An emerging trend in functional foods for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: Marine algal polyphenols

References

• Ahn, G.-N., Kim, K.-N., Cha, S.-H., Song, C.-B., Lee, J., Heo, M.-S., Yeo, I.-K., Lee, N.-H., Jee, Y.-H., Kim, J.-S., Heu, M.-S. and Jeon, Y.-J.(2007). Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins purified from Ecklonia cava on free radical scavenging using ESR and H2O2-mediated DNA damage. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 226:71–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolidis, E. and Lee, C. (2010). In Vitro potential of Ascophyllum nodosum phenolic antioxidant-mediated α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. J. Food Sci. 75(3):H97–H102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P. and Azizi, F. (2013). Dietary polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: A review. J. Diab. Metab. Disord. 12(43):1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barde, S. R., Sakhare, R. S., Kanthale, S. B., Chandak, P. G. and Jamkhande, P. G. (2015). Marine bioactive agents: a short review on new marine antidiabetic compounds. Asia. Pacific. J. Trop. Biomed. 5(Suppl 1):S209–S213.
   Google Scholar
• Barditch-Crovo, P. A., Petty, B. G., Gambertoglio, J., Nerhood, L. J., Kuwahara, S., Hafner, R., Lietman, P. S. and Kornhauser, D. M. (1998). The effect of increasing gastric pH upon the bioavailability of orally-administered foscarnet. Antivir. Res. 38(3):209–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benalla, W., Bellahcen, S. and Bnouham, M. (2010). Antidiabetic medicinal plants as a source of alpha glucosidase inhibitors. Curr. Diab. Rev. 6(4):247–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besada, V., Andrade, J. M., Schultze, F. and Gonzalez, J. J. (2009). Heavy metals in edible seaweeds commercialised for human consumption. J. Mar. Syst. 75:305–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blandon, J., Cranfield, J. and Henson, S. (2007). Functional Food and Natural Health Product Issues: The Canadian and International Context Department of Food Agricultural and Resource Economics, International Food Economy Research Group, pgs. 1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Bocanegra, A., Bastida, S., Benedi, J., Rodenas, S. and Sanchez-Muniz, F. J. (2009). Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health properties of seaweeds. J. Med. Food. 12(2):236–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, L. (1998). Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr. Rev. 56(11):317–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buono, S., Langellotti, A. L., Martello, A., Rinna, F. and Fogliano, V. (2014). Functional ingredients from microalgae†. Food Funct. 5:1669–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, K., Praveen, N. K., Vijayan, K. K. and Rao, G. S. (2013). Evaluation of phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of brown seaweeds belonging to Turbinaria spp. (Phaeophyta, Sargassaceae) collected from Gulf of Mannar. Asia. Pacific. J. Trop. Biomed. 3(1):8–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chew, Y., Lim, Y. O., Omar, M., and Khoo, K.(2008). Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia. LWT. 41:1067–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, E.-K., Park, S.-H., Ha, K.-C., Noh, S.-O., Jung, S.-J., Chae, H.-J., Chae, S.-W. and Park, T.-S. (2015). Clinical trial of the hypolipidemic effects of a brown alga Ecklonia cava extract in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Int. J. Pharm. 11(7):798–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, M. T. H., Bangoura, I., Kang, J.-Y., Cho, J. Y., Joo, J., Choi, Y. S., Hwang, D. S. and Hong, Y.-K.(2014). Comparison of Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia bicyclis for phlorotannin extraction. J. Envir. Biol. 35:713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connan, S., Goulard, F., Stiger, V., Deslandes, E. and Gall, E. A. (2004). Interspecific and temporal variation in phlorotannin levels in an assemblage of brown algae. Bota. Mar. 47:410–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creis, E., Delage, L., Charton, S., Goulitquer, S., Leblanc, C., Potin, P. and Gall, E. A. (2015). Constitutive or inducible protective mechanisms against UV-B radiation in the brown alga fucus vesiculosus? A study of gene expression and phlorotannin content responses. PLOS ONE. 10(6):1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crozier, A., Jaganath, I. B. and Clifford, M. N. (2009). Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Nat. Prod. Rep. 26:1001–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuong, D. X., Boi, V. N., Van, T. T. T. and Hau, L. N. (2015). Effect of storage time on phlorotannin content and antioxidant activity of six Sargassum species from Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam. J. Appl. Phys. published online. DOI 10.1007/s10811-015-0600-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Archivio, M., Filesi, C., Di Benedetto, R., Gargiulo, R., Giovannini, C. and Masella, R. (2007). Polyphenols, dietary sources and bioavailability. Ann. Ist Super Sanita 43(4):348–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Stasi, S. L., MacLeod, T. D., Winters, J. D. and Binder-Macleod, S. A. (2010). Effects of statins on skeletal muscle: A perspective for physical therapists. Phys. Ther. 90(10):1530–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejaz, A., Wu, D., Kwan, P. and Meydani, M. (2009). Curcumin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and angiogenesis and obesity in C57/BL Mice. J. Nutr. 139(5):919–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmarakby, A. A., Abdelsayed, R., Liu, J. Y. and Mozaffari, M. S. (2010). Inflammatory cytokines as predictive markers for early detection and progression of diabetic nephropathy. EPMA J. 1:117–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eo, H., Jeon, Y.-J., Lee, M. and Lim, Y. (2015). Brown alga Ecklonia cava polyphenol extract ameliorates hepatic lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation by activation of AMPK and SIRT1 in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63:349–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuyashiki, T., Nagayasu, H., Aoki, Y., Bessho, H., Hashimoto, T., Kanazawa, K. and Ashida, H. (2004). Tea catechin suppresses adipocyte differentiation accompanied by down-regulation of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 Cells. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 68(11):2353–2359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrilova, N. S. and Gavrilov, L. A. (2012). Comments on dietary restriction, okinawa diet and longevity. Gerontology 58(3):221–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, B. A. and Evans, M. A. (2008). Statin adverse effects: A review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial mechanism. Am. J. Cardiac. Drugs: Drugs Dev. Oth. Interv. 8(6):373–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy, S. M., Benjamin, I. J., Burke, G. L., Chait, A., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Mitch, W., Smith, S. C. and Sowers, J. R. (1999). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association. Circulation. 100(10):1134–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamed, I., Ozogul, F., Ozogul, Y. and Regenstein, J. M. (2015). Marine bioactive compounds and their health benefits: A review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 14:446–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanhineva, K., Torronen, R., Bondia-Pons, I., Pekkinen, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkanen, H. and Poutanen, K. (2010). Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int. J. Mole. Sci. 11:1365–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan, N., Brunton, N. P., FitzGerald, R. J. and Smyth, T. J. (2015). Profiling of the molecular weight and structural isomer abundance of macroalgae-derived phlorotannins. Mar. Drugs. 13:509–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, S.-J., Hwang, J.-Y., Choi, J.-I., Han, J.-S., Kim, H.-J. and Jeon, Y.-J. (2009). Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharm. 615:252–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, S.-J. and Jeon, Y.-J.(2008). Radical scavenging capacity and cytoprotective effect of enzymatic digests of Ishige okamurae. J. Appl. Phycol. 20:1087–1095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Corona, D. M., Martinez-Abundis, E. and Gonzalez-Ortiz, M. (2014). Effect of fucoidan administration on insulin secretion and insulin resistance in overweight or obese adults. J. Med. Food 17(7):830–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higdon, J. V. and Frei, B. (2003). Tea catechins and polyphenols; Health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Criti. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 43(1):89–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Sheng, X., Li, Z., Zhang, W. and Qin, Y. (2006). Berberine inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through the PPARγ pathway. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 348(2):571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hursel, R., Viechtbauer, W., Dulloo, A., Tremblay, A. T., Rumpler, L. W. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2011). The effects of catechin-rich teas and caffeine on energy expenditure and fat oxidation: A meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 12:e573–e581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hursel, R., Viechtbauer, W. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2009). The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. 33:956–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai, K. (2008). Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of polyphenols in brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera in genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.63:163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal, I. and Devaraj, S. (2014). Baseline markers of inflammation are associated with progression to macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetic subjects. Diab. Care 37:e106–e107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, H. A., Jung, H. J., Jeong, H. Y., Kwon, H. J., Ali, M. Y. and Choi, J. S. (2014). Phlorotannins isolated from the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera exert anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating C/EBPα and PPARγ;. Fitoterapia. 92:260–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, C., Jin, Y. B., Lee, H., Cha, M., Sohn, E-t., Moon, J., Park, C., Chun, S., Jung, E.-S., Hong, J.-S., Kim, S. B., Kim, J.-S. and Kim, E. (2010). Brown alga Ecklonia cava attenuates type 1 diabetes by activating AMPK and Akt signaling pathways. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48:509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M.-C., Wijesinghe, W., Lee, S.-H., Kang, S.-M., Ko, S.-C., Yang, X., Kang, N., Jeon, B.-T., Kim, J., Lee, D.-H. and Jeon, Y.-J. (2013). Dieckol isolated from brown seaweed Ecklonia cava attenuates type II diabetes in db/db mouse model. Food Chem. Toxicol. 53:294–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, N.-J., Hun, S.-C., Kang, G.-J., Koo, D.-H., Koh, Y.-S., Hyun, J.-W., Lee, N.-H., Ko, M.-H., Kang, H.-K. and Yoo, E.-S. (2015). Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol inhibits interleukin-6 production by regulating NF-κB, STAT5 and SOCS1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mar. Drugs 13:2141–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg, J., Esposito, D., Grace, M. H., Komarnytsky, S. and Lila, M. A. (2015). Alaskan seaweeds lower inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and decrease lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Funct. Foods. 15:396–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-S., Kwon, C.-S. and Son, K. H. (2000). Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 64(11):2458–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Yoon, M., Yang, H., Jo, J., Han, D., Jeon, Y.-J. and Cho, S. (2014). Enrichment and purification of marine polyphenol phlorotannins using macroporous adsorption Resins. Food Chem. 162:135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. M., Kang, K., Jeon, J.-S., Jho, E. H., Kim, C. Y., Nho, C. W. and Um, B.-H.(2011). Isolation of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis and their hepatoprotective effect against oxidative stress induced by tert-Butyl hyperoxide. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 165:1296–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hecker, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E. and Etherton, T. D. (2002). Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am. J. Med. 113(9B):71S–88S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar Chandini, S., Ganesan, P. and Bhaskar, N. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India. Food Chem. 107:707–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. Y. (2013). Challenges in providing credible scientific evidence of health benefits of dietary polyphenols. J. Funct. Foods 5:524–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-H., Han, J.-S., Heo, S.-J., Hwang, J.-Y. and Jeon, Y.-J.(2010). Protective effects of dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxic. In Vitro. 24:375–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-H. and Jeon, Y.-J. (2015). Efficacy and safety of a dieckol-rich extract (AG-dieckol) of brown algae, Ecklonia cava, in pre-diabetic individuals: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food Funct. 6:853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-H., Min, K.-H., Han, J.-S., Lee, D.-H., Park, D.-B., Jung, W.-K., Park, P.-J., Jeon, B.-T., Kim, S.-K. and Jeon, Y.-J.(2012). Effects of brown alga, Ecklonia cava on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50:575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Qian, Z.-J., Ryu, B., Lee, S.-H., Kim, M.-M. and Kim, S.-K. (2009). Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: An edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17:1963–1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby, P. (2006). Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83(suppl):456S–460S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. and Jime´nez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:727–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A. and Rémésy, C.(2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81(suppl):230S–242S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martirosyan, D. M. and Singh, J. (2015). A new definition of functional food by FFC: What makes a new definition unique? Funct. Foods Health Dis.5(6):209–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzanti, G., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Moro, P. A., Cassetti, F., Raschetti, R., Santuccio, C. and Mastrangelo, S. (2009). Hepatotoxicity from green tea: A review of the literature and two unpublished cases. Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. 65(4):331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhadhebi, L., Mhadhebi, A., Robert, J. and Bouraoui, A. (2014). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of aqueous extracts of three mediterranean brown seaweeds of the genus cystoseira. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 13(1):207–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, K.-H., Kim, H.-J., Jeon, Y.-J. and Han, J.-S. (2011). Ishige okamurae ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Diab. Res. Clin. Pract. 93:70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagi, S., Iwama, N., Kawabata, T. and Hasegawa, K. (2003). Longevity and diet in Okinawa, Japan: The past, present and future. Asia.-Pacicific. J. Pub. Health 15(1 suppl):S3–S9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouritsen, O. G., Dawezynski, C., Duelund, L., Jahreis, G., Vetter, W. and Schroder, M. (2013). On the human consumption of the red seaweed dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.)Weber & Mohr). J. Appl. Phycol. 25:1777–1791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugan, A. C., Karim, M. R., Yusoff, M. B. M., Tan, S. H., Asras, M. F. B. F. and Rashid, S. S. (2015). New insights into seaweed polyphenols on glucose homeostasis. Pharm. Biol. 53(8):1087–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musunuru, K. (2010). Atherogenic dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular risk and dietary intervention. Lipids. 45(10):907–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naczk, M. and Shahidi, F. (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. J. Chroma. A. 1054:95–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai, M., Kageyama, N., Nakahara, K. and Miki, W. (2006). Phlorotannins as radical scavengers from the extract of sargassum ringgoldianum. Mar. Biotech. 8:409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health. NIDDK Image Library. Retrieved February, 2016, from https://catalog.niddk.nih.gov/imagelibrary/searchresults.cfm?type=recordtype&recordtype=1.
   Google Scholar
• Nwosu, F., Morris, J., Lund, V. A., Stewart, D., Ross, H. A. and McDougall, G. J. (2011). Anti-proliferative and potential anti-diabetic effects of phenolic-rich extracts from edible marine algae. Food Chem. 126:1006–1012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osiecki, H. (2004). The Role of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disease and its regulation by nutrients. Altern. Med. Rev. 9(1):32–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paradis, M.-E., Couture, P. and Lamarche, B. (2011). A randomised crossover placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) on postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels in men and women. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36:913–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, E. Y., LKim, E. H., Kim, M. H., Seo, Y. W., Lee, J. I. and Jun, H. S. (2012). Polyphenol-rich fraction of brown alga Ecklonia cava collected from Gijang, Korea, reduces obesity and glucose levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Evid.-Based Compl. Alter. Med. 2012:11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. H., Gammon, S. R., Knippers, J. D., Paulsen, S. R., Rubink, D. S. and Winder, W. W. (2002). Phosphorylation-activity relationships of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in muscle. J. Appl. Phys. 92(6):2475–2482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader, D. J. (2007). Effect of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and intra-abdominal adiposity on the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Med. 120(3, Supplement 1):S12–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S. and Maki, K. C. (2011). Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: A mechanistic review. J. Nutr. Biochem. 22:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M. S., Janal, M. N., Crosby, J. and Donnelly, R. (2013). Inflammatory biomarkers and progression of diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes. Invest. Ophthalm. Vis. Sci. 54:5471–5480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M. S., Janal, M. N., Crosby, J. and Donnelly, R. (2015). Markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation predict progression of diabetic nephropathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes. Kidney Int. 87:427–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. and Jiménez, L. (2005). Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45(4):287–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert, A. and Williamson, G. (2000). Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr. 130(8S):2073S–2085S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata, T., Ishimaru, K., Kawaguchi, S., Yoshikawa, H. and Hama, Y. (2008). Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated from Japanese Laminariaceae. J. App. Phy. 20:705–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata, T., Kawaguchi, S., Hama, Y., Inagaki, M., Yamaguchi, K. and Nakamura, T. (2004). Local and chemical distribution of phlorotannins in brown algae. J. Appl. Phys. 16:291–296.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, T., Yamaguchi, K., Nagayama, K., Kawaguchi, S. and Nakamura, T. (2002). Inhibitory activity of brown algal phlorotannins against glycosidases from the viscera of the turban shell turbo cornutus. Eur. J. Phys. 37(4):493–500.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, H.-C., Kim, S. H., Park, Y., Lee, B. H. and Hwang, H. J. (2012). Effects of 12‐week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: A double‐blind randomized clinical trial. Phyto. Res., 2012:363–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, J. P., Abd El Mohsen, M. M., Minihane, A.-M. and Mathers, J. C. (2008). Biomarkers of the intake of dietary polyphenols: Strengths, limitations and application in nutrition research. Br. J. Nutr. 99:12–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, P. D. (1995). Seasonal variation in the relationship between growth rate and phlorotannin production in the kelp Ecklonia radiata. Oecologia. 102:169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Tang, L. and Wang, J.-S. (2015). Biomarkers of dietary polyphenols in cancer studies: Current evidence and beyond. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2015:14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Jonsdottir, R., Liu, H., Gu, L., Kristinsson, H. G., Raghavan, S. and Olafsdottir, G. (2012). Antioxidant capacities of phlorotannins extracted from the brown algae fucus vesiculosus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:5874–5883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcox, D. C., Willcox, B. J., Todoriki, H. and Suzuki, M. (2009). The Okinawan diet: Health implications of a low- calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 28(Suppl. 4):500S–516S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willerson, J. T. and Ridker, P. M. (2004). Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 109(suppl II):II-2–II-10.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, G. and Manach, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81(Suppl.):243S–255S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. S., Landau, J. M., Huang, M.-T. and Newmark, H. L. (2001). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21:381–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, E.-J., Moon, J.-Y., Kim, S. S., Yang, K.-W., Lee, W. J., Lee, N. H. and Hyun, C.-G. (2014). Jeju seaweeds suppress lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Asia. Pacific. J. Trop. Biomed. 4(7):529–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeo, A.-R., Lee, J., Tae, I. H., Park, S.-R., Cho, Y. H., Lee, B. H., Shin, H.-C., Kim, S. H. and Yoo, Y. C. (2012). Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of polyphenol extract (Seapolynol™) and Dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava in in vivo and in vitro models. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 17:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon, N. Y., Kim, H. R., Chung, H. Y. and Choi, J. S. (2008). Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of an edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera, and its constituents on poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic and cholesterol-fed rats. Arch. Pharm. Res. 31(12):1564–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaragoza, M., Lopez, D., Saiz, M., Poquet, M., Perez, J., Puig-Parellada, P., Marmol, F., Simonetti, P., Gardana, C., Lerat, Y., Burtin, P. I., Inisan, C., Rousseau, I., Besnard, M. and Mitjavila, M. (2008). Toxicity and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of two fucus vesiculosus extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:7773–7780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zava, T. T. and Zava, D. T. (2011). Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: A literature-based analysis. Thyr. Res. 4(14):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, J., Tiller, C., Shen, J., Wang, C., Girouard, G. S., Dennis, D., Barrow, C. J., Miao, M. and Ewart, H. S. (2007). In vitro potential of Ascophyllum nodosum phenolic antioxidant-mediated α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85:1116–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar