lovejoy, J. C., Smith, S. R., DeLany, J. P., Champagne, C., Most, M. M., Denkins, Y., de Jonge, L., Rood, J. and Bray, G. A. (2005). Comparison of the acute response to meals enriched with cis- or trans-fatty acids on glucose and lipids in overweight individuals with differing FABP2 genotypes. Metab. Clin. Exper. 54:1652–1658.
  • Lehtonen, H. M., Jarvinen, R., Linderborg, K., Viitanen, M., Venojarvi, M., Alanko, H. and Kallio, H. (2010). Postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response are affected by sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp turkestanica) berry and its ethanol-soluble metabolites. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64(12):1465–1471.
  • Lerman-Garber, I., Ichazo-Cerro, S., Zamora-González, J., Cardoso-Saldaña, G. and Posadas-Romero, C. (1994). Effect of a high-monounsaturated fat diet enriched with avocado in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 4:311–315.
  • Li, S. C., Liu, Y. H., Liu, J. F., Chang, W. H., Chen, C. M. and Chen, C. Y. (2011). Almond consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 60(4):474–479.
  • Liatis, S., Grammatikou, S., Poulia, K. A., Perrea, D., Makrilakis, K., Diakoumopoulou, E. and Katsilambros, N. (2010). Vinegar reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with type II diabetes when added to a high, but not to a low, glycaemic index meal. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64(7):727–732.
  • Librenti, M. C., Cocchi, M., Orsi, E., Pozza, G., Micossi, P. (1992). Effect of soya and cellulose fibers on postprandial glycemic response in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 15(1):111–113.
  • Liljeberg, H. G. M., Åkerberg, A. K. E. et al. (1996). Resistant starch formation in bread as influenced by choice of ingredients or baking conditions. Food Chem. 56(4):389–394.
  • Liljeberg, H. G. M. and Bjorck, I. M. E. (1998). Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:368–371.
  • Liljeberg, H. G. M., Granfeldt, Y. E. et al. (1992). Metabolic response to starch in bread containing intact kernels versus milled flour. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46:561–575.
  • Linn, T., Santosa, B., Gronemeyer, D., Aygen, S., Scholz, N., Busch, M. and Bretzel, R. G. (2000). Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans. Diabetologia. 43:1257–1265.
  • Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Hulshof, T. and Howlett, J. (2008). Glycemic response and health—A systematic review and meta-analysis: Relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(suppl):258S–268S.
  • Li, D., Xu, T., Takase, H., Tokimitsu, I., Zhang, P., Wang, Q., Yu, X. and Zhang, A. (2008). Diacylglycerol-induced improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A long-term randomized, double-blind controlled study. Clin. Nutr. (Edinburgh, Scotland). 27:203–211.
  • Lopez, S., Bermudez, B., Ortega, A., Varela, L. M., Pacheco, Y. M., Villar, J., Abia, R. and Muriana, F. J. (2011). Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. Amer. J. Clin. Nutrn. 93:494–499.
  • Louie, J. C., Atkinson, F., Petocz, P. and Brand-Miller, J. C. (2008). Delayed effects of coffee, tea and sucrose on postprandial glycemia in lean, young, healthy adults. Asia Pac. Clin. Nutr. 17(4):657–662.
  • Lovegrove, J. A., Lovegrove, S. S., Lesauvage, S. V., Brady, L. M., Saini, N., Minihane, A. M. and Williams, C. M. (2004). Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:974–982.
  • Lu, Z. X., Walker, K. Z., Muir, J. G., and O'Dea, K. (2004). Arabinoxylan fibre improves metabolic control in people with Type II diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 621–628.
  • Luo, J. et al. (2000). Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides does not affect basal hepatic glucose production or insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics. J. Nutr. 130, 1572–1577.
  • Luo, J., Rizkalla, S. W., Alamowitch, C., Boussairi, A., Blayo, A., Barry, J. L., Laffitte, A., Guyon, F., Bornet, F. R. and Slama, G. (1996). Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides by healthy subjects decreased basal hepatic glucose production but had no effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63(6):939–945.
  • Madigan, C., Ryan, M., Owens, D., Collins, P. and Tomkin, G. H. (2000). Dietary unsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: Higher levels of postprandial lipoprotein on a linoleic acid-rich sunflower oil diet compared with an oleic acid-rich olive oil diet. Diabetes Care. 23:1472–1477.
  • Maki, K. C., Curry, L. L., Reeves, M. S., Toth, P. D., McKenney, J. M., Farmer, M. V., Schwartz, S. L., Lubin, B. C., Boileau, A. C., Dicklin, M. R., Carakostas, M. C. and Tarka, S. M. (2008). Chronic consumption of rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside, in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46(7): S47–S53.
  • Maki, T., Pham, N. M., Yoshida, D., Yin, G., Ohnaka, K., Takayanagi, R. and Kono, S. (2010). The relationship of coffee and green tea consumption with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 48(6):849–854.
  • Maki, K .C., Reeves, M. S., Carson, M. L., Miller, M. P., Turowski, M., Rains, T. M., Anderson, K., Papanikolaou, Y., Wilder, D. M. (2009). Dose-response characteristics of high-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in subjects at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 11(2):119–225.
  • Malaisse, W. J., Plasman, P. O., Blachier, F., Herchuelz, A. and Sener, A. (1991). Stimulus-secretion coupling of arginine-induced insulin release: Significance of changes in extracellular and intracellular pH. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 9:1–7.
  • Manders, R. J., Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Gijsen, A. P., Wodzig, W. K., Saris, W. H. and van Loon, L. J. (2008). The muscle protein synthetic response to carbohydrate and protein ingestion is not impaired in men with longstanding type 2 diabetes. J. Nutr. 138:1079–1085.
  • Manders, R. J., Koopman, R., Sluijsmans, W. E., van den Berg, R., Verbeek, K., Saris, W. H., Wagenmakers, A. J. and van Loon, L. J. (2006a). Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate with or without additional leucine effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose excursions in Type 2 diabetic men. J. Nutr. 136:1294–1299.
  • Manders, R. J., Little, J. P., Forbes, S. C. and Candow, D. G. (2012). Insulinotropic and muscle protein synthetic effects of branched-chain amino acids: Potential therapy for type 2 diabetes and sarcopenia. Nutrients. 4/11:1664–1678
  • Manders, R. J., Praet, S. F., Meex, R. C., Koopman, R., de Roos, A. L., Wagenmakers, A. J., Saris, W. H. and van Loon, L. J. (2006b). Protein hydrolysate/leucine co-ingestion reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 29:2721–2722.
  • Manders, R. J., Wagenmakers, A. J., Koopman, R., Zorenc, A. H., Menheere, P. P., Schaper, N. C., Saris, W. H. and van Loon, L. J. (2005). Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture with carbohydrate improves plasma glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82:76–83.
  • Manning, P. J., Sutherland, W. H., Hendry, G., de Jong, S. A., McGrath, M. and Williams, S. M. (2004). Changes in circulating postprandial proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes and the effect of ingested fat. Diabetes Care. 27:2509–2511.
  • Marciani, L., Gowland, P. A., Spiller, R. C., Manoj, P., Moore, R. J., Young, P. and Fillery-Travis, A. J. (2001). Effect of meal viscosity and nutrients on satiety, intragastric dilution, and emptying assessed by MRI. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 280(6):G1227–G1233.
  • Markey, O., McClean, C. M., Medlow, P., Davison, G. W., Trinick, T. R., Duly, E. and Shafat, A. (2011). Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. Cardiovascular Dis. 10:78.
  • Maruyama, K., Iso, H., Sasaki, S. and Fukino, Y. (2009). The association between concentrations of green tea and blood glucose levels. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 44(1):41–45.
  • Masterjohn, C., Mah, E., Guo, Y., Koo, S. I. and Bruno, R. S. (2012). Gamma-Tocopherol abolishes postprandial increases in plasma methylglyoxal following an oral dose of glucose in healthy, college-aged men. J. Nutr. Bioch. 23(3):292–298.
  • Matsuda, H., Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Tanabe, G. and Muraoka, O. (2005). Antidiabetogenic constituents from Salacia species. J. Trad. Med. 22(1):145–153.
  • McCargar, L. J., Innis, S. M., Bowron, E., Leichter, J., Dawson, K., Toth, E. and Wall, K. M. (1998). Effect of enteral nutritional products differing in carbohydrate and fat on indices of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with NIDDM. Mol. Cell Biochem. 188:81–89.
  • McIvor, M. E., Cummings, C. C., Leo, T. A., Mendeloff, A. I. (1985). Flattening postprandial blood glucose responses with guar gum: Acute effects. Diabetes Care. 8(3):274–278.
  • Mehrabani, H. H., Salehpour, S., Amiri, Z., Farahani, S. J., Meyer, B. J. and Tahbaz, F. (2012). Beneficial effects of a high-protein, low-glycemic-load hypocaloric diet in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled intervention study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 31(2):117–125.
  • Mettler, S., Schwarz, I. and Colombani, P. C. (2009). Additive postprandial blood glucose-attenuating and satiety-enhancing effect of cinnamon and acetic acid. Nutr. Res. 29(10):723–727.
  • Mezitis, N. H., Maggio, C. A., Koch, P., Quddoos, A., Allison, D. B. and Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1996). Glycemic effect of a single high oral dose of the novel sweetener sucralose in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 19:1004–1005.
  • Michaliszyn, S. F., Sjaarda, L. A., Mihalik, S. J., Lee, S., Bacha, F., Chace, D. H., De Jesus, V. R., Vockley, J. and Arslanian, S. A. (2012a). Metabolomic profiling of amino acids and β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity in youth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(11): E2119–E2124
  • Michaliszyn, S. F., Sjaarda, L. A., Mihalik, S. J., Lee, S., Bacha, F., Chace, D. H., De Jesus, V. R., Vockley, J., and Arslanian, S. A. (2012b). Metabolomic profiling of amino acids and β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity in youth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 11:E2119–E2124.
  • Mitri, J., Muraru, M. D. and Pittas, A. G. (2011). Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:1005–1015.
  • Moisey, L. L., Kacker, S., Bickerton, A. C., Robinson, L. E. and Graham, T. E. (2008). Caffeinated coffee consumption impairs blood glucose homeostasisin response to high and low glycemic index meals in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:1254–1261.
  • Moisey, L. L., Robinson, L. E. and Graham, T. E. (2010). Consumption of caffeinated coffee and a high carbohydrate meal affects postprandial metabolism of a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test in young, healthy males. Br. J. Nutr. 103(6):833–841.
  • Mori, A. M., Considine, R. V. and Mattes, R. D. (2011). Acute and second-meal effects of almond form in impaired glucose tolerant adults: A randomized crossover trial. Nutr. Metab. 8/1:6.
  • Moroti, C., Souza Magri, L. F., de Rezende Costa, M., Cavallini, D. C. and Sivieri, K. (2012). Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids. Health Dis. 11:29.
  • Muniyappa, R., Hall, G., Kolodziej, T. L., Karne, R. J., Crandon, S. K. and Quon, M. J. (2008). Cocoa consumption for 2 wk enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 88(6):1685–1696.
  • Muscogiuri, G., Sorice, G. P., Prioletta, A., Policola, C., Casa, S. D., Pontecorvi, A. and Giaccari, A. (2011). Will vitamin D reduce insulin resistance? Still a long way to go. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 93:672–673.
  • Möhlig, M., Freudenberg, M., Bobbert, T., Ristow, M., Rochlitz, H., Weickert, M. O., Pfeiffer, A. F. and Spranger, J. (2006). Acetylsalicylic acid improves lipid-induced insulin resistance in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91:964–967.
  • Nagao, T., Meguro, S., Hase, T., Otsuka, K., Komikado, M., Tokimitsu, I., Yamamoto, T. and Yamamoto, K. A. (2009). Catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucose control in patients with type 2. Diabetes Obes. 17(2):310–317.
  • Nappo, F., Esposito, K., Cioffi, M., Giugliano, G., Molinari, A. M., Paolisso, G., Marfella, R. and Giugliano, D. (2002). Postprandial endothelial activation in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: Role of fat and carbohydrate meals. J. Amer. Coll Cardiol. 39:1145–1150.
  • Nazare, J. A., Normand, S., Oste Triantafyllou, A., Brac de la Perrière, A., Desage, M., Laville, M. (2009). Modulation of the postprandial phase by beta-glucan in overweight subjects: effects on glucose and insulin kinetics. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53(3):361–369.
  • Neri, S., Signorelli, S. S., Torrisi, B., Pulvirenti, D., Mauceri, B., Abate, G., Ignaccolo, L., Bordonaro, F., Cilio, D., Calvagno, S. and Leotta, C. (2005). Effects of antioxidant supplementation on postprandial oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: A single-blind, 15-day clinical trial in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and healthy controls. Clin. Therap. 27:1764–1773.
  • Newgard, B. C. (2012). Interplay between lipuds and branched chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 15:606–614.
  • Newgard, C. B., An, J., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Stevens, R. D., Lien, L. F., Haqq, A. M., Shah, S. H., Arlotto, M., Slentz, C. A., Rochon, J., Gallup, D., Ilkayeva, O., Wenner, B. R., Yancy, W. S., Jr, Eisenson, H., Musante, G., Surwit, R. S., Millington, D. S., Butler, M. D., and Svetkey, L. P. (2009a). A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 9/4:311–326.
  • Newgard, C. B., An, J., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Stevens, R. D., Lien, L. F., Haqq, A. M., Shah, S. H., Arlotto, M., Slentz, C. A., Rochon, J., Gallup, D., Ilkayeva, O., Wenner, B. R., Yancy, W. S., Jr., Eisenson, H., Musante, G., Surwit, R. S., Millington, D. S., Butler, M. D., and Svetkey, L. P. (2009b). Cell Metab. 9:311–326.
  • Newsholme, P., Brennan, L., Rubi, B. and Maechler, P. (2005). New insights into amino acid metabolism, beta-cell function and diabetes. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 108:185–194.
  • Nikooyeh, B., Neyestani, T. R., Farvid, M., Alavi-Majd, H., Houshiarrad, A., Kalayi, A., Shariatzadeh, N., Gharavi, A. a., Heravifard, S., Tayebinejad, N., Salekzamani, S. and Zahedirad, M. (2011). Daily consumption of vitamin D or vitamin D calcium “fortified yogurt drink improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 93:764–771.
  • Nilsson, M., Holst, J. J. et al. (2007). Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: Studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 85(4):996–1004.
  • Nilsson, A. C., Östman, E. M. et al. (2008a). Effect of cereal test breakfasts differing in glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates on daylong glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(3):645–654.
  • Nilsson, A. C., Östman, E. M. et al. (2008b). Including indigestible carbohydrates in the evening meal of healthy subjects improves glucose tolerance, lowers inflammatory markers, and increases satiety after a subsequent standardized breakfast. J. Nutr. 138(4):732–739.
  • Nilsson, A. C., Östman, E. M., Granfeldt, Y. and Bjorck, I. M. (2008c). Effect of cereal test breakfasts differing in glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates on daylong glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:645–654.
  • Nilsson, A. C., Östman, E. M., Granfeldt, Y. and Björck, I. M. (2008d). Effect of cereal test breakfasts differing in glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates on daylong glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(3):645–654.
  • Nilsson, A. C., Östman, E. M., Holst, J. J. and Björck, I. M. (2008e). Including indigestible carbohydrates in the evening meal of healthy subjects improves glucose tolerance, lowers inflammatory markers, and increases satiety after a subsequent standardized breakfast. J. Nutr. 138(4):732–739.
  • Nilsson, A., Östman, E., Preston, T. and Björck, I. (2008f). Effects of GI vs content of cereal fibre of the evening meal on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardized breakfast. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(6):712–720.
  • Niskanen, L., Turpeinen, A., Penttila, I. and Uusitupa, M. I. (1998) Hyperglycemia and compositional lipoprotein abnormalities as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes: A 15-year follow-up from the time of diagnosis. Diabetes Care 21(11):1861–1869.
  • Nuttall, F. Q., Gannon, M. C., Wald, J. L. and Ahmed, M. (1985). Plasma glucose and insulin profiles in normal subjects ingesting diets of varying carbohydrate, fat, and protein content. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 4:437–450.
  • Nuttall, F. Q., Mooradian, A. D., Gannon, M. C., Billington, C. and Krezowski, P. (1984). Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 7:465–470.
  • Ohkubo, Y., Kishikawa, H., Araki, E., Miyata, T., Isami, S., Motoyoshi, S. et al. (1995) Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 28(2):103–117.
  • Östman, E., Granfeldt, Y., Persson, L., and Björck, I. (2005). Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59(9):983–988.
  • O’Sullivan, A., Balducci, D., Paradisi, F., Cashman, K. D., Gibney, M. J. and Brennan, L. (2011). Effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 on glucose production pathways in human subjects. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55:1018–1025.
  • Page, G. L. J., Laight, D. and Cummings, M. H. (2011). Thiamine deficiency in diabetes mellitus and the impact of thiamine replacement on glucose metabolism and vascular disease. Int. J. Clin. Practice. 65:684–690.
  • Pallotta, J. A. and Kennedy, P. J. (1968). Response of plasma insulin and growth hormone to carbohydrate and protein feeding. Metabolism. 17:901–908.
  • Paniagua, J. A., de la Sacristana, A. G., Sánchez, E., Romero, I., Vidal-Puig, A., Berral, F. J., Escribano, A., Moyano, M. J., Peréz-Martinez, P., López-Miranda, J. and Pérez-Jiménez, F. (2007). A MUFA-rich diet improves posprandial glucose, lipid and GLP-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects. J. Amer. Coll. Nutr. 26:434–444.
  • Panlasigui, L. N. and Thompson, L. U. (2006). Blood glucose lowering effects of brown rice in normal and diabetic subjects. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 57/3–4:151–158.
  • Papathanasopoulos, A. and Camilleri, M. (2010). Dietary fibre supplements: Effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. Gastroenterology. 138(1):65–72.
  • Park, J. H., Grandjean, C. J., Hart, M. H. et al. (1986). Effect of pure zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon levels. Am. J. Physiol. 251:E273±E278.
  • Parnell, J. A. and Reimer, R. A. (2009). Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89(6):1751–1759.
  • Pastors, J. G., Blaisdell, P. W. et al. (1991). Psyllium Fibre reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53(6):1431–1435.
  • Pena, A. S., Couper, J. J. et al. (2012). Hypoglycemia, but not glucose variability, relates to vascular function in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 14(6):457–462.
  • Pereira, M. A., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Pins, J. J., Raatz, S. K., Gross, M. D., Slavin, J. L. and Seaquist, E. R. (2002). Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75:848–855.
  • Piers, L. S., Walker, K. Z., Stoney, R. M., Soares, M. J. and O’Dea, K. (2003). Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Br. J. Nutr. 90:717–727.
  • Pipeleers, D. G., Schuit, F. C., in't Veld, P. A., Maes, E., Hooghe-Peters, E. L., Van de Winkel, M., and Gepts, W. (1985). Interplay of nutrients and hormones in the regulation of insulin release. Endocrinology. 117:824–833.
  • Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2005). Weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 28:1526–1527.
  • Plaisance, E. P., Mestek, M. L., Mahurin, A. J., Taylor, J. K., Moncada-Jimenez, J. and Grandjean, P. W. (2008). Postprandial triglyceride responses to aerobic exercise and extended-release niacin. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 88:30–37.
  • Polonsky, K. S., Sturis, J. and Bell, G. I. (1996). Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus—A genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:777–783.
  • Pravdova, E., Macho, L. and Fickova, M. (2009). Alcohol intake modifies leptin, adiponectin and resistin serum levels and their mRNA expressions in adipose tissue of rats. Endocrine. Reg. 43(3):117–125.
  • Punthakee, Z., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., Diaz, R., Holman, R., Probstfield, J. L., Ramachandran, A., Riddle, M. C., Rydén, L. E., Zinman, B., Afzal, R., Yusuf, S., Gerstein, H. C.; TIDE Trial Investigators. (2012). Design, history and results of the thiazolidinedione intervention with vitamin D evaluation (TIDE) randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 55:36–45.
  • Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Li, J., Xu, J., Li, S., Li, D., Cao, J., Wang, B., Liang, H., Zheng, H., Xie, Y., Tap, J., Lepage, P., Bertalan, M., Batto, J. M., Hansen, T., Le, P. D., Linneberg, A., Nielsen, H. B., Pelletier, E., Renault, P., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Turner, K., Zhu, H., Yu, C., Li, S., Jian, M., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Li, S., Qin, N., Yang, H., Wang, J., Brunak, S., Dore, J., Guarner, F., Kristiansen, K., Pedersen, O., Parkhill, J., Weissenbach, J., Bork, P., Ehrlich, S. D. and Wang J (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 464:59–65.
  • Raben, A., Møller, B. K., Flint, A., Vasilaris, T. H., Christina Møller, A., Juul Holst, J. and Astrup, A. (2011). Increased postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia, and lipidemia after 10 weeks’ sucrose-rich diet compared to an artificially sweetened diet: A randomised controlled trial. Food Nutr. Res. 55: doi:10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5961.
  • Rabinowitz, D., Merimee, T. J., Maffezzoli, R. and Burgess, J. A. (1966). Patterns of hormonal release after glucose, protein, and glucose plus protein. Lancet. 2:454–456.
  • Rajpathak, S. N., Freiberg, M. S., Wang, C., Wylie-Rosett, J., Wildman, R. P., Rohan, T. E., Robinson, J. G., Liu, S. and Wassertheil-Smoller, S. (2010). Alcohol consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women with diabetes: Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 4:211–218.
  • Raninen, K., Lappi, J., Mykkanen, H. and Poutanen, K. (2011). Type of dietary Fibre reflects the physiological functionality – comparison of grain fibre, inulin and polydextrose. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 1:9–21.
  • Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O. and Scholey, A. B. (2006). The glycaemic effects of single doses of Panax ginseng in young healthy volunteers. Br. J. Nutr. 96:639–642.
  • Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., Milne, A., Fenwick, J. and Kennedy, D. O. (2009). Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Nutr. 101:1673–1678.
  • Rebello, S. A., Chen, C. H., Naidoo, N., Xu, W., Lee, J., Chia, K. S., Tai, E. S. and van Dam, R. M. (2011). Coffee and tea consumption in relation to inflammation and basal glucose metabolism in a multi-ethnic Asian population: A cross-sectional study. Nutr. J. 2:10:61.
  • Rendell, M., Vanderhoof, J., Venn, M., Shehan, M. A., Arndt, E., Rao, C. S., Gill, G., Newman, R. K., Newman, C. W. (2005). Effect of a barley breakfast cereal on blood glucose and insulin response in normal and diabetic patients. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 60(2):63–67.
  • Rivellese, A. A., Maffettone, A., Iovine, C., Di Marino, L., Annuzzi, G., Mancini, M. and Riccardi, G. (1996). Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care. 11:1207–1213.
  • Rizkalla, S. W., Taghrid, L. et al. (2004). Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 27(8):1866–1872.
  • Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G. R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A. L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I., Wolvers, D., Watzl, B., Szajewska, H., Stahl, B., Guarner, F., Respondek, F., Whelan, K., Coxam, V., Davicco, M. J., Leotoing, L., Wittrant, Y., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M. and Meheust, A. (2010). Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits. Br. J. Nutr. 104(2):S1–S63.
  • Robert, S. D. and Ismail, A. A. (2012). Glycemic responses of patients with type 2 diabetes to individual carbohydrate-rich foods and mixed meals. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 60(1):27–32.
  • Roberts, A. (1999). Sucralose and diabetes. Food Food Ingred. Jpn. 182:49–55.
  • Robertson, M. D., Bickerton, A. S., Dennis, A. L., Vidal, H. and Frayn, K. N. (2005). Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82:559–567.
  • Robertson, M. D., Currie, J. M., Morgan, L. M., Jewell, D. P. and Frayn, K. N. (2003). Prior short-term consumption of resistant starch enhances postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. 46:659–665.
  • Rosén, L. A., Östman, E. M., and Björck, I. M. (2011). Effects of cereal breakfasts on postprandial glucose, appetite regulation and voluntary energy intake at a subsequent standardized lunch; focusing on rye products. Nutr. J. 10:7.
  • Rosen, L. A. H., Silva, L. O. B. et al. (2009). Endosperm and whole grain rye breads are characterized by low post-prandial insulin response and a beneficial blood glucose profile. Nutr. J. 25(8):42.
  • Rosen, L. A., Östman, E. M. et al. (2011). Effects of cereal breakfasts on postprandial glucose, appetite regulation and voluntary energy intake at a subsequent standardized lunch; focusing on rye products. Nutr. J. 19(10):7.
  • Roth, H. P. and Kirchgessner, M. (1981). Zinc and insulin metabolism. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 3:13–32.
  • Rustan, A. C., Nenseter, M. S. and Drevon, C. A. (1997). Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in the insulin resistance syndrome. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 827:310–326.
  • Sae-tan S, Grove, K. A., and Lambert, J. D. (2011). Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol. Res. 64:146–154.
  • Salehi, A., Gunnerud, U., Muhammed, S. J., Östman, E., Holst, J. J., Björck, I. and Rorsman, P. (2012). The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partially mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on β-cells. Nutr. Metab. 9(1):48.
  • Sales, C. H., Pedrosa, L. F., Lima, J. G., Lemos, T. M. and Colli, C. (2011). Influence of magnesium status and magnesium intake on the blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Nutr. 30(3):359–364.
  • Sanaka, M., Yamamoto, T., Anjiki, H., Nagasawa, K. and Kuyama, Y. (2007). Effects of agar and pectin on gastric emptying and post-prandial glycaemic profiles in healthy human volunteers. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 34(11):1151–1155.
  • Scalfi, L., Coltorti, A. and Contaldo, F. (1991). Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Ame. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:1130–1133.
  • Schaafsma, G., Meuling, W. J., van Dokkum, W. and Bouley, C. (1998). Effects of a milk product, fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharides added, on blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:436–440.
  • Schroder, H., Marrugat, J., Fito, M., Weinbrenner, T. and Covas, M. I. (2006). Alcohol consumption is directly associated with circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol. Med. 40(8):1474–1481.
  • Schulze, M. B., Schulz, M., Heidemann, C., Schienkiewitz, A., Hoffmann, K. and Boeing, H. (2007). Fibre and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 167:956–965.
  • Schwab, U., Louheranta, A., Törrönen, A. and Uusitupa, M. (2006). Impact of sugar beet pectin and polydextrose on fasting and postprandial glycemia and fasting concentrations of serum total and lipoprotein lipids in middle-aged subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60:1073–1080.
  • Schwanstecher, C., Meyer, M., Schwanstecher, M. and Panten, U. (1998). Interaction of N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine and related compounds with the sulphonylurea receptor of beta-cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 123:1023–1030.
  • Sels, J. P., De Bruin, H., Camps, M. H., Postmes, T. J., Menheere, P., Wolfenbuttel, B. H. and Kruseman, A. C. (1992). Absence of guar efficacy in complex spaghetti meals on postprandial glucose and C-peptide levels in healthy control and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. Horm. Metab. Res. Suppl. 26:52–58.
  • Sener, A., Hutton, J. C. and Malaisse, W. J. (1981). The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release. Synergistic effects of L-glutamine and 2-keto acids upon insulin secretion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 677:32–38.
  • Sener, A. and Malaisse, W. J. (2002). The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release. Insulinotropic action of L-alanine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1573:100–104.
  • Serraclara, A., Hawkins, F., Perez, C., Dominguez, E., Campillo, J. E. and Torres, M. D. (1998). Hypoglycemic action of an oral fig-leaf decoction in type-I diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 39(1):19–22.
  • Sievenpiper, J. L., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A. and Vuksan, V. (2003a). Null and opposing effects of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on acute glycemia: Results of two acute dose escalation studies. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 22:524–532.
  • Sievenpiper, J. L., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A. and Vuksan, V. (2003b). Variable effects of American ginseng: A batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:243–248.
  • Sievenpiper, J. L., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A. and Vuksan, V. (2004). Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: The role of ginsenosides. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23:248–258.
  • Sievenpiper, J. L., Sung, M. K., Di Buono, M., Seung-Lee, K., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T. et al. (2006). Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: Results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 25:100–107.
  • Slaughter, S. L., Ellis, P. R., et al. (2002). The effect of guar galactomannan and water availability during hydrothermal processing on the hydrolysis of starch catalysed by pancreatic [alpha]-amylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. General Subjects 1571/1:55–63.
  • Slavin, J. L., Savarino, V., Paredes-Diaz, A. and Fotopoulos, G. (2009). A review of the role of soluble Fibre in health with specific reference to wheat dextrin. J. Int. Med. Res. 37(1):1–17.
  • Sloth, B., Due, A., Larsen, T. M., Holst, J. J., Heding, A. and Astrup, A. (2009). The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period. Br. J. Nutr. 101:1846–1858.
  • Sluijs, I., Beulens, J. W., van der, A.D., Spijkerman, A. M., Grobbee, D. E. and van der Schouw, Y. T. (2010). Dietary intake of total animal and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study. Diabetes Care. 33:43–48.
  • Sorensen, M. and Johansen, O. E. (2010). Idiopathic reactive hypoglycaemia—Prevalence and effect of fibre on glucose excursions. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 70:385–391.
  • Sotaniemi, E. A., Haapakoski, E. and Rautio, A. (1995). Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 18:1373–1375.
  • Stanhope, K. L., Schwarz, J. M., Keim, N. L., Griffen, S. C., Bremer, A. A., Graham, J. L., Hatcher, B., Cox, C. L., Dyachenko, A., Zhang, W., McGahan, J. P., Seibert, A., Krauss, R. M., Chiu, S., Schaefer, E. J., Ai, M., Otokozawa, S., Nakajima, K., Nakano, T., Beysen, C., Hellerstein, M. K., Berglund, L. and Havel, P. J (2009). Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J. Clin. Invest. 119(5):1322–1334.
  • Steptoe, A., Gibson, E. L., Vuononvirta, R., Hamer, M., Wardle, J., Rycroft, J. A., Martin, J. F. and Erusalimsky, J. D. (2007). The effects of chronic tea intake on platelet activation and inflammation: A double-blind placebo controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 193(2):277–282.
  • Stirban, A., Negrean, M., Stratmann, B., Gawlowski, T., Horstmann, T., Götting, C., Kleesiek, K., Mueller-Roesel, M., Koschinsky, T., Uribarri, J., Vlassara, H. and Tschoepe, D. (2006). Benfotiamine prevents macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress following a meal rich in advanced glycation end products in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29:2064–2071.
  • Stirban, A., Negrean, M., Stratmann, B., Götting, C., Salomon, J., Kleesiek, K. and Tschoepe, D. (2007). Adiponectin decreases postprandially following a heat-processed meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 30:2514–2516.
  • Storlien, L. H., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J., Pascoe, W. S., Khouri, S. and Kraegen, E. W. (1991). Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes. 40:280–289.
  • Straczkowski, M., Kowalska, I., Nikolajuk, A., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Kinalska, I., Baranowski, M., Zendzian-Piotrowska, M., Brzezinska, Z. and Gorski, J. (2004). Relationship between insulin sensitivity and sphingomyelin signaling pathway in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 53:1215–1221.
  • Tai, K., Need, A. G., Horowitz, M. and Chapman, I. M. (2008). Glucose tolerance and vitamin D: Effects of treating vitamin D deficiency. Nutr. (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 24:950–956
  • Tapola, N., Karvonen, H., Niskanen, L., Mikola, M. and Sarkkinen, E. (2005). Glycemic responses of oat bran products in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis. 15(4):255–261.
  • Tappy, L., Gügolz, E. and Würsch, P. (1996). Effects of breakfast cereals containing various amounts of beta-glucan Fibres on plasma glucose and insulin responses in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care. 19(8):831–834.
  • Thomas, D. and E. J. Elliott (2009). Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1):CD006296.
  • Thomas, T. and Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2012). Foods for the prevention of diabetes: How do they work? Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2:25–49.
  • Thompson, AK., Minihane, AM. and Williams, CM. (2011). Trans fatty acids, insulin resistance and diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:553–564.
  • Thomsen, C., Storm, H., Holst, J. J. and Hermansen, K. (2003). Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 77:605–611.
  • Tolhurst, G., Heffron, H., Lam, Y. S., Parker, H. E., Habib, A. M., Diakogiannaki, E., Cameron, J., Grosse, J., Reimann, F. and Gribble, F. M. (2012). Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes. 61(2):364–371.
  • Torronen, R., Sarkkinen, E., Tapola, N., Hautaniemi, E., Kilpi, K. and Niskanen, L. (2010). Berries modify the postprandial plasma glucose response to sucrose in healthy subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 103(8):1094.
  • Torsdottir and Andersson, H. (2009). Effect on the postprandial glycaemic level of the addition of water to a meal ingested by healthy subjects and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 32:231–235.
  • Torsdottir, I., Alpsten, M., Holm, G., Sandberg, A. S., and Tölli, J. (1991). A small dose of soluble alginate-fiber affects postprandial glycemia and gastric emptying in humans with diabetes. J Nutr. 121(6):795–799.
  • Tremblay, F., Krebs, M., Dombrowski, L., Brehm, A., Bernroider, E., Roth, E. and Nowotny, P. (2005). Overactivation of S6 kinase 1 as a cause of human insulin resistance during increased amino acid availability. Diabetes. 54(9):2674–2684.
  • Trowell, H. C., Southgate, D. A. T., Wolever, T. M. S., Leeds, A. R., Gassull, M. A., and Jenkins, D. J. A. (1976). Dietary fibre redefined. Lancet. 307/7966:967.
  • Tsuneki, H., Ishizuka, M., Terasawa, M., Wu, J.-B., Sasaoka, T., and Kimura, I. (2004). Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. 4:18.
  • Tunnicliffe, J. M. and Shearer, J. (2008). Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: Physiological mechanisms and mediators. Appl. Physiol. Nutr Metab. 33(6):1290–1300.
  • Turroni, F., Marchesi, J. R., Foroni, E., Gueimonde, M., Shanahan, F., Margolles, A., van, S. D. and Ventura, M. (2009). Microbiomic analysis of the bifidobacterial population in the human distal gut. ISME J. 3:745–751.
  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 352/9131:837–853.
  • Um, S. H., Frigerio, F., Watanabe, M., Picard, F., Joaquin, M., Sticker, M. and Fumagalli, S. (2004). Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity. Nature. 431/7005:200–205.
  • van Dam, R. M. (2006). Coffee and type 2 diabetes: From beans to beta-cells. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis. 16(1):69–77.
  • van Dam, R. M. and Hu, F. B. (2005). Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes a systematic review. JAMA. 294:97–104.
  • van Loon, L. J., Kruijshoop, M., Menheere, P. P., Wagenmakers, A. J., Saris, W. H. and Keizer, H. A. (2003). Amino acid ingestion strongly enhances insulin secretion in patients with long-term type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 26:625–630.
  • van Loon, L. J., Kruijshoop, M., Verhagen, H., Saris, W. H., and Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000a). Ingestion of protein hydrolysate and amino acid-carbohydrate mixtures increasespostexercise plasma insulin responses in men. J. Nutr. 130:2508–2513.
  • van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Verhagen, H. and Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000b). Plasma insulin responses after ingestion of different amino acid or protein mixtures with carbohydrate. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:96–105.
  • Visen, P., Saraswat, B., Visen, A., Roller, M., Bily, A., Mermet, C., He, K., Bai, N. I. S., Lemaire, B., Lafay, S. and Ibarra, A. (2009). Acute effects of Fraxinus excelsior L. seed extract on postprandial glycemia and insulin secretion on healthy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 126(2):226–232.
  • Vitaglione, P., Napolitano, A. and Fogliano, V. (2008). Cereal dietary fibre: A natural functional ingredient to deliver phenolic compounds into the gut. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 19:451–463.
  • Vrieze, A., van Nood, E., Holleman, F., Salojärvi, J., Kootte, R. S., Bartelsman, J. F., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Ackermans, M. T., Serlie, M. J., Oozeer, R., Derrien, M., Druesne, A., van Hylckama Vlieg, J. E., Bloks, V. W., Groen, A. K., Heilig, H. G., Zoetendal, E. G., Stroes, E. S., de Vos, W. M., Hoekstra, J. B. and Nieuwdorp, M. (2012). Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 143(4):913–916.
  • Vuksan, V., Rogovik, A. L., Jovanovski, E. and Jenkins, A. L. (2009). Fibre facts: Benefits and recommendations for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 9(5):405–411.
  • Vuksan, V., Sievenpiper, J. L., Koo, V. Y., Francis, T., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Xu, Z. et al. (2000a). American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 160:1009–1013.
  • Vuksan, V., Sievenpiper, J. L., Sung, M. K., Di Buono, M., Stavro, M. P., Jenkins, A. L. et al. (2003). Safety and efficacy of Korean red ginseng intervention (SAEKI): Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 52(1):A:137.
  • Vuksan, V., Sievenpiper, J. L., Wong, J., Xu, Z., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Arnason, J. T. et al. (2001). American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:753–758.
  • Vuksan, V., Stavro, M. P., Sievenpiper, J. L., Koo, V. Y., Wong, E., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U. et al. (2000b). American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: Effect of dose and time escalation. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19:738–744.
  • Vuksan, V., Stavro, M. P., Sievenpiper, J. L., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Leiter, L. A., Josse, R. G. et al. (2000c). Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 23:1221–1226.
  • Vuksan, V., Sung, M. K., Sievenpiper, J. L., Stavro, P. M., Jenkins, A. L., Di Buono, M, Lee, K. S., Leiter, L. A., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T., Choi, M. and Naeem, A. (2008). Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovascular Dis. 18(1):46–56.
  • Vuksan, V., Xu, Z., Jenkins, A. L., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Sievenpiper, J. L., Leiter, L. A. et al. (2000d). American ginseng improves long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: Double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial (abstract). Diabetes. 49(1):A:95.
  • Vuksan, V., Sievenpiper, J. L., Koo, V. Y., Francis, T., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Xu, Z. et al. (2000a). American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 dia-Q31 betes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 160:1009–1013.
  • Wedick, N. M., Brennan, A. M., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., Mantzoros, C. S. and van Dam, R. M. (2011). Effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on biological risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J. 10:93
  • Weickert, M. O. (2012). What dietary modification best improves insulin sensitivity and why? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 77(4):508–512.
  • Weickert, M. O., Arafat, A. M., Blaut, M., Alpert, C., Becker, N., Leupelt, V., Rudovich, N., Mohlig, M. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2011a). Changes in dominant groups of the gut microbiota do not explain cereal-Fibre induced improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity. Nutr. Metab. (Lond). 8:90.
  • Weickert, M. O., Möhlig, M., Koebnick, C., Holst, J. J., Namsolleck, P., Ristow, M., Osterhoff, M., Rochlitz, H., Rudovich, N., Spranger, J. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2005). Impact of cereal fibre on glucose-regulating factors. Diabetologia. 48:2343–2353.
  • Weickert, M. O., Möhlig, M., Schöfl, C., Arafat, A. M., Otto, B., Viehoff, H., Koebnick, C., Kohl, A., Spranger, J. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2006). Cereal Fibre improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Diabetes Care. 29:775–780.
  • Weickert, M. O. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2008). Metabolic effects of dietary Fibre consumption and prevention of diabetes. J. Nutr. 138:439–442.
  • Weickert, M. O. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2009). Low-glycemic index vs high-cereal Fibre diet in type 2 diabetes. Jama. 301:1538.
  • Weickert, M. O., Roden, M., Isken, F., Hoffmann, D., Nowotny, P., Osterhoff, M., Blaut, M., Alpert, C., Gögebakan, O., Bumke-Vogt, C., Mueller, F., Machann, J., Barber, T. M., Petzke, K. J., Hierholzer, J., Hornemann, S., Kruse, M., Illner, A. K., Kohl, A., Loeffelholz, C. V., Arafat, A. M., Möhlig, M. and Pfeiffer, A. F. (2011b). Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets differing in cereal Fibre and protein content on insulin sensitivity in overweight humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94:459–471.
  • Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lemmens, S. G. and Westerterp, K. R. (2012). Dietary protein—Its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. Br. J. Nutr. 108(2):S105–S112.
  • West, S., Hecker, K., Mustad, V., Nicholson, S., Schoemer, S., Wagner, P., Hinderliter, A., Ulbrecht, J., Ruey, P. and Kris-Etherton, P. (2005). Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 48:113–122.
  • Wheeler, M. L. and Fineberg, S. E., et al. (1990). Metabolic response to oral challenge of hydrogenated starch hydrolysate versus glucose in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 13(7):733–740.
  • Wheeler, M. L. and Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2008). Carbohydrate Issues: Type and Amount. J. Amer. Dietetic Ass. 108(4):S34–S39.
  • Whiting, D. R., Guariguata, L., Weil, C. and Shaw, J. (2011). IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 94(3):311–321.
  • Williams, J. A., Choe, Y. S., Noss, M. J., Baumgartner, C. J. and Mustad, V. A. (2007). Extract of Salacia oblonga lowers acute glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 86(1):124–130.
  • Williams, C. J., Fargnoli, J. L., Hwang, J. J., van Dam, R. M., Blackburn, G. L., Hu, F. B. and Mantzoros, C. S. (2008). Coffee consumption is associated with higher plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with or without type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 31(3):504–507.
  • Wolever, T. M. S. and Bolognesi, C. (1996). Prediction f glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. J. Nutr. 126:2807–2812.
  • Wolever, T. M., Gibbs, A. L., Mehling, C., et al. (2008). The Canadian Trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes (CCD), a 1-y controlled trial of low-glycemic-index dietary carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes: No effect on glycated hemoglobin but reduction in C-reactive protein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87:114–125.
  • Wu, X., Ma, C., Han, L., Nawaz, M., Gao, F., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Zhao, C., Li, L., Zhou, A., Wang, J., Moore, J. E., Millar, B. C. and Xu, J. (2010). Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes. Curr. Microbiol. 61:69–78.
  • Xu, X., Bittman, R., Duportail, G., Heissler, D., Vilcheze, C. and London, E. (2001a). Effect of the structure of natural sterols and sphingolipids on the formation of ordered sphingolipid/sterol domains (Rafts). J. Biol. Chem. 276:33540–33546.
  • Xu, G., Kwon, G., Cruz, W. S., Marshall, C. A. and McDaniel, M. L. (2001b). Metabolic regulation by leucine of translation initiation through the mTOR-signaling pathway by pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes. 50:353–360.
  • Zambon, S., Friday, K., Childs, M., Fujimoto, W., Bierman, E. and Ensinck, J. (1992). Effect of glyburide and omega 3 fatty acid dietary supplements on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:447–454.
  • Zanchi, N. E., Guimarães-Ferreira, L., Siqueira-Filho, M. A., Gabriel Camporez, J. P., Nicastro, H., Seixas Chaves, D. F., Campos-Ferraz, P., Lancha, A. H., Jr., and de Oliveira Carvalh, C. R. (2012). The possible role of leucine in modulating glucose homeostasis under distinct catabolic conditions. Med. Hypotheses. 79(6):883–888.