2,889
Views
113
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Dietary Phytochemicals: Nutrition and Health (ISPMF2015)

Phytochemical Content, Health Benefits, and Toxicology of Common Edible Flowers: A Review (2000–2015)

, &

REFERENCES

  • Abad, A. N. A., Nouri, M. K., et al. (2011). Effect of Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract on Cisplatin-induced neuropathy in mice. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 9(2):126–131.
  • Adetutu, A. and Owoade, A. O. (2013). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Hibiscus polyphenol rich extract (HPE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced damage in rats. Br. J. Med. Med. Res. 3(4):1574–1586.
  • Adhirajan, N., Ravi Kumar, T., et al. (2003). In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88(2–3):235–239.
  • Ajay, M., Chai, H. J., et al. (2007). Mechanisms of the anti-hypertensive effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces. J. Ethnopharmacol. 109(3):388–393.
  • Ajiboye, T. O., Salawu, N. A., et al. (2011). Antioxidant and drug detoxification potentials of Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanin extract. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 34(2):109–115.
  • Akindahunsi, A. A. and Olaleye, M. T. (2003). Toxicological investigation of aqueous-methanolic extract of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 89(1):161–164.
  • Alarcon-Aguilar, F. J., Zamilpa, A., et al. (2007). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on obesity in MSG mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 114(1):66–71.
  • Alarcon-Alonso, J., Zamilpa, A., et al. (2012). Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 139(3):751–756.
  • Alasalvar, C., Pelvan, E., et al. (2013). Compositional, nutritional, and functional characteristics of instant teas produced from low-and high-quality black teas. J. Agr. Food Chem. 61(31):7529–7536.
  • Ali, Ö. (2010). Cytotoxicity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract. Caryologia. 63(2):157–161.
  • Ali, B. H., Al-Lawati, I., et al. (2012). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its anthocyanins on some reproductive aspects in rats. Nat. Prod. Commun. 7(1):41–44.
  • Ali, B. H., Mousa, H. M., et al. (2003). The effect of a water extract and anthocyanins of hibiscus sabdariffa L on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity in rats. Phytochem. Res. 17(1):56–59.
  • Alimi, H., Hfaiedh, N., et al. (2011). Evaluation of antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activities of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis flowers extract in rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32(3):406–416.
  • Amin, A. and Hamza, A. A. (2005). Hepatoprotective effects of Hibiscus, Rosmarinus and Salvia on azathioprine-induced toxicity in rats. Life Sci. 77(3):266–278.
  • Ammar, I., Ennouri, M., et al. (2012). Variation in chemical composition and biological activities of two species of Opuntia flowers at four stages of flowering. Ind. Crop. Prod. 37(1):34–40.
  • Asagba, S., Adaikpoh, M., et al. (2007). Influence of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal on cadmium toxicity in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 115(1):47–57.
  • Avallone, R., Zanoli, P., et al. (2000). Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59(11):1387–1394.
  • Avonto, C., Wang, M., et al. (2013). Hydroxylated bisabolol oxides: Evidence for secondary oxidative metabolism in Matricaria chamomilla. J. Nat. Prod. 76(10):1848–1853.
  • Awad, A. B. and Fink, C. S. (2000). Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: Evidence and mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 130(9):2127–2130.
  • Beltran-Debon, R., Alonso-Villaverde, C., et al. (2010). The aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calices modulates the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in humans. Phytomedicine. 17(3–4):186–191.
  • Benayad, Z., Martinez-Villaluenga, C., et al. (2014). Phenolic composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Moroccan Opuntia ficus-indica flowers obtained by different extraction methods. Ind. Crop. Prod. 62:412–420.
  • Bhaskar, A., Nithya, V., et al. (2011). Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(5):653–661.
  • Bouic, P. J. (2001). The role of phytosterols and phytosterolins in immune modulation: A review of the past 10 years. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 4(6):471–475.
  • Boyer J. and Liu R. H. (2004). Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal, 3(1):5.
  • Cai, Y. Z., Xing, J., et al. (2005). Phenolic antioxidants (hydrolyzable tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins) identified by LC-ESI-MS and MALDI-QIT-TOF MS from Rosa chinensis flowers. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53(26):9940–9948.
  • Cemek, M., Kaga, S., et al. (2008). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Nat. Med. 62(3):284–293.
  • Chang, Y. C., Huang, H. P., et al. (2005). Hibiscus anthocyanins rich extract-induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 205(3):201–212.
  • Chau, C. F. and Wu, S. H. (2006). The development of regulations of Chinese herbal medicines for both medicinal and food uses. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 17(6):313–323.
  • Chen, T., Li, L. P., et al. (2007). Absorption and excretion of luteolin and apigenin in rats after oral administration of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract. J. Agr. Food Chem. 55(2):273–277.
  • Choi, C. W., Jung, H. A., et al. (2007). Antioxidant constituents and a new triterpenoid glycoside from Flos Lonicerae. Arch. Pharm. Res. 30(1):1–7.
  • Chu, Q., Fu, L., et al. (2004). Determination and differentiation of Flos Chrysanthemum based on characteristic electrochemical profiles by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52(26):7828–7833.
  • Cichewicz, R. H., Lim, K. C., et al. (2002). Kwanzoquinones A-G and other constituents of Hemerocallis fulva ‘Kwanzo’ roots and their activity against the human pathogenic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Tetrahedron. 58(42):8597–8606.
  • Cichewicz, R. H. and Nair, M. G. (2002). Isolation and characterization of stelladerol, a new antioxidant naphthalene glycoside, and other antioxidant glycosides from edible daylily (Hemerocallis) flowers. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50(1):87–91.
  • Cutler, R. (2003). Culinary uses and nutriotional value. Encyclopedia of Rose Science. Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA:707–716.
  • Da-Costa-Rocha, I., Bonnlaender, B., et al. (2014). Hibiscus sabdariffa L.–A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chemistry. 165:424–443.
  • Davies, K. and Espley, R. (2013). Opportunities and challenges for metabolic engineering of secondary metabolite pathways for improved human health characters in fruit and vegetable crops. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 41(3):154–177.
  • de Arruda, A., Cardoso, C. A. L., et al. (2015). Safety assessment of Hibiscus sabdariffa after maternal exposure on male reproductive parameters in rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2015:1003938.
  • Durairaj, B. and Dorai, A. (2014). Free radical scavenging potential of Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn flowers (White and Pink). Int. J. Nat. Sci. Res. 2(8):133–146.
  • El Souda, S. S. E. D., Ahmed, K. M., et al. (2015). Flavonoids and gastroprotective effect of Matricaria chamomilla against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants. 21(2):111–117.
  • Fakeye, T. O., Pal, A., et al. (2009). Toxic effects of oral administration of extracts of dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.(Malvaceae). Phytother. Res. 23(3):412–416.
  • Fan, J. l., Zhu, W. X., et al. (2012). Flavonoid constituents and antioxidant capacity in flowers of different Zhongyuan tree penoy cultivars[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1):147–157.
  • Farombi, E. O. and Fakoya, A. (2005). Free radical scavenging and antigenotoxic activities of natural phenolic compounds in dried flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 49(12):1120–1128.
  • Fu, M., He, Z., et al. (2009). Antioxidant properties and involved compounds of daylily flowers in relation to maturity. Food Chem. 114(4):1192–1197.
  • Fu, M., Ng, T., et al. (2006). Compounds from rose (Rosa rugosa) flowers with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58(9):1275–1280.
  • Gao, X. M., Shu, L. D., et al. (2013). Phenylethanoids from the flowers of Rosa rugosa and their biological activities. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 34(1):246–248.
  • Gaur, K., Kori, M., et al. (2009). Comparative screening of Immunomodulatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. and ethanolic extract of Cleome gynandra Linn. Global J. Pharma. 3(2):85–89.
  • Gauthaman, K. K., Saleem, M. T., et al. (2006). Cardioprotective effect of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers in an oxidative stress model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury in rat. BMC Complem. Altern Med. 6:32–39.
  • Hajjaj, G., Bounihi, A., et al. (2014). In vivo analgesic activity of essential oil and aqueous extract of Matricaria Chamomilla L.(Asteraceae). World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3(5):01–13.
  • Hansawasdi, C., Kawabata, J., et al. (2001). Hibiscus acid as an inhibitor of starch digestion in the Caco-2 cell model system. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65(9):2087–2089.
  • Herranz-Lopez, M., Fernandez-Arroyo, S., et al. (2012). Synergism of plant-derived polyphenols in adipogenesis: Perspectives and implications. Phytomedicine. 19(3–4):253–261.
  • Herrera-Arellano, A., Flores-Romero, S., et al. (2004). Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: A controlled and randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 11(5):375–382.
  • Hopkins, A. L., Lamm, M. G., et al. (2013). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Fitoterapia. 85:84–94.
  • Hou, D. X., Tong, X., et al. (2005). Delphinidin-3-sambubioside, a Hibiscus anthocyanin, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 440(1):101–109.
  • Hu, Q. F., Zhou, B., et al. (2013). Cytotoxic oxepinochromenone and flavonoids from the flower buds of Rosa rugosa. J. Nat. Prod. 76(10):1866–1871.
  • Huang, C. N., Chan, K. C., et al. (2009). Hibiscus sabdariffa inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration induced by high glucose: A mechanism involves connective tissue growth factor signals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57(8):3073–3079.
  • Huang, T. K., Ding, Z. Z., et al. (2001). Xin ben bao gang mu. Beijing: Press of Chinese Medicine Technology. p. 448.
  • Hung, C. Y., Tsai, Y. C., et al. (2012). Phenolic antioxidants isolated from the flowers of Osmanthus fragrans. Molecules. 17(9):10724–10737.
  • Inuwa, I., Ali, B. H., et al. (2012). Long-term ingestion of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract enhances myocardial capillarization in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Exp. Biol. Med. 237(5):563–569.
  • Jo, Y. H., Seo, G. U., et al. (2012). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol extracts from Magnolia denudata and Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens flowers. Food Res. Int. 47(2):197–200.
  • Kaisoon, O., Konczak, I., et al. (2012). Potential health enhancing properties of edible flowers from Thailand. Food Res. Int. 46(2):563–571.
  • Kaisoon, O., Siriamornpun, S., et al. (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand. J. Funct. Foods. 3(2):88–99.
  • Kalaiselvi, M. and Kalaivani, K. (2011a). Phytochemical analysis and antilipid peroxidative effect of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait oleaceae. Pharmacologyonline. 1:38–43.
  • Kalaiselvi, M., Narmadha, R., et al. (2011b). In vivo and in vitro antitumor activity of jasminum sambac (linn) alt oleaceae flower against daltons ascites lymphoma induced swiss albino mice. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4:145–147.
  • Kang, O. H., Choi, J. G., et al. (2010a). Luteolin isolated from the flowers of Lonicera japonica suppresses inflammatory mediator release by blocking NF-kappaB and MAPKs activation pathways in HMC-1 cells. Molecules. 15(1):385–398.
  • Kang, M., Jung, I., et al. (2010b). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of WIN-34B, a new herbal formula for osteoarthritis composed of Lonicera japonica Thunb and Anemarrhena asphodeloides BUNGE in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 131(2):485–496.
  • Kao, F. J., Chiang, W. D., et al. (2015). Inhibitory effect of daylily buds at various stages of maturity on nitric oxide production and the involved phenolic compounds. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 61(1):130–137.
  • Kasture, V., Chopde, C., et al. (2000). Anticonvulsive activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa sinesis and Butea monosperma in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71(1):65–75.
  • Kelley, K. M., Behe, B. K., et al. (2001). Consumer preference for edible-flower color, container size, and price. Hort Sci. 36(4):801–804.
  • Khandelwal, V. K., Balaraman, R., et al. (2011). Hemidesmus indicus and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis affect ischemia reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011:802937.
  • Kim, J. W., Han, J. Y., et al. (2011). Ethanol extract of the flower Chrysanthemum morifolium augments pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors: Involvement of Cl− channel activation. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011:109164.
  • Kim, C., Kim, M. C., et al. (2013). Chrysanthemum indicum L. extract induces apoptosis through suppression of constitutive STAT3 activation in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Phytother Res. 27(1):30–38.
  • Kim, I. S., Koppula, S., et al. (2009). Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) extract protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 126(3):447–454.
  • Kim, J. K., So, H., et al. (2007). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. water extract inhibits the adipocyte differentiation through the PI3-K and MAPK pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 114(2):260–267.
  • Kolawole, J. and Maduenyi, A. (2004). Effect of zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 29(1):25–29.
  • Kong, C. S., Lee, J. I., et al. (2011). In vitro evaluation on the antiobesity effect of lignans from the flower buds of Magnolia denudata. J. Agr. Food Chem. 59(10):5665–5670.
  • Kopec, K. (2004). Jedle kvety pro zpestreni jidelnicku. Vyziva a Potraviny. 59:151–152.
  • Krasaekoopt, W. and Kongkarnchanatip, A. (2005). Antimicrobial properties of Thai traditional flower vegetable extracts. AU J. T. 9(2):71–74.
  • Ksouri, R., Falleh, H., et al. (2009). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the edible medicinal halophyte Tamarix gallica L. and related polyphenolic constituents. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47(8):2083–2091.
  • Kumar, D., Agrawal, P., et al. (2014a). Antifertility effect of benzene extract of flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. on reproductive system in male albino rats. Ind. J. Appl. Pure Biol. 29(2):215–217.
  • Kumar, D., Agrawal, P., et al. (2014b). Contraceptive effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Corr. flowers in male albino rats. Ind. J. Appl. Pure Biol. 29(2):211–214.
  • Kumar, A. and Singh, A. (2012). Review on Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Int.. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 3(2):534–538.
  • Kwon, S. H., Hong, S. I., et al. (2011). The neuroprotective effects of Lonicera japonica THUNB. against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of MAPKs and PI3K/Akt in SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49(4):1011–1019.
  • Lai, J. P., Lim, Y. H., et al. (2007). Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS. J. Chromatogr. B. 848(2):215–225.
  • Laikangbam, R. and Damayanti Devi, M. (2012). Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal deposition on kidneys of urolithiatic rats by Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract. Urol. Res. 40(3):211–218.
  • Lara-Cortés, E., Osorio-Díaz, P., et al. (2013). Nutritional content, functional properties and conservation of edible flowers. Review. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 63(3):197–208.
  • Laskin, D. L. and Laskin, J. D. (2001). Role of macrophages and inflammatory mediators in chemically induced toxicity. Toxicology. 160(1):111–118.
  • Lee, E. J., Kim, J. S., et al. (2010). Phenolic constituents from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica and their 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 120(1):134–139.
  • Lee, C. H., Kuo, C. Y., et al. (2012). A polyphenol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatic steatosis by attenuating the mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in vitro. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 76(4):646–651.
  • Lee, S. H., Lee, S. Y., et al. (2005). Inhibitory effect of 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde on nitric oxide production through inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 69(5):791–799.
  • Lee, D. G., Lee, S. M., et al. (2011). Lignans from the flowers of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus and their inhibition effect on NO production. Arch. Pharm. Res. 34(12):2029–2035.
  • Lee, H. H., Lin, C. T., et al. (2007). Neuroprotection and free radical scavenging effects of Osmanthus fragrans. J. Biomed. Sci. 14(6):819–827.
  • Lee, W. C., Wang, C. J., et al. (2009). Polyphenol extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus attenuate nephropathy in experimental type 1 diabetes. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57(6):2206–2210.
  • Lee do, Y., Choi, G., et al. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of Chrysanthemum indicum extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 123(1):149–154.
  • Li, C., Du, H., et al. (2009). Flavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of tree peony (Paeonia section moutan) yellow flowers. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57(18):8496–8503.
  • Li, L., Gu, L., et al. (2010). Toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium in rats. J. Food Sci. 75(6):T105–T109.
  • Li, A. N., Li, S., et al. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. J. Funct. Foods. 6:319–330.
  • Li, J., Tanaka, M., et al. (2005). Lignan and neolignan derivatives from Magnolia denudata. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 53(2):235–237.
  • Lin, S. H., Chang, H. C., et al. (2013). The antidepressant-like effect of ethanol extract of Daylily flowers (Jin Zhen Hua) in Rats. J. Tradit. Complement Med. 3(1):53–61.
  • Lin, L. Z. and Harnly, J. M. (2010). Identification of the phenolic components of chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat). Food Chem. 120(1):319–326.
  • Lin, H. H., Huang, H. P., et al. (2005). Hibiscus polyphenol-rich extract induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells via p53 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK/FasL cascade pathway. Mol. Carcinog. 43(2):86–99.
  • Lin, G. H., Lin, L., et al. (2010). Antioxidant action of a Chrysanthemum morifolium extract protects rat brain against ischemia and reperfusion injury. J. Med. Food. 13(2):306–311.
  • Liu, C. L., Wang, J. M., et al. (2002). In vivo protective effect of protocatechuic acid on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40(5):635–641.
  • Liu, R. H. (2003). Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3 Suppl):517S–520S.
  • Liu, J. Y., Chen, C. C., et al. (2006). The protective effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44(3):336–343.
  • Lo, C. W., Huang, H. P., et al. (2007). Effect of Hibiscus anthocyanins-rich extract induces apoptosis of proliferating smooth muscle cell via activation of P38 MAPK and p53 pathway. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51(12):1452–1460.
  • Lu, W. S. (2003) Differentiation of Rosa rugosa and Rosa chinensis as traditional Chinese medicines. Trad. Med. 12:62.
  • Mahmoud, Y. I. (2012). Effect of extract of Hibiscus on the ultrastructure of the testis in adult mice. Acta Histochem. 114(4):342–348.
  • Mato, M., Onozaki, T., et al. (2000). Flavonoid biosynthesis in white-flowered Sim carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus). Sci. Hortic. 84(3):333–347.
  • Matsuda, H., Morikawa, T., et al. (2002). Medicinal flowers. VI. Absolute stereostructures of two new flavanone glycosides and a phenylbutanoid glycoside from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.: Their inhibitory activities for rat lens aldose reductase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 50(7):972–975.
  • Mckay, D. (2009). Can hibiscus tea lower blood pressure. Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech. 20(6):40–42.
  • Melillo, L. (1994). Diuretic plants in the paintings of Pompeii. American J. Nephrol. 14(4–6):423–425.
  • Mikanagi, Y., Saito, N., et al. (2000). Anthocyanins in flowers of genus Rosa, sections Cinnamomeae ( = Rosa), Chinenses, Gallicanae and some modern garden roses. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28(9):887–902.
  • Mlcek, J. and Rop, O. (2011). Fresh edible flowers of ornamental plants-A new source of nutraceutical foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22(10):561–569.
  • Mohamed-Yasseen, Y., Barringer, S. A., et al. (1995). Rapid propagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus-indica) and plant establishment in soil. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cul. 42(1):117–119.
  • Mossalam, H. H., Abd-El Aty, O. A., et al. (2011). Biochemical and ultra structure studies of the antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of hibiscus sabdariffa on the nephrotoxicity induced by organophosphorous pesticide (malathion) on the adult albino rats. J. Am. Sci. 7(12):407–421.
  • Muñoz, M., Mazure, R., et al. (2004). Obesidad y sistema inmune. Nutr. Hosp. 19(6):319–324.
  • Nakamura, S., Nakashima, S., et al. (2013). Alkaloid constituents from flower buds and leaves of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaeaceae) with melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21(3):779–787.
  • Navarro-González, I., González-Barrio, R., et al. (2014). Nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity in edible flowers: Characterisation of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16(1):805–822.
  • Ndu, O. O., Nworu, C. S., et al. (2011). Herbdrug interaction between the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and hydrochlorothiazide in experimental animals. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(6):640–644.
  • Neugebauerova, J. and Vabkova, J. (2009). Jedle kvety soucasti food stylingu. Zahradnictvi. 83:22–24.
  • Ng, T. B., He, J. S., et al. (2004). A gallic acid derivative and polysaccharides with antioxidative activity from rose (Rosa rugosa) flowers. J. Pharm. Pharm. 56(4):537–545.
  • Nouri, M. H. K. and Abad, A. (2012). A antinociceptive effect of Matricaria chamomilla on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharm. 6:24–29.
  • Nowak, R., Olech, M., et al. (2014). Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of rose petals. J. Sci. Food Agr. 94(3):560–567.
  • Ochani, P. C. and D'Mello, P. (2009). Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. leaves and calyces extracts in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 47(4):276.
  • Ochir, S., Ishii, K., et al. (2010). Botanical origin of mei-gui hua (petal of a Rosa species). J. Nat. Med. 64(4):409–416.
  • Olaleye, M. T. and Rocha, B. T. (2008). Acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice: Effects of some medicinal plants on the oxidative defense system. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 59(5):319–327.
  • Oppliger, B., Joerin, L., et al. (2012). Potential herbal preparations for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome in rats. Planta Med. 78(11):1122–1122.
  • Orisakwe, O. E., Husaini, D. C., et al. (2004). Testicular effects of sub-chronic administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract in rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 18(2):295–298.
  • Pei, Y., Wang, S., et al. (2013). Isolation and structure-activity relationship of the antioxidant chemical constituents from the flowers of Rosa chinensis Jacq. Int. J. Food Prop. 17(1):38–44.
  • Peng, C. H., Chyau, C. C., et al. (2011). Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenolic extract inhibits hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and glycation-oxidative stress while improving insulin resistance. J. Agr. Food Chem. 59(18):9901–9909.
  • Peng, Y., Liu, F., et al. (2005). Determination of phenolic acids and flavones in Lonicera japonica Thunb. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electroanalysis. 17(4):356–362.
  • Peng, L. Y., Mei, S. X., et al. (2000). Constituents from Lonicera japonica. Fitoterapia. 71(6):713–715.
  • Petrulova-Poracka, V., Repcak, M., et al. (2013). Coumarins of Matricaria chamomilla L.: Aglycones and glycosides. Food Chem. 141(1):54–59.
  • Phani Kumar, K., Annapurna, A., et al. (2014). Gastroprotective effect of flower extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis against acute gastric lesion models in rodents. J. Pharm. Phytochem. 3(3):137–145.
  • Prasongwatana, V., Woottisin, S., et al. (2008). Uricosuric effect of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in normal and renal-stone former subjects. J. Ethnopharmacol. 117(3):491–495.
  • Preuss, H. G., Echard, B., et al. (2007). Inhibition by natural dietary substances of gastrointestinal absorption of starch and sucrose in rats and pigs: 1. Acute studies. Int. J. Med. Sci. 4(4):196–202.
  • Prommetta, P., Phivthong-ngam, L., et al. (2006). Aqueous extract of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn: Effects on hepatic cytochrome P450 and subacute toxicity in rats. ThaiJ. Pharm. Sci. 30(1–2):8–18.
  • Ramirez-Rodrigues, M. M., Plaza, M. L., et al. (2011). Physicochemical and phytochemical properties of cold and hot water extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa. J. Food Sci. 76(3):C428–C435(8).
  • Rop, O., Mlcek, J., et al. (2012). Edible flowers–a new promising source of mineral elements in human nutrition. Molecules. 17(6):6672–6683.
  • Saengkhae, C., Arunnopparat, W., et al. (2007). Antioxidative activity of the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. on oxidative stress-induced erythrocyte hemolysis in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Thai J. Pharm Sci. 20:70–78.
  • Salah, A. M., Gathumbi, J., et al. (2002). Inhibition of intestinal motility by methanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) in rats. Phytother. Res. 16(3):283–285.
  • Samee, W. and Vorarat, S. (2007). Simultaneous determination of gallic acid, catechin, rutin, ellagic acid and quercetin in flower extracts of Michelia alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Nelumbo nucifera by HPLC. J. Pharm. Health Care Sci. 2(2):131–137.
  • Seo, Y. (2010). Antioxidant activity of the chemical constituents from the flower buds of Magnolia denudata. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 15(3):400–406.
  • Seo, O. N., Kim, G.-S., et al. (2012). Determination of polyphenol components of Lonicera japonica Thunb. using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Contribution to the overall antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 134(1):572–577.
  • Shang, X., Pan, H., et al. (2011). Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 138(1):1–21.
  • Sharma, S. and Goel, A. (2000). Philosophy and Science of Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). In: International Society of Environmental Botanists. Enviro News.
  • Shi, G. B., Zhao, M. H., et al. (2011). Mechanisms involved in the antinociception of petroleum ether fraction from the EtOH extract of Chrysanthemum indicum in mice. Phytomedicine. 18(7):609–616.
  • Shivananda, N. B., Sivachandra R. S., et al. (2007). Effects of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L (Malvaceae) on wound healing activity: A preclinical study in a Sprague Dawley rat. Int. J. Low Extrem Wounds. 6(2):76–81.
  • Singh, O., Khanam, Z., et al. (2011). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn. Rev. 5(9):82–95.
  • Singh, R., Meena, A. K., et al. (2014). Acute toxicity and genotoxic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower extract. Adv. J. Phytomed. Clin. Ther. 2(4):524–529.
  • Singh, R. K., Pretty, J., et al. (2010). Traditional knowledge and biocultural diversity: Learning from tribal communities for sustainable development in northeast India. J. Environ. Plan. Manage. 53(4):511–533.
  • Sogo, T., Terahara, N., et al. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of delphinidin 3-sambubioside, a Hibiscus anthocyanin. Biofactors. 41(1):58–65.
  • Su, J. Y., Tan, L. R., et al. (2012). Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141(2):608–614.
  • Sugawara, T. and Igarashi, K. (2009). Identification of major flavonoids in petals of edible Chrysanthemum flowers and their suppressive effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 15(5):499–506.
  • Sun, Q. L., Hua, S., et al. (2010). Flavonoids and volatiles in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat flower from Tongxiang County in China. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9(25):3817–3821.
  • Tai, C. Y. and Chen, B. (2000). Analysis and stability of carotenoids in the flowers of Daylily (Hemerocallis disticha) as affected by various treatments. J. Agr. Food Chem. 48(12):5962–5968.
  • Tsuji-Naito, K., Saeki, H., et al. (2009). Inhibitory effects of Chrysanthemum species extracts on formation of advanced glycation end products. Food Chem. 116(4):854–859.
  • Uezu, E. (1997). A philological and experimental investigation of the effects of Hemerocallis as food in man and ddy mice. Bulletin of Coll Educa Univers Ryukyus. 51:231–238.
  • Ukiya, M., Akihisa, T., et al. (2001). Constituents of compositae plants. 2. Triterpene diols, triols, and their 3-o-fatty acid esters from edible chrysanthemum flower extract and their anti-inflammatory effects. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49(7):3187–3197.
  • Vandavasi, S. R., Ramaiah, M., et al. (2015). In vitro standardization of flowers of methanolic extract of Dendrobium normale Falc. for free radical scavenging activity. J. Pharm. Phytochem. 3(5):107–111.
  • Velusami, C. C., Agarwal, A., et al. (2013). Effect of Nelumbo nucifera petal extracts on lipase, adipogenesis, adipolysis, and central receptors of obesity. Evid -Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2013:145925.
  • Wang, L. S., Hashimoto, F., et al. (2004). Chemical taxonomy of the Xibei tree peony from China by floral pigmentation. J. Plant Res. 117(1):47–55.
  • Wang, Z. D., Huang, C., et al. (2010). Chrysanthemum indicum ethanolic extract inhibits invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of MMP/TIMP balance as therapeutic target. Oncol. Rep. 23(2):413–421.
  • Wang, S. C., Lee, S. F., et al. (2011). Aqueous extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via regulating oxidative status and Akt/Bad/14-3-3 gamma in an experimental animal model. Evid. Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2011:938126.
  • Wang, C. J., Wang, J. M., et al. (2000). Protective effect of Hibiscus anthocyanins against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38(5):411–416.
  • Wickelgren, I. (1998). Obesity: How big a problem? Science. 280(5368):1364–1367.
  • Willett, W. C. (2002). Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science. 296(5568):695–698.
  • Wongwattanasathien, O., Kangsadalampai, K., et al. (2010). Antimutagenicity of some flowers grown in Thailand. Food and Chem. Toxicol. 48(4):1045–1051.
  • Woods, S. C., Seeley, R. J., et al. (1998). Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science. 280(5368):1378–1383.
  • Wu, L. C., Chang, L. H., et al. (2009). Antioxidant activity and melanogenesis inhibitory effect of the acetonic extract of Osmanthus fragrans: A potential natural and functional food flavor additive. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 42(9):1513–1519.
  • Wu, L. Y., Gao, H. Z., et al. (2010). Analysis of chemical composition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GC/MS and HPLC. J. Plant Res. 4(5):421–426.
  • Wu, T. Y., Khor, T. O., et al. (2011). Anti-inflammatory/Anti-oxidative stress activities and differential regulation of Nrf2-mediated genes by non-polar fractions of tea Chrysanthemum zawadskii and licorice Glycyrrhiza uralensis. J. Am. Assoc. Pharm. Sci. 13(1):1–13.
  • Xie, Y. Y., Yuan, D., et al. (2009). Cytotoxic activity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium on human colon cancer Colon205 cells. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 11(9):771–778.
  • Xie, Y. and Zhang, W. (2012). Antihypertensive activity of Rosa rugosa Thunb. flowers: Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor. J. Ethnopharmacol. 144(3):562–566.
  • Xiong, L., Yang, J., et al. (2014). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of 10 common edible flowers from China. J. Food Sci. 79(4):C517–C525.
  • Yagi, M., Nomoto, K., et al. (2012). The effect of edible purple chrysanthemum extract on advanced glycation end products generation in skin: A randomized controlled clinical trial and in vitro study. Anti-Aging Med. 9(2):61–74.
  • Yang, M. Y., Peng, C. H., et al. (2010). The hypolipidemic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenols via inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting hepatic lipid clearance. J. Agr. Food Chem. 58(2):850–859.
  • Yang, L., Wei, D. D., et al. (2011). Reversal of multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells by Curcuma wenyujin and Chrysanthemum indicum. Phytomedicine. 18(8–9):710–718.
  • Yeddes, N., Chérif, J. K., et al. (2013). Phenolic profile of Tunisian Opuntia Ficus Indica thornless form flowers via chromatographic and spectral analysis by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-UV-photodiode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer. Int. J. Food Prop. 17(4):741–751.
  • Yin, G., Cao, L., et al. (2011). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in Cyprinus carpio. In Vitro Cellular Developm Biol Animal. 47(1):10–15.
  • Yip, E., Chan, A., et al. (2006). Protocatechuic acid induces cell death in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells through a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent mechanism. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 22(4):293–302.
  • Yoo, H. J., Kang, H. J., et al. (2008). Anti-angiogenic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lonicera japonica extract. J. Pharm. Pharm. 60(6):779–786.
  • Yoon, H. (2014). Effects of aging on the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of magnolia (Magnolia denudata) flower extracts. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 23(5):1715–1718.
  • Yuan, A., Li, Z., et al. (2009). Distinct effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné extracts on isoproterenol-induced growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol. Rep. 22(6):1357–1363.
  • Zeng, Y., Deng, M., et al. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts from 19 Chinese edible flowers. SpringerPlus. 3(1):315–319.
  • Zhang, T. J. and Tao, R. (1997). Studies on the resources of the medicinal plants of Hemerocallis L. in China. Nat. Prod. Res. Dev. 9:105–108.
  • Zhang, Y. J., Liu, Y. Q., et al. (1995). Iridoidal glycosides from Jasminum sambac. Phytochemistry. 38(4):899–903.
  • Zhang, J., Rui, X., et al. (2014). Polyphenolic extract from Rosa rugosa tea inhibits bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Food Control. 42:125–131.
  • Zhang, J., Shen, P. P., et al. (2003). The toxicological assessment of Lonicera Japonica on food safety. Chin. Acad. Med. Mag. Organisms. 02:63–64.
  • Zhang, J. Y., Wang, Y. Z., et al. (2011). Phytochemicals and bioactivities of Paris species. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 13(7):670–681.
  • Zhao, D., Tang, W., et al. (2015). Identification of flavonoids and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in two coloured tree peony flowers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 459(3):450–456.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.