Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

References

• Albertazzi, P., S. A. Steel, and M. Bottazzi. 2005. Effect of pure genistein on bone markers and hot flushes. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society 8 (4):371–9. doi: 10.1080/13697130500345257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alekel, D. L., A. S. Germain, C. T. Peterson, K. B. Hanson, J. W. Stewart, and T. Toda. 2000. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (3):844–52. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alekel, D. L., M. D. Van Loan, K. J. Koehler, L. N. Hanson, J. W. Stewart, K. B. Hanson, M. S. Kurzer, and C. T. Peterson. 2010. The soy isoflavones for reducing bone loss (SIRBL) study: A 3-y randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (1):218–30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. J. B., X. Chen, A. Boass, M. Symons, M. Kohlmeier, J. B. Renner, and S. C. Garner. 2002. Soy isoflavones: No effects on bone mineral content and bone mineral density in healthy, menstruating young adult women after one year. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21 (5):388–93. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcoraci, V., M. Atteritano, F. Squadrito, R. D’Anna, H. Marini, D. Santoro, L. Minutoli, S. Messina, D. Altavilla, and A. Bitto. 2017. Antiosteoporotic activity of genistein aglycone in postmenopausal women: Evidence from a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 9 (2):179. doi: 10.3390/nu9020179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjmandi, B. H., D. A. Khalil, B. J. Smith, E. A. Lucas, S. Juma, M. E. Payton, and R. A. Wild. 2003. Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88 (3):1048–54. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjmandi, B. H., E. A. Lucas, D. A. Khalil, L. Devareddy, B. J. Smith, J. McDonald, A. B. Arquitt, M. E. Payton, and C. Mason. 2005. One year soy protein supplementation has positive effects on bone formation markers but not bone density in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Journal 4 (1):8. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-4-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atteritano, M., H. Marini, L. Minutoli, F. Polito, A. Bitto, D. Altavilla, S. Mazzaferro, R. D’Anna, M. L. Cannata, A. Gaudio, et al. 2007. Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic, postmenopausal women: A two-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (8):3068–75. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolaños, R., and J. Francia. 2010. Isoflavones versus hormone therapy for reduction of vertebral fracture risk: Indirect comparison. Menopause 17 (6):1201–5. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181df48f0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, E., V. Coxam, S. Robins, K. Wahala, A. Cassidy, and F. Branca; PHYTOS Investigators. 2008. Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (3):761–70. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, J. D., W. E. Ward, J. E. Lewis, J. Hilditch, L. Nickell, E. Wong, and L. U. Thompson. 2004. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2):318–25. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, J. J., and B. Buehring. 2018. Current imaging techniques in osteoporosis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 36 Suppl 114 (5):115–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco, C., and M. J. Cancelo Hidalgo. 2011. Isoflavones: Effects on bone health. Climacteric 14 (2):204–11. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2010.529198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. M., S. C. Ho, S. S. Lam, S. S. Ho, and J. L. Woo. 2003. Soy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88 (10):4740–7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong, J. M., B. R. Martin, G. S. Jackson, D. Elmore, G. P. McCabe, J. R. Nolan, S. Barnes, M. Peacock, and C. M. Weaver. 2007. Soy isoflavones do not affect bone resorption in postmenopausal women: A dose-response study using a novel approach with 41Ca. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (2):577–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilibeck, P. D., H. Vatanparast, R. Pierson, A. Case, O. Olatunbosun, S. J. Whiting, T. J. Beck, P. Pahwa, and H. J. Biem. 2013. Effect of exercise training combined with isoflavone supplementation on bone and lipids in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 28 (4):780–93. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choquette, S., É. Riesco, É. Cormier, T. Dion, M. Aubertin-Leheudre, and I. J. Dionne. 2011. Effects of soya isoflavones and exercise on body composition and clinical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in overweight postmenopausal women: A 6-month double-blind controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 105 (8):1199–209. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510004897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalais, F. S., P. R. Ebeling, D. Kotsopoulos, B. P. McGrath, and H. J. Teede. 2003. The effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipids and indices of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Clinical Endocrinology 58 (6):704–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01771.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang, Z., and C. W. Löwik. 2004. The balance between concurrent activation of ERs and PPARs determines daidzein-induced osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (5):853–61. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.040120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wilde, A., M. Lieberherr, C. Colin, and A. Pointillart. 2004. A low dose of daidzein acts as an ERbeta-selective agonist in trabecular osteoblasts of young female piglets. Journal of Cellular Physiology 200 (2):253–62. doi: 10.1002/jcp.20008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitri, P., N. Bishop, J. S. Walsh, and R. Eastell. 2012. Obesity is a risk factor for fracture in children but is protective against fracture in adults: A paradox. Bone 50 (2):457–66. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastell, R., and P. Szulc. 2017. Use of bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 5 (11):908–23. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30184-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, E. M., S. B. Racette, R. E. Van Pelt, L. R. Peterson, and D. T. Villareal. 2007. Effects of soy protein isolate and moderate exercise on bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Menopause 14 (3):481–8. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000243570.78570.f7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, J. C., R. Satpathy, K. Rafferty, and V. Haynatzka. 2004. The effect of soy protein isolate on bone metabolism. Menopause 11 (3):290–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Martín, A., M. Quesada Charneco, A. Alvárez Guisado, J. J. Jiménez Moleón, J. Fonollá Joya, and M. Muñoz-Torres. 2012. Effect of milk product with soy isoflavones on quality of life and bone metabolism in postmenopausal Spanish women: Randomized trial] [Article in Spanish]. Medicina Clínica 138 (2):47–51. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.04.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt, M. B., J. N. Tsai, and M. N. Wein. 2017. Bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone disease. Clinical Chemistry 63 (2):464–74. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.259085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, L. S., K. Fiedler, A. R. Sehgal, D. Oravec, and E. Lerner. 2004. Decreased bone resorption with soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women. Journal of Women’s Health 13 (9):1000–7. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., and S. Green, editors. 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. Chapter 16.4.5: Methods for incorporating cross-over trials into a meta-analysis [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_16/16_4_5_methods_for_incorporating_cross_over_trials_into_a.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, H. Y., H. P. Yang, H. T. Yang, T. C. Yang, M. J. Shieh, and S. Y. Huang. 2006. One-year soy isoflavone supplementation prevents early postmenopausal bone loss but without a dose-dependent effect. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17 (8):509–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsimbri, P. 2017. The biology of normal bone remodelling. European Journal of Cancer Care 26 (6):e12740. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenkre, J. S., and J. Bassett. 2018. The bone remodelling cycle. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55 (3):308–27. doi: 10.1177/0004563218759371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, A. M., K. M. Mangano, R. H. Abourizk, R. S. Bruno, D. E. Anamani, A. Kleppinger, S. J. Walsh, K. M. Prestwood, and J. E. Kerstetter. 2009. Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (1):234–42. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., J. J. Han, J. Lee, H. S. Choi, J. H. Kim, and T. Lee. 2017. The correlation between bone mineral density/trabecular bone score and body mass index, height, and weight. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia 3 (2):98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.afos.2017.02.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight, D. C., J. B. Howes, J. A. Eden, and L. G. Howes. 2001. Effects on menopausal symptoms and acceptability of isoflavone-containing soypowder dietary supplementation. Climacteric 4 (1):13–8. doi: 10.1080/cmt.4.1.13.18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koh, W. P., A. H. Wu, R. Wang, L. W. Ang, D. Heng, J. M. Yuan, and M. C. Yu. 2009. Gender-specific associations between soy and risk of hip fracture in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 170 (7):901–9. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreijkamp-Kaspers, S., L. Kok, D. E. Grobbee, E. H. de Haan, A. Aleman, J. W. Lampe, and Y. T. van der Schouw. 2004. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292 (1):65–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.1.65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper, G. G., J. G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, J. C. Corton, S. H. Safe, P. T. van der Saag, B. van der Burg, and J. A. Gustafsson. 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139 (10):4252–63. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.10.6216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, H. S., S. Y. Park, M. G. Kim, C. H. Yim, H. K. Yoon, and K. O. Han. 2009. Marked individual variation in isoflavone metabolism after a soy challenge can modulate the skeletal effect of isoflavones in premenopausal women. Journal of Korean Medical Science 24 (5):867–73. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.5.867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. N. T., L. M. Hu, and P. B. Jeppesen. 2017. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106 (3):801–11. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., R. Choue, and H. Lim. 2017. Effect of soy isoflavones supplement on climacteric symptoms, bone biomarkers, and quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrition Research and Practice 11 (3):223–31. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, S., N. Strickman-Stein, A. P. Ganjei, P. Xu, D. R. Doerge, and J. Krischer. 2011. Soy isoflavones in the prevention of menopausal bone loss and menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double-blind trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 171 (15):1363–9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, J., S. C. Ho, Y. X. Su, W. Q. Chen, C. X. Zhang, and Y. M. Chen. 2009. Effect of long-term intervention of soy isoflavones on bone mineral density in women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bone 44 (5):948–53. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentzon, M., and S. R. Cummings. 2015. Osteoporosis: The evolution of a diagnosis. Journal of Internal Medicine 277 (6):650–61. doi: 10.1111/joim.12369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydeking-Olsen, E., J. E. Beck-Jensen, K. D. Setchell, and T. Holm-Jensen. 2004. Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss – A 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition 43 (4):246–57. doi: 10.1007/s00394-004-0497-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D. F., L. Q. Qin, P. Y. Wang, and R. Katoh. 2008a. Soy isoflavone intake increases bone mineral density in the spine of menopausal women: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition 27 (1):57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, D. F., L. Q. Qin, P. Y. Wang, and R. Katoh. 2008b. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 (2):155–61. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini, H., A. Bitto, D. Altavilla, B. P. Burnett, F. Polito, V. Di Stefano, L. Minutoli, M. Atteritano, R. M. Levy, R. D'Anna, et al. 2008. Breast safety and efficacy of genistein aglycone for postmenopausal bone loss: A follow-up study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93 (12):4787–96. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskarinec, G., D. Ju, Y. Morimoto, A. A. Franke, and F. Z. Stanczyk. 2017. Soy food intake and biomarkers of breast cancer risk: Possible difference in Asian women? Nutrition and Cancer 69 (1):146–53. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1250924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina, C., C. Buonomenna, G. Menon, S. Magnani, D. Albano, S. Gitto, F. M. Ulivieri, and L. M. Sconfienza. 2019. Fat mass does not increase the precision error of trabecular bone score measurements. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito, N., A. Crisafulli, C. Vergara, A. Gaudio, A. Lasco, N. Frisina, R. D'Anna, F. Corrado, M. A. Pizzoleo, M. Cincotta, et al. 2002. Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 (10):1904–12. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.10.1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori, M., M. Sagara, K. Ikeda, T. Miki, and Y. Yamori. 2004. Soy isoflavones improve bone metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese women. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 31 (s2):S44–S6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04118.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newton, K. M., A. Z. LaCroix, L. Levy, S. S. Li, P. Qu, J. D. Potter, and J. W. Lampe. 2006. Soy protein and bone mineral density in older men and women: A randomized trial. Maturitas 55 (3):270–7. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikander, E., M. Metsä-Heikkilä, O. Ylikorkala, and A. Tiitinen. 2004. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone turnover in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89 (3):1207–12. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsatti, F. L., E. A. Nahas, J. Nahas-Neto, C. L. Orsatti, and A. S. Teixeira. 2013. Effects of isoflavone and counter-resistance training on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. [Article in Portuguese]. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano 15 (6):726–36. doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2013v15n6p726.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-Alonso, M., L. S. Briongos, M. Ruiz-Mambrilla, E. A. Velasco, L. Linares, L. Cuellar, J. M. Olmos, D. De Luis, A. Dueñas-Laita, and J. L. Pérez-Castrillón. 2017. The effect of genistein supplementation on vitamin D levels and bone turnover markers during the summer in healthy postmenopausal women: Role of genotypes of isoflavone metabolism. Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics 10 (5–6):139–45. doi: 10.1159/000484480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pie, J. E., J. H. Park, Y. H. Park, Y. M. Ryu, K. N. Kim, S. W. Suh, K. G. Becker, Y. S. Cho-Chung, and M. K. Kim. 2006. Effect of genistein on the expression of bone metabolism genes in ovariectomized mice using a cDNA microarray. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17 (3):157–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilšáková, L., I. Riečanský, and F. Jagla. 2010. The physiological actions of isoflavone phytoestrogens. Physiological Research 59 (5):651–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, S. M., J. A. Baum, H. Teng, R. J. Stillman, N. F. Shay, and J. W. Erdman, Jr. 1998. Soy protein and isoflavones: Their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (6):1375S–9S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1375S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, S., and C. Jiang. 2018. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Nutrition. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1853-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhakrishnan, G., N. Agarwal, and N. B. Vaid. 2009. Evaluation of isoflavone rich soy protein supplementation for postmenopausal therapy. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (7):1009–17. doi: 10.3923/pjn.2009.1009.1017.
   Google Scholar
• Rapuri, P. B., J. C. Gallagher, and G. Haynatzki. 2004. Endogenous levels of serum estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin determine bone mineral density, bone remodeling, the rate of bone loss, and response to treatment with estrogen in elderly women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (10):4954–62. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci, E., S. Cipriani, F. Chiaffarino, M. Malvezzi, and F. Parazzini. 2010. Soy isoflavones and bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal Western women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Women’s Health 19 (9):1609–17. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughead, Z. K., J. R. Hunt, L. K. Johnson, T. M. Badger, and G. I. Lykken. 2005. Controlled substitution of soy protein for meat protein: Effects on calcium retention, bone, and cardiovascular health indices in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (1):181–9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathyapalan, T., M. Aye, A. S. Rigby, W. D. Fraser, N. J. Thatcher, E. S. Kilpatrick, and S. L. Atkin. 2017. Soy reduces bone turnover markers in women during early menopause: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 32 (1):157–64. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick, P. 2015. What is publication bias in a meta-analysis? BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 351:h4419. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h4419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shahnazari, M., D. B. Burr, W. H. Lee, B. R. Martin, and C. M. Weaver. 2010. Cross-calibration of 45calcium kinetics against dynamic histomorphometry in a rat model to determine bone turnover. Bone 46 (5):1238–43. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapses, S. A., and D. Sukumar. 2012. Bone metabolism in obesity and weight loss. Annual Review of Nutrition 32 (1):287–309. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shetty, S., N. Kapoor, J. D. Bondu, N. Thomas, and T. V. Paul. 2016. Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 20 (6):846–52. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.192914.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sirtori, P., C. Sosio, G. Resmini, and A. Rubinacci. 1996. Effect of short course of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on biochemical markers of bone remodelling in postmenopausal women. Pharmacological Research 33 (6):353–9. doi: 10.1006/phrs.1996.0049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sliwiński, L., J. Folwarczna, W. Janiec, G. Grynkiewicz, and K. Kuzyk. 2005. Differential effects of genistein, estradiol and raloxifene on rat osteoclasts in vitro. Pharmacological Reports 57 (3):352–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, K. B., C. Atkinson, C. L. Frankenfeld, T. Jokela, K. Wähälä, W. K. Thomas, and J. W. Lampe. 2006. Prevalence of daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes differs between Caucasian and Korean American women and girls. The Journal of Nutrition 136 (5):1347–51. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, L. A., E. R. Lipscomb, J. Cadogan, B. Martin, M. E. Wastney, M. Peacock, and C. M. Weaver. 2005. The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: A randomized crossover study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (4):916–22. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai, T. Y., K. S. Tsai, S. T. Tu, J. S. Wu, C. I. Chang, C. L. Chen, N. S. Shaw, H. Y. Peng, S. Y. Wang, and C. H. Wu. 2012. The effect of soy isoflavone on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women with bone loss: A 2-year randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Osteoporosis International 23 (5):1571–80. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1750-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taku, K., M. K. Melby, M. S. Kurzer, S. Mizuno, S. Watanabe, and Y. Ishimi. 2010. Effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone turnover markers in menopausal women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bone 47 (2):413–23. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taku, K., M. K. Melby, N. Nishi, T. Omori, and M. S. Kurzer. 2011. Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: An evidence-based approach. Maturitas 70 (4):333–8. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tit, D. M., S. Bungau, C. Iovan, D. C. Nistor Cseppento, L. Endres, C. Sava, A. M. Sabau, G. Furau, and C. Furau. 2018. Effects of the hormone replacement therapy and of soy isoflavones on bone resorption in postmenopause. Journal of Clinical Medicine 7 (10):297. doi: 10.3390/jcm7100297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touillaud, M., A. Gelot, S. Mesrine, C. Bennetau-Pelissero, F. Clavel-Chapelon, P. Arveux, F. Bonnet, M. Gunter, M. C. Boutron-Ruault, and A. Fournier. 2019. Use of dietary supplements containing soy isoflavones and breast cancer risk among women aged >50 y: A prospective study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109 (3):597–605. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turhan, N. O., F. Bolkan, C. I. Duvan, and Y. Ardicoglu. 2008. The effect of isoflavones on bone mass and bone remodelling markers in postmenopausal women. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 38 (2):145–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uesugi, T., Y. Fukui, and Y. Yamori. 2002. Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal Japanese women: A four-week study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21 (2):97–102. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uesugi, T., T. Toda, T. Okuhira, and J. T. Chen. 2003. Evidence of estrogenic effect by the three-month-intervention of isoflavone on vaginal maturation and bone metabolism in early postmenopausal women. Endocrine Journal 50 (5):613–9. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.50.613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergne, S., P. Sauvant, V. Lamothe, P. Chantre, J. Asselineau, P. Perez, M. Durand, N. Moore, and C. Bennetau-Pelissero. 2009. Influence of ethnic origin (Asian v. Caucasian) and background diet on the bioavailability of dietary isoflavones. British Journal of Nutrition 102 (11):1642–53. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509990833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervloet, M. G., and V. M. Brandenburg; CKD-MBD working group of ERA-EDTA. 2017. Circulating markers of bone turnover. Journal of Nephrology 30 (5):663–70. doi: 10.1007/s40620-017-0408-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vupadhyayula, P. M., J. C. Gallagher, T. Templin, S. M. Logsdon, and L. M. Smith. 2009. Effects of soy protein isolate on bone mineral density and physical performance indicesin postmenopausal women - A 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 16 (2):320–8. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181844893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangen, K. E., A. M. Duncan, B. E. Merz-Demlow, X. Xu, R. Marcus, W. R. Phipps, and M. S. Kurzer. 2000. Effects of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 (9):3043–8. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.9.6787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., J. Oka, M. Higuchi, I. Tabata, T. Toda, M. Fujioka, N. Fuku, T. Teramoto, T. Okuhira, T. Ueno, et al. 2006. Cooperative effects of isoflavones and exercise on bone and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism 55 (4):423–33. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., J. Oka, I. Tabata, M. Higuchi, T. Toda, N. Fuku, J. Ezaki, F. Sugiyama, S. Uchiyama, K. Yamada, and Y. Ishimi. 2006. Effects of isoflavone and exercise on BMD and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: A 1-year randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (5):780–9. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamori, Y., E. H. Moriguchi, T. Teramoto, A. Miura, Y. Fukui, K. I. Honda, M. Fukui, Y. Nara, K. Taira, and Y. Moriguchi. 2002. Soybean isoflavones reduce postmenopausal bone resorption in female Japanese immigrants in Brazil: A ten-week study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21 (6):560–3. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Y. B., X. Y. Tang, M. A. Verbruggen, and Y. X. Su. 2006. Soy isoflavones attenuate bone loss in early postmenopausal Chinese women: A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition 45 (6):327–34. doi: 10.1007/s00394-006-0602-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, T. A., C. M. Weaver, K. Jones, D. R. Moore, 2nd, and S. Barnes. 2004. Inulin effects on bioavailability of soy isoflavones and their calcium absorption enhancing ability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (10):2827–31. doi: 10.1021/jf035080f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, L. J., Y. J. Liu, P. Y. Liu, J. Hamilton, R. R. Recker, and H. W. Deng. 2007. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 (5):1640–6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, T. T., F. Jin, J. G. Li, Y. Y. Xu, H. T. Dong, Q. Liu, P. Xing, G. L. Zhu, H. Xu, and Z. F. Miao. 2019. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clinical Nutrition 38 (1):136–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, X., S. K. Lee, and O. K. Chun. 2016. Soy isoflavones and osteoporotic bone loss: A review with an emphasis on modulation of bone remodeling. Journal of Medicinal Food 19 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., D. L. Alekel, P. M. Dixon, M. Messina, and M. B. Reddy. 2011. The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women. Journal of Women’s Health 20 (5):771–80. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, K., M. Hunter, A. James, E. M. Lim, B. R. Cooke, and J. P. Walsh. 2017. Discordance between fat mass index and body mass index is associated with reduced bone mineral density in women but not in men: The Busselton Healthy Ageing Study. Osteoporosis International 28 (1):259–68. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3710-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zittermann, A., J. Geppert, S. Baier, N. Zehn, I. Gouni-Berthold, H. K. Berthold, J. Reinsberg, and P. Stehle. 2004. Short-term effects of high soy supplementation on sex hormones, bone markers, and lipid parameters in young female adults. European Journal of Nutrition 43 (2):100–8. doi: 10.1007/s00394-004-0447-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar