Elaboration in type, primary structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharides derived from mollusks

References

• Ademolu, K. O., M. Y. Akintola, A. O. Olalonye, and B. A. Adelabu. 2015. Traditional utilization and biochemical composition of six mollusc shells in Nigeria. Revista De Biologia Tropical 63 (2):459–64. doi:10.15517/rbt.v63i2.15600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amornrut, C., T. Toida, T. Imanari, E. R. Woo, H. Park, R. Linhardt, S. J. Wu, and Y. S. Kim. 1999. A new sulfated beta-galactan from clams with anti-HIV activity. Carbohydrate Research 321 (1–2):121–7. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00188-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anacleto, P., A. L. Maulvault, N. M. Bandarra, T. Repolho, M. L. Nunes, R. Rosa, and A. Marques. 2014. Effect of warming on protein, glycogen and fatty acid content of native and invasive clams. Food Research International 64:439–45. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam, M., T. Balasubramanian, M. Warda, and R. J. Linhardt. 2009a. Studies on glycosaminoglycans isolated from bivalves molluscs Tridacna maxima and Perna viridis. Our Nature 7 (1):10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam, M., H. Garg, T. Ajithkumar, and A. Shanmugam. 2009b. Antiproliferative heparin (glycosaminoglycans) isolated from giant clam (Tridacna maxima) and green mussel (Perna viridis). African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (10):2394–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ballance, S., M. Howard, K. N. White, C. R. McCrohan, D. J. Thornton, and J. K. Sheehan. 2004. Partial characterisation of high-molecular weight glycoconjugates in the trail mucus of the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 137 (4):475–86. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, J., C. Wen, J. Lu, N. Teng, S. Song, and B. Zhu. 2015. Characterization of acidic polysaccharides from the mollusks through acid hydrolysis. Carbohydrate Polymers 130:268–74. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik, M., S. T. Culha, M. Culha, H. Yildiz, S. Acarli, I. Celik, and P. Celik. 2014. Comparative study on biochemical composition of some edible marine molluscs at Canakkale coasts, Turkey. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43 (4):601–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesaretti, M., E. Luppi, F. Maccari, and N. Volpi. 2004. Isolation and characterization of a heparin with high anticoagulant activity from the clam Tapes phylippinarum: evidence for the presence of a high content of antithrombin III binding site. Glycobiology 14 (12):1275–84. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwh128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, C., C. H. Hsu, Z. H. Wen, and C. S. Lin. 2009. Anticancer drugs discovery and development from marine organisms. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 9 (16):1536–45. doi:10.2174/156802609789909803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandumpai, A., N. Singhpibulporn, D. Faroongsarng, and P. Sornprasit. 2004. Preparation and physico-chemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from the pens of the squid species, Loligo lessoniana and Loligo formosana. Carbohydrate Polymers 58 (4):467–74. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L. R., Q. Li, Z. X. Sun, Y. C. Yang, and L. Sun. 2012. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polysaccharides from Chinese surf clam (Mactra chinensis). Food Science 33 (7):101–4.
   Google Scholar
• Chavante, S. F., E. A. Santos, F. W. Oliveira, M. Guerrini, G. Torri, B. Casu, C. P. Dietrich, and H. B. Nader. 2000. A novel heparan sulphate with high degree of N-sulphation and high heparin cofactor-II activity from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 27 (1):49–57. doi:10.1016/S0141-8130(99)00114-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., J. Xu, C. Xue, P. Dong, W. Sheng, G. Yu, and W. Chai. 2008. Sequence determination of a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide from melanin-free ink of the squid Ommastrephes bartrami by negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Glycoconjugate Journal 25 (5):481–92. doi:10.1007/s10719-007-9096-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, L., E. M. Munoz, H. S. Choi, Y. W. Ha, Y. S. Kim, T. Toida, and R. J. Linhardt. 2006. Preparation and structural determination of large oligosaccharides derived from acharan sulfate. Carbohydrate Research 341 (7):864–9. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortizo, M. S., C. F. Berghoff, and J. L. Alessandrini. 2008. Characterization of chitin from Illex argentinus squid pen. Carbohydrate Polymers 74 (1):10–15. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, A. K. M., G. P. V. Andrade, S. F. Chavante, C. L. de Vasconcelos, R. B. Garcia, E. L. Leite, A. P. Valente, M. P. Sales, and F. W. Oliveira. 2010. Structural elucidation of an acidic galactan from the eggs of mollusc Pomacea lineata. Carbohydrate Polymers 79 (4):975–80. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Q., G. Li, and C. Yuan. 2012. Optimization of glycosaminoglycan extraction on Patinopecten yessoensis waste. Procedia Environmental Sciences 16:131–7. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.018.
   Google Scholar
• Cuong, H. N., N. C. Minh, H. N. Van, and T. S. Trung. 2016. Preparation and characterization of high purity β-chitin from squid pens (Loligo chenisis). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 93 (Pt A):442–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Z., H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and H. Wang. 2009. Chemical properties and immunostimulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from the clam of Hyriopsis cumingii Lea. Carbohydrate Polymers 77 (2):365–9. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaintenon, M. J. 2008. Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Bulletin of Marine Science 83 (2):435–7.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz Segura, E. A., and J. H. Duarte. 1976. Methylation studies of the polysaccharides resulting from sequential Smith-degradations of the galactan from the snail Strophocheilus oblongus. Carbohydrate Research 52 (1):159–67. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(00)85956-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich, C. P., H. B. Nader, J. F. D. Paiva, E. A. Santos, K. R. Holme, and A. S. Perlin. 1990. Heparin in molluscs: chemical, enzymatic degradation and 13 C and 1 H NMR spectroscopical evidence for the maintenance of the structure through evolution. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 11 (6):361–6. doi:10.1016/0141-8130(89)90008-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Y., R. Yongxiao, Y. Wu, and M. Wang. 2001. The crystalline ctructure of propionylated chitin derived from β-chitin of squid pen. Chemistry 64 (11):711–4.
   Google Scholar
• Du, T. T., Y. Cheng, and C. C. Zhong. 2014. Structure modification and research on antitumor activity of mussel polysaccharide. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University 2014 (4):354–7.
   Google Scholar
• Duarte, J. H., and J. K. N. Jones. 1971. Some structural studies on the galactan from the albumen glands of the snail, Strophocheilus oblongus. Carbohydrate Research 16 (2):327–35. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(00)81168-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckmair, B., C. S. Jin, D. Abed-Navandi, and K. Paschinger. 2016. Multistep fractionation and mass spectrometry reveal zwitterionic and anionic modifications of the N- and O-glycans of a marine snail. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 15 (2):573–97. doi:10.1074/mcp.M115.051573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallis, L. C., K. K. Stein, J. W. Lynn, and M. J. Misamore. 2010. Identification and role of carbohydrates on the surface of gametes in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Biological Bulletin 218 (1):61–74. doi:10.1086/BBLv218n1p61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Q. Y., C. P. Li, L. F. Xu, and K. X. Wang. 2012. Antiviral effect of scallop polysaccharide on duck hepatitis B virus. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 28 (3):248–51.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, Q. Y., L. F. Xu, C. P. Li, and K. X. Wang. 2011. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities of oyster polysaccharides in vitro. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 27 (4):307–10.
   Google Scholar
• Feijó, M. A. L., and J. H. Duarte. 1975. Some structural studies on the fucogalactan from egg masses of the snail Ampullarius sp. Carbohydrate Research 44 (2):241–9. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(00)84167-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feijó, M. A. L., J. H. Duarte, S. L. Mackenzie, and P. A. J. Gorin. 1982. Structure and biodegradation of the polysaccharide components of egg masses isolated from snails of an Ampullarius species Carbohydrate Research 111 (1):105–12. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(82)85011-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, T. M. P. C., M. G. L. Medeiros, C. P. Dietrich, and H. B. Nader. 1993. Structure of heparan sulfate from the fresh water mollusc Anomantidae sp: Sequencing of its disaccharide units. International Journal of Biochemistry 25 (9):1219–25. doi:10.1016/0020-711X(93)90070-U.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fongmoon, D., A. K. Shetty, S. Basappa Yamada, M. Sugiura, P. Kongtawelert, and K. Sugahara. 2007. Chondroitinase-mediated degradation of rare 3-O-sulfated glucuronic acid in functional oversulfated chondroitin sulfate K and E. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (51):36895–904. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707082200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, E. J. R., C. T. Laurent, and G. U. B. Laurent. 1997. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover: Hyaluronan: clinical perspectives of an old polysaccharide. Cancer Research 71 (8 Supplement):2501–01.
   Google Scholar
• Gama, C. I., S. E. Tully, N. Sotogaku, P. M. Clark, M. Rawat, N. Vaidehi, W. A. Goddard, A. Nishi, and L. C. Hsieh-Wilson. 2006. Sulfation patterns of glycosaminoglycans encode molecular recognition and activity. Nature Chemical Biology 2 (9):467–73. doi:10.1038/nchembio810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, A. M., E. O. Kozlowski, V. H. Pomin, C. M. de Barros, J. L. Zaganeli, and M. S. Pavão. 2010. Unique extracellular matrix heparan sulfate from the bivalve Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) safely inhibits arterial thrombosis after photochemically induced endothelial lesion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (10):7312–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.091546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grienke, U., J. Silke, and D. Tasdemir. 2014. Bioactive compounds from marine mussels and their effects on human health. Food Chemistry 142:48–60. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habuchi, O., K. Sugiura, and N. Kawai. 1977. Glucose branches in chondroitin sulfates from squid cartilage. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252 (13):4570–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi, K., Y. Okamoto, A. Mukuno, J. Wakai, S. Hosoyama, R. J. Linhardt, and T. Toida. 2015. Functional chondroitin sulfate from Enteroctopus dofleini containing a 3-O-sulfo glucuronic acid residue. Carbohydrate Polymers 134 (10):557–65. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman, R. E. 1968. Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the mantle of the clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. I. a glycosaminoglycan in the first marginal fold. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 87 (3):51–61. doi:10.2307/3224822.
   Google Scholar
• Hillman, R. E. 1969. Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the mantle of the clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. II. mucosubstances in the second marginal fold. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 88 (3):420–5. doi:10.2307/3224710.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoppensteadt, D., W. Raake, C. Schultz, B. Neville, and J. Fareed. 2005. Decreased levels of inflammatory markers after treatment with topically administered mucopolysaccharide polysulfate. Clinical Chemistry 51:A161–A162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, L., Q. K. Wang, Y. H. He, D. D. Ren, Y. F. Song, X. D. Jiang, and L. D. Li. 2014. The extraction of oyster polysaccharide and its hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice. Science & Technology of Food Industry 35 (22):356.
   Google Scholar
• Hovingh, P., and A. Linker. 1993. Glycosaminoglycans in Anodonta californiensis, a freshwater mussel. Biological Bulletin 185 (185):263–76. doi:10.2307/1542006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ianiro, A., M. D. Giosia, S. Fermani, C. Samorì, M. Barbalinardo, F. Valle, G. Pellegrini, F. Biscarini, F. Zerbetto, M. Calvaresi, and G. Falini. 2014. Customizing properties of β-chitin in squid pen (gladius) by chemical treatments. Marine Drugs 12 (12):5979–92. doi:10.3390/md12125979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, J., T. Toida, Y. Muneta, I. Kosiishi, T. Imanari, R. J. Linhardt, H. S. Choi, S. J. Wu, and Y. S. Kim. 2001. Localization and characterization of acharan sulfate in the body of the giant african snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 130 (4):513–9. doi:10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00468-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeronimo, S. M. B., C. P. Dietrich, and H. B. Nader. 1989. Structure of sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized during the ontogeny of the mollusc Pomacea sp. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry 93 (4):899–903. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90064-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J. 2013. New development of beta-Chitosan from jumbo squid pens (Dosidicus gigas) and its structural, physicochemical, and biological properties. Food Science and Technology (Vol. Ph.D., pp. 1–24). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing: Oregon State University, Livingston, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, J., and Y. Zhao. 2011. Characteristics of deacetylation and depolymerization of β-chitin from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) pens. Carbohydrate Research 346 (13):1876–84. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J., and Y. Zhao. 2014. Alkali- or acid-induced changes in structure, moisture absorption ability and deacetylating reaction of β-chitin extracted from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) pens. Food Chemistry 152 (1):355–62. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, S. 1998. Are glycosaminoglycans responsible for the therapeutic effect of mussel extract? A contribution to the current controversy. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K Kleintiere/heimtiere 26 (1):7–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junichi, T., A. Kazuya, I. Ayaka, T. Nao, F. Hiroyuki, M. Yamane, and Y. Matsumi. 2009. Sulfation patterns and the amounts of chondroitin sulfate in the diamond squid. Bioscience Biotechnology & Biochemistry 73 (6):1387–91. doi:10.1271/bbb.90037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamanos, K. K., A. J. Aletras, C. A. Antonopoulos, A. Hjerpe, and C. P. Tsiganos. 1990. Chondroitin proteoglycans from squid skin. Isolation, characterization and immunological studies. European Journal of Biochemistry 192 (1):33–38. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19191.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karamanos, N. K., A. J. Aletras, C. A. Antonopoulos, T. Tsegenidis, C. P. Tsiganos, and D. H. Vynios. 1988. Extraction and fractionation of proteoglycans from squid skin. Biochim Biophys Acta 966 (1):36–43. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(88)90126-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamanos, N. K., A. Manouras, T. Tsegenidis, and C. A. Antonopoulos. 1991. Isolation and chemical study of the glycosaminoglycans from squid cornea. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 23 (1):67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Karanova, M. V. 2006. Seasonal variation in the content of free reducing sugars in body fluids of freshwater mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Biology Bulletin 33 (4):382–6. doi:10.1134/S1062359006040091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., Y. Y. Jo, I. M. Chang, T. Toida, Y. Park, and R. J. Linhardt. 1996. A new glycosaminoglycan from the giant African snail Achatina fulica. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (20):11750–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.20.11750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., Y. A. Mi, S. J. Wu, D. H. Kim, T. Toida, L. M. Teesch, Y. Park, G. Yu, J. Lin, and R. J. Linhardt. 1998. Determination of the structure of oligosaccharides prepared from acharan sulfate. Glycobiology 8 (9):869–77. doi:10.1093/glycob/8.9.869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, A., S. Yamada, S. M. Haslam, K. H. Khoo, M. Sugiura, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, and K. Sugahara. 2004. Structural determination of five novel tetrasaccharides containing 3-O-sulfated D-glucuronic acid and two rare oligosaccharides containing a beta-D-glucose branch isolated from squid cartilage chondroitin sulfate E. Biochemistry 43 (34):11063–74. doi:10.1021/bi049622d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, A., S. Yamada, S. M. Haslam, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, and K. Sugahara. 1997. Novel tetrasaccharides isolated from squid cartilage chondroitin sulfate E contain unusual sulfated disaccharide units GlcA(3-O-sulfate) 1–3GalNAc(6-O-sulfate) or GlcA(3-O-sulfate) 1–3GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate). Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (32):19656–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.32.19656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, A., S. Yamada, S. M. Haslam, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, and K. Sugahara. 2001. Isolation and structural determination of novel sulfated hexasaccharides from squid cartilage chondroitin sulfate E that exhibits neuroregulatory activities. Biochemistry 40 (42):12654–65. doi:10.1021/bi015577n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleene, R., and M. Schachner. 2004. Glycans and neural cell interactions. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 (3):195–208. doi:10.1038/nrn1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, D. A., L. Hironori, M. Minoru, S. Hiroyuki, and I. Shinsuke. 2013. Simple preparation of chitin nanofibers from dry squid pen β-chitin powder by the star burst system. Journal of Chitin & Chitosan Science 1 (3):186–191. doi:10.1166/jcc.2013.1023.
   Google Scholar
• Lash, J. W., and M. W. Whitehouse. 1960. An unusual polysaccharide in the chondroid tissue of the snail, Busycon: polyglucose sulfate. Biochemical Journal 74 (2):351–5. doi:10.1042/bj0740351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latire, T., F. Legendre, N. Bigot, L. Carduner, S. Kellouche, M. Bouyoucef, F. Carreiras, F. Marin, J. M. Lebel, P. Galéra, and A. Serpentini. 2014. Shell extracts from the marine bivalve Pecten maximus regulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix in primary cultured human skin fibroblasts. Plos One 9 (6):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavall, R. L., O. B. G. Assis, and S. P. Campana-Filho. 2007. β-Chitin from the pens of Loligo sp.: Extraction and characterization. Bioresource Technology 98 (13):2465–72. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, G., S. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Xue, Y. Chang, Z. Li, J. Wang, and C. Xue. 2011. A novel glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide from abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino: Purification, structure identification and anticoagulant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 49 (5):1160–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J. B., X. F. Yuan, and G. Hou. 2008. The preparation of edible mussel polysaccharide and it's anti-tumor activity in vitro. Journal of Practical Medical Techniques 15 (31):4354–6.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J. B., X. F. Yuan, and G. Hou. 2009. Effects of mussel polysaccharide on alcoholic hepatic injury in mice. Food Science & Technology 2009 (4):188–90.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., H. Li, J. Qian, Y. He, J. Zheng, Z. Lu, Z. Xu, and J. Shi. 2014. Structural and immunological activity characterization of a polysaccharide isolated from Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. Marine Drugs 14 (1):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., L. Wang, L. Zhang, H. Wu, and J. Liu. 2013. Effect of oyster polysaccharide on immunologic function of peritoneal macrophage in mice. China Pharmaceuticals 22 (17):15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Li, S., and S. Liu. 2004. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan extracted from scallop skirts by gas chromatography and infrared spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs 23 (6):8–11.
   Google Scholar
• Li, S. F., Q. Hu, Y. C. Wang, F. F. Dai, C. X. Zhang, T. Yan, and Y. B. Wang. 2015. Research on antioxidant activity of mussel polysaccharides in aged mice. Modern Preventive Medicine 42 (6):999–1001.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, N., S. Chen, X. Ye, J. Zhong, N. Wu, S. Dong, B. Yang, and D. Liu. 2013. Antioxidant and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide from freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea. Food & Function 4 (4):539–48. doi:10.1039/c2fo30178d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C., X. Li, Y. Li, Y. Feng, S. Zhou, and F. Wang. 2008a. Structural characterisation and antimutagenic activity of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Sepiella maindroni ink. Food Chemistry 110 (4):807–13. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Y. P. Zhang, Z. Y. Dai, and F. X. Zhu. 2008b. Study on extraction and antioxidation activity of mussel polysaccharide. Food Science & Technology 2010 (9):132–34.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Q. C. Zhao, Z. B. Li, and H. Y. Wang. 2013. Extraction, purification and characterization of polysaccharides from clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Advanced Materials Research 634–638 (1):1236–40. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.634-638.1236.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes-Lima, M., I. Ribeiro, R. A. Pinto, and J. Machado. 2005. Isolation, purification and characterization of glycosaminoglycans in the fluids of the mollusc Anodonta cygnea. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology 141 (3):319–26. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luan, X. H., X. Zhao, and Q. C. Wang. 2015. Extraction,separation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Sinonovacula Constricta. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs 34 (2):22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Luppi, E., M. Cesaretti, and N. Volpi. (2005). Purification and characterization of heparin from the Italian clam Callista chione. Biomacromolecules 6 (3):1672–1678.
   Google Scholar
• Luppi, E., M. Cesaretti, and N. Volpi. 2005a. Purification and characterization of heparin from the Italian clam Callista chione. Biomacromolecules 6 (3):1672–78. doi:10.1021/bm049196b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppi, E., C. Marina, and N. Volpi. 2005b. Purification and characterization of heparin from the Italian clam Callista chione. Biomacromolecules 6 (3):1672–78. doi:10.1021/bm049196b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie, B., G. Luquet, L. Bedouet, C. Milet, N. Guichard, D. Medakovic, and F. Marin. 2008. Nacre calcification in the freshwater mussel Unio pictorum: carbonic anhydrase activity and purification of a 95 kDa calcium-binding glycoprotein. Chembiochem 9 (15):2515–23. doi:10.1002/cbic.200800159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsue, H., Y. Takaya, H. Uchisawa, T. Naraoka, B. I. Okuzaki, F. Narumi, K. Ishida, and J. I. Sasaki. 1997. Antitumor peptidoglycan with new carbohydrate structure from squid Ink. In Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, (Eds.) O., H., O., T., T., J., W., S. and Y., T., (pp. 331–336). Japan: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Medeiros, M. G. L., T. M. P. C. Ferreira, E. L. Leite, L. Toma, C. P. Dietrich, and H. B. Nader. 1998. New pathway of heparan sulphate degradation: Iduronate sulphatase and N -sulphoglucosamine 6-sulphatase act on the polymer chain prior to depolymerisation by a N -sulpho-glucosaminidase and glycuronidases in the mollusc Tagelus gibbus. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 119 (3):539–47. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(98)00015-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, F. P., A. F. Vandome, and J. Mcbrewster. 2010. Glycosaminoglycan: Alphascript Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Molchanova, V. I., L. V. MikheĬskaia, V. V. Isakov, and O. Ius. 1992. Structure of the polysaccharide component of the bioglycan from the sea scallop Patinopecten uessoensis. Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia 18 (12):1505–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishita, F., S. T. Mukai, and A. S. M. Saleuddin. 2009. Release of proteins and polysaccharides from the albumen gland of the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi: effect of cAMP and brain extracts. European Journal of Pain 13 (S1):S79–S80.
   Google Scholar
• Nader, H. B., S. F. Chavante, E. A. Dos-Santos, T. W. Oliveira, J. F. De-Paiva, S. M. Jerônimo, G. F. Medeiros, L. R. De-Abreu, E. L. Leite, and J. F. De-Sousa-Filho. 1999. Heparan sulfates and heparins: similar compounds performing the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates? Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 32 (5):529–38. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1999000500005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader, H. B., F. W. Oliveira, S. M. Jerônimo, S. F. Chavante, L. O. Sampaio, and C. P. Dietrich. 1996. Synchronized order of appearance of hyaluronic acid (or acidic galactan) →chondroitin C-6 sulfate→ chondroitin C-4/C-6 sulfate, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate→heparin during morphogenesis, differentiation and development. Brazilian Journal of Medical & Biological Research 29 (9):1221–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogundipe, O. D. 2015. Isolation and characterization of a glycosaminoglycan with anticancer activity. University of Salford (Vol. Ph.D.). University of Salford, Manchester, England.
   Google Scholar
• Pandian, V., S. Subramanian, C. Delma, and S. Somasundaram. 2009. Glycosaminoglycan from the mollusk Donax Cuneatus, ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in experimental atherosclerosis model. Atherosclerosis Supplements 10 (2):1548–1548. doi:10.1016/S1567-5688(09)71500-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian, V., and S. Thirugnanasambandan. 2008. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from backwater clam Marcia opima (Gmelin). Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics 7 (2):147–51.
   Google Scholar
• Pavão, M. S. 2014. Glycosaminoglycans analogs from marine invertebrates: structure, biological effects, and potential as new therapeutics. Frontiers in Cellular & Infection Microbiology 4:123–123. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejler, G., A. Danielsson, I. Björk, U. Lindahl, H. B. Nader, and C. P. Dietrich. 1987. Structure and antithrombin-binding properties of heparin isolated from the clams Anomalocardia brasiliana and Tivela mactroides. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 (24):11413–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplow, P. V. 2005. Glycosaminoglycan: a candidate to stimulate the repair of chronic wounds. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 94 (1):4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periyasamy, N., S. Murugan, and P. Bharadhirajan. 2013. Isolation and characterization of anticoagulant compound from marine mollusc Donax faba (Gmelin, 1791) from Thazhanguda, Southeast Coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology 12 (40):5968–74. doi:10.5897/AJB2013.12823.
   Google Scholar
• Ponis, E., R. Robert, and G. Parisi. 2003. Nutritional value of fresh and concentrated algal diets for larval and juvenile Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 221 (1–4):491–505. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00075-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghukumar, S. 2011. Marine biotechnology: An approach based on components, levels and players. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 40 (5):609–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupavathi, P., K. H. Rao, and K. Shyamasundari. 1984. Observations on the mucopolysaccharides in the mantle of Barbatia obliquata (Gray) (Arcidae). Proceedings Animal Sciences 93 (1):35–41. doi:10.1007/BF03186224.
   Google Scholar
• Saravanan, R., and A. Shanmugam. 2010a. Isolation and characterization of low molecular weight glycosaminoglycans from marine mollusc Amussium pleuronectus (Linne) using chromatography. Applied Biochemistry & Biotechnology 160 (3):791–9. doi:10.1007/s12010-008-8498-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan, R., S. Vairamani, and A. Shanmugam. 2010b. Glycosaminoglycans from marine clam Meretrix meretrix (Linne.) are an anticoagulant. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 40 (4):305–15. doi:10.1080/10826068.2010.488998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasisekharan, R., Z. Shriver, G. Venkataraman, and U. Narayanasami. 2002. Roles of heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2 (7):521–8. doi:10.1038/nrc842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty, A. K., T. Kobayashi, S. Mizumoto, M. Narumi, Y. Kudo, S. Yamada, and K. Sugahara. 2009. Isolation and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate from squid liver integument rich in N-acetylgalactosamine(4,6-disulfate) and glucuronate(3-sulfate) residues. Carbohydrate Research 344 (12):1526–32. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somasundaram, S. T., and P. Vijayabaskar. 2007. Histological and analytical evaluation of glycosaminoglycan from the clam Katelysia opima. Trends in Medical Research 2 (4):167. doi:10.3923/tmr.2007.167.175.
   Google Scholar
• Song, S. Y., L. M. Sun, B. W. Zhu, H. L. Niu, and J. F. Yang. 2012. Antioxidant and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide from scallop gonad. Food Science 33 (5):248–51.
   Google Scholar
• Souza, J. F. D., M. G. L. Medeiros, V. M. P. Paiva, H. B. Nader, and C. P. Dietrich. 1985. Enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycans in molluscs: Formation of glucuronic acid and N -acetylhexosamines from heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate by enzymes from three species of molluscs of the classes Gastropoda and Pelecypoda Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 82 (2):223–7. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(85)90230-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, F. S., and S. Liu. 2005. Effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt on foam cell formation and its function. Journal of Medical Postgraduates 18 (3):200–03.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, L., B. Zhu, D. Li, L. Wang, X. Dong, Y. Murata, R. Xing, and Y. Dong. 2010. Purification and bioactivity of a sulphated polysaccharide conjugate from viscera of abalone Ino. Food and Agricultural Immunology 20 (1):15–26. doi:10.1080/09540100903418859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaya, Y., H. Uchisawa, H. Matsue, B. Okuzaki, F. Narumi, J. Sasaki, and K. Ishida. 1994. An investigation of the antitumor peptidoglycan fraction from squid ink. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17 (6):846–9. doi:10.1248/bpb.17.846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teanchai, K., N. Wititanun, and S. Chaikhun. 2016. Characterization and analyzation of chitosan from Anadara granosa shell. Key Engineering Materials 675–676 (1):463–6. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.675-676.463.
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, P. N., and J. K. Boon. 2001. The histological localization of heparin in the northern quahog clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78 (3):155–9. doi:10.1006/jipa.2001.5056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdovinos, C., S. A. Navarrete, and P. A. Marquet. 2010. Mollusk species diversity in the Southeastern Pacific: why are there more species towards the pole? Ecography 26 (2):139–44. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03349.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidhyanandhini, R., R. Saravanan, S. Vairamani, and A. Shanmugam. 2014. The anticoagulant activity and structural characterization of fractionated and purified glycosaminoglycans from venerid clam Meretrix casta(Chemnitz). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 37 (7):917–29. doi:10.1080/10826076.2013.765448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayabaskar, P., T. Balasubramanian, and S. T. Somasundaram. 2008. Low-molecular weight molluscan glycosaminoglycan from bivalve Katelysia opima (Gmelin). Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 30 (3):175–80. doi:10.1358/mf.2008.30.3.1159654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayabaskar, P., and S. T. Somasundaram. 2009. Histological localization and analytical evaluation of heparin in the wedge clam Donax cuneatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Methods & Findings in Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology 31 (5):311–6. doi:10.1358/mf.2009.31.5.1380458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vijayabaskar, P., and S. T. Somasundaram. 2012. Studies on molluscan glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from backwater clam Donax cuneatus (Linnaeus). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2 (2):S519–S525. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60265-2.
   Google Scholar
• Volpi, N. 2005. Occurrence and structural characterization of heparin from molluscs. Invertebrate Survival Journal 2 (1):6–16.
   Google Scholar
• Volpi, N., M. Dondi, and A. M. F. Bolognani. 1998. Characterization of a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan isolated from the mucus surrounding the embryos of Viviparus ater (Mollusca Gastropoda). Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta General Subjects 1380 (2):239–48. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00146-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpi, N., and F. Maccari. 2003. Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Biochimie 85 (6):619–25. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(03)00083-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpi, N., and F. Maccari. 2005. Glycosaminoglycan composition of the large freshwater mollusc bivalve Anodonta anodonta. Biomacromolecules 6 (6):3174–80. doi:10.1021/bm0505033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpi, N., and F. Maccari. 2007. Characterization of a low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate isolated from the hemolymph of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus. Marine Biology 152 (4):1003–7. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0751-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpi, N., and F. Maccari. 2009. Structural characterization and antithrombin activity of dermatan sulfate purified from marine clam Scapharca inaequivalvis. Glycobiology 19 (4):356–67. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vynios, D. H., and C. P. Tsiganos. 1990. Squid proteoglycans: isolation and characterization of three populations from cranial cartilage. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1033 (2):139–47. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(90)90004-G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada, K., and T. Furuhashi. 1971. Studies on the mineralization of the calcified tissue in molluscs-XVIII: acid polysaccharide of mantle mucus of some marine bivalves. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 37 (1):13–17. doi:10.2331/suisan.37.13.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., H. Guan, and B. Li. 1994. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan from bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) by infrared spectrometry Transaction of Oceanology & Limnology 1994 (3):39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., H. Guan, and H. Lin. 1995. Fractionation of heparinlike glycosaminoglycan from scallop Arcopecten irradians Larmarck. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica 1995 (S1):66–69.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., H. Guan, and S. Liu. 1996. Identification of glycosaminoglycan from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians by agarose gel electrophoresis Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs 15 (2):12–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H., and S. Liu. 2007. Influences of oyster glycosaminoglycan on the functions of injured vascular endothelial cells. Marine Fisheries Research 28 (5):105–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H. T., S. Liu, C. X. Ju, and N. Yu. 2006. Study in the protection effects of oyster glycosaminoglycan on vascular endothelial cell injury Progress in Modern Biomedicine 6 (9):33–35.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H. X., J. Zhao, D. M. Li, S. Song, L. Song, Y. H. Fu, and L. P. Zhang. 2014. Structural investigation of an uronic acid-containing polysaccharide from abalone by graded acid hydrolysis followed by PMP-HPLC-MS n and NMR analysis. Carbohydrate Research 402C (12):95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H. X., J. Zhao, D. M. Li, S. Song, L. Song, Y. H. Fu, and L. P. Zhang. 2015a. Structural investigation of an uronic acid-containing polysaccharide from abalone by graded acid hydrolysis followed by PMP-HPLC-MS n and NMR analysis. Carbohydrate Research 402C (12):95–101. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. X., J. Zhao, D. M. Li, C. R. Wen, H. M. Liu, S. Song, and B. W. Zhu. 2015b. Comparison of polysaccharides of Haliotis discus hannai and Volutharpa ampullacea perryi by PMP-HPLC-MSn analysis upon acid hydrolysis. Carbohydrate Research 415 (1):48–53. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2015.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., H. Wu, N. Chang, and K. Zhang. 2011a. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharide fraction isolated from Mactra veneriformis. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 5 (2):238–44. doi:10.1007/s11705-010-0002-2.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L. C., L. Q. Di, R. Liu, and H. Wu. 2013. Characterizations and microsphere formulation of polysaccharide from the marine clam (Mactra veneriformis). Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (1):106–13. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. C., H. Wu, J. Ji, F. Xue, and R. Liu. 2016. Preparation, analysis and antioxidant evaluation of the controlled product of polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis by mild acid hydrolysis. Carbohydrate Polymers 137 (25):709–18. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. C., K. Zhang, L. Q. Di, R. Liu, and H. Wu. 2011b. Isolation and structural elucidation of novel homogenous polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis. Carbohydrate Polymers 86 (2):982–87. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R. X., C. B. Wang, S. B. Luo, and Y. Q. Li. 2008a. Protective effect of scallop skirt-glycosaminoglycan on vascular endothelial cell damaged by highly concentrated glucose. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 43 (18):1394–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Y. Cheng, F. Wang, L. Sun, C. Liu, G. Chen, Y. Li, S. G. Ward, and X. Qu. (2008). Inhibition activity of sulfated polysaccharide of Sepiella maindroni ink on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 62 (5):297–302.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Y. Cheng, F. Wang, L. Sun, C. Liu, G. Chen, Y. Li, S. G. Ward, and X. Qu. 2008b. Inhibition activity of sulfated polysaccharide of Sepiella maindroni ink on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 62 (5):297–302. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2008.01.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. A. Flax, M. M. Kemp, R. J. Linhardt, and M. J. Baron. 2011c. Host and pathogen glycosaminoglycan. Infection & Immunity 79 (2):606–16. doi:10.1128/IAI.00254-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, I. M., C. Renner, M. G. Strigl, and M. Fritz. 2002. A simple and reliable method for the determination and localization of chitin in abalone nacre. Chemistry of Materials 14 (8):3252–59. doi:10.1021/cm001217v.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, E. R., S. K. Wan, and Y. S. Kim. 2001. Virus-cell fusion inhibitory activity for the polysaccharides from various Korean edible clams. Archives of Pharmacal Research 24 (6):514–17. doi:10.1007/BF02975155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, S., K. Sugahara, and S. Özbek. 2011. Evolution of glycosaminoglycans. Communicative & Integrative Biology 4 (2):150–8. doi:10.4161/cib.4.2.14547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yan, X., J. Yang, D. Zhou, T. Li, and B. Zhu. 2009. Study on isolation,purification and property of a polysaccharice SVP-12 form scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) Viscus. Food & Fermentation Industries 35 (2):172–5.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, H. L., M. A. Yuan, L. Wang, Y. M. Sun, Y. H. Yu, and B. W. Zhu. 2007. The extraction of and scavenging hydroxyl free radicals by scallop viscus polysaccharide. Fisheries Science 26 (5):255–8.
   Google Scholar
• Youn, D. K., K. N. Hong, and W. Prinyawiwatkul. 2013. Preparation and characteristics of squid pen β-chitin prepared under optimal deproteinisation and demineralisation condition. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 48 (3):571–7. doi:10.1111/ijfs.12001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, N., S. Liu, and J. J. Han. 2008. The deppressive effect of glycosaminoglycan from scallop on type-I herpes simplex virus. Acta Academiae Medicinae Qingdao Universitatis 44 (2):111–3.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y. H., D. Y. Zhou, L. M. Sun, J. F. Yang, S. Wang, and B. W. Zhu. 2009. Study on preparation and physicochemical analysis of sulphated scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) viscus polysaccharides. Food Science 30 (6):68–71.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, Q., L. Zhao, Q. Cha, Y. Sun, H. Ye, and X. Zeng. 2015. Structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a homogeneous polysaccharide from Sinonovacula constricta. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 63 (36):7986–94. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, D., C. Wang, H. Wu, J. Xie, L. Du, Z. Xia, J. Cai, Z. Huang, and D. Wei. 2013. Three sulphated polysaccharides isolated from the mucilage of mud snail, Bullacta exarata philippi: Characterization and antitumour activity. Food Chemistry 138 (1):306–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., S. Liu, Y. Su, and S. G. Yang. 2006. Effects of scallp skirt glycosaminoglycan on function of vascular endothelial cells with oxidiation damages in culture. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 41 (13):990–3.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., S. Liu, Y. W. Su, and S. G. Yang. 2004a. Protective effects of the scallop skirt-glycosaminoglycan on the vascular endothelial cells damaged by oxygen free radicals. Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs 23 (6):18–22.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. L., S. Liu, R. C. Wang, and J. J. Han. 2004b. The protective effects of scallop skite-glycosaminoglycan on vascular endothelial cell injury induced by OX-LDL. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin 20 (12):1389–92.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., W. S. Liu, B. Q. Han, J. P. Sun, and D. F. Wang. 2008. Isolation and characterization of antitumor polysaccharides from the marine mollusk Ruditapes philippinarum. European Food Research and Technology 227 (1):103–10. doi:10.1007/s00217-007-0698-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. 2009. Study on the purification technology of mussel polysaccharides. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology 9 (1):84–88.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., T. Iwasa, M. Tsuda, A. Kobata, and S. Takasaki. 1997. A novel monoantennary complex-type sugar chain found in octopus rhodopsin: occurrence of the Galβ1→4Fuc group linked to the proximal N-acetylglucosaniine residue of the trimannosyl core. Glycobiology 7 (8):1153–58. doi:10.1093/glycob/7.8.1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., J. Yang, S. Song, D. Zhou, W. Qiao, C. Zhu, S. Liu, and B. Zhu. 2016a. Anticoagulant activity and structural characterization of polysaccharide from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) gonad. Molecules 21 (6):697–709. doi:10.3390/molecules21060697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., D. Y. Zhou, J. F. Yang, S. Song, T. Zhang, C. Zhu, Y. Q. Song, C. X. Yu, and B. W. Zhu. 2016b. Effects of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) gonad polysaccharides on cholecystokinin release in STC-1 cells and its signaling mechanism. Carbohydrate Polymers 151 (1):268–73. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y. J., H. Hu, and Y. Wang. 2010. Extraction of polysaccharides from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and their antioxidant activity. Fisheries Science 29 (2):91–94.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, H. F., Z. Y. Bai, J. Y. Lin, G. L. Wang, and J. L. Li. 2015. Characterization and functional analysis of a chitin synthase gene (HcCS1) identified from the freshwater pearlmussel Hyriopsis cumingii. Genetics & Molecular Research Gmr 14 (4):19264–74. doi:10.4238/2015.December.29.36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., A. J. Hanneman, N. D. Chasteen, and V. N. Reinhold. 2013. Anomalous N-glycan structures with an internal fucose branched to GlcA and GlcN residues isolated from a mollusk shell forming fluid. Journal of Proteome Research 12 (10):4547–55. doi:10.1021/pr4006734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, B., L. Wang, L. Sun, M. Yoshiyuki, D. Li, and L. Zhang. 2010a. Studies on the immunomodulating activity of two polysaccharides from the viscera of abalone, Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino. Journal of Biotechnology 136 (4):S584.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, B. W., D. M. Li, D. Y. Zhou, S. Han, J. F. Yang, T. Li, W. X. Ye, and G. H. Greeley. 2011. Structural analysis and CCK-releasing activity of a sulphated polysaccharide from abalone (Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino) viscera. Food Chemistry 125 (4):1273–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, B. W., D. Y. Zhou, T. Li, S. Yan, J. F. Yang, D. M. Li, X. P. Dong, and Y. Murata. 2010b. Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activities of a sulphated polysaccharide extracted from abalone gonad (Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino). Food Chemistry 121 (3):712–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, S. H. 2006. The influence of salinity, diurnal rhythm and daylength on feeding behavior in Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. Aquaculture 252 (2–4):584–90. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, S. H., and Z. Q. Wang. 2004. Influence of size, habitat and food concentration on the feeding ecology of the bivalve, Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. Aquaculture 241 (1–4):689–99. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar