Beer and its non-alcoholic compounds in health and disease

References

• Aghamiri, V., M. Mirghafourvand, S. Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, and H. Nazemiyeh. 2016. “The effect of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) on early menopausal symptoms and hot flashes: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.” Complement Ther Clin Pract 23:130–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed Adam, M. A., Y. M. Tabana, K. B. Musa, and D. A. Sandai. 2017. “Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review).” Oncol Rep 37 (3):1321–1336. doi: 10.3892/or.2017.5424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aichinger, G., J. Beisl, and D. Marko. 2018. “The Hop Polyphenols Xanthohumol and 8-Prenyl-Naringenin Antagonize the Estrogenic Effects of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells.” Front Nutr 5:85. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allsopp, P., S. Possemiers, D. Campbell, C. Gill, and I. Rowland. 2013. “A comparison of the anticancer properties of isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin using in vitro models of colon cancer.” Biofactors 39 (4):441–7. doi: 10.1002/biof.1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ano, Y., A. Dohata, Y. Taniguchi, A. Hoshi, K. Uchida, A. Takashima, and H. Nakayama. 2017. “Iso-alpha-acids, Bitter Components of Beer, Prevent Inflammation and Cognitive Decline Induced in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.” J Biol Chem 292 (9):3720–3728. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.763813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimoto-Kobayashi, S., C. Sugiyama, N. Harada, M. Takeuchi, M. Takemura, and H. Hayatsu. 1999. “Inhibitory effects of beer and other alcoholic beverages on mutagenesis and DNA adduct formation induced by several carcinogens.” J Agric Food Chem 47 (1):221–30. doi: 10.1021/jf980685a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro, A., R. M. Watanabe, A. Dall'Arche, S. V. De Kreutzenberg, A. Tiengo, and G. Pacini. 2004. “Acute alcohol consumption improves insulin action without affecting insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic subjects.” Diabetes Care 27 (6):1369–74. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.6.1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayabe, T., R. Ohya, K. Kondo, and Y. Ano. 2018. “Iso-alpha-acids, bitter components of beer, prevent obesity-induced cognitive decline.” Sci Rep 8 (1):4760. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23213-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bamforth, Charles W. 2002. “Nutritional aspects of beer—a review.” Nutrition Research 22 (1-2):227–237. doi: 10.1016/S0271-5317(01)00360-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, Julia I. Gross, Madeleine. Gottschalk, Christoph. Usleber, Ewald. 2016. “Investigations on the occurrence of mycotoxins in beer.” Food Control 63 (Elsevier):135–139. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.040.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, V., J. Ferrao, L. Pimentel, M. Pintado, and T. Fernandes. 2018. “One Health, Fermented Foods, and Gut Microbiota.” Foods 7 (12). doi: 10.3390/foods7120195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendsen, N. T., R. Christensen, E. M. Bartels, F. J. Kok, A. Sierksma, A. Raben, and A. Astrup. 2013. “Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Nutr Rev 71 (2):67–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00548.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobak, M., Z. Skodova, and M. Marmot. 2003. “Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study.” Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (10):1250–3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchardy, C., F. Clavel, C. La Vecchia, L. Raymond, and P. Boyle. 1990. “Alcohol, beer and cancer of the pancreas.” Int J Cancer 45 (5):842–6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910450509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, P. J., and S. Zakhari. 2014. “Acetaldehyde and the genome: beyond nuclear DNA adducts and carcinogenesis.” Environ Mol Mutagen 55 (2):77–91. doi: 10.1002/em.21824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch, C., S. Noor, C. Leischner, M. Burkard, U. M. Lauer, and S. Venturelli. 2015. “Anti-proliferative activity of hop-derived prenylflavonoids against human cancer cell lines.” Wien Med Wochenschr 165 (11-12):258–61. doi: 10.1007/s10354-015-0355-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderon-Montano, J. M., E. Burgos-Moron, C. Perez-Guerrero, and M. Lopez-Lazaro. 2011. “A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol.” Mini Rev Med Chem 11 (4):298–344. doi: 10.2174/138955711795305335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardona, F., C. Andres-Lacueva, S. Tulipani, F. J. Tinahones, and M. I. Queipo-Ortuno. 2013. “Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health.” J Nutr Biochem 24 (8):1415–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, T. R., and C. W. Bamforth. 2010. “Silicon in beer and brewing.” J Sci Food Agric 90 (5):784–8. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak, P., J. Olsovska, A. Mikyska, M. Dusek, Z. Kadleckova, J. Vanicek, O. Nyc, K. Sigler, V. Bostikova, and P. Bostik. 2017. “Strong antimicrobial activity of xanthohumol and other derivatives from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on gut anaerobic bacteria.” APMIS 125 (11):1033–1038. doi: 10.1111/apm.12747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chari, S. T., H. Harder, S. Teyssen, C. Knodel, R. L. Riepl, and M. V. Singer. 1996. “Effect of beer, yeast-fermented glucose, and ethanol on pancreatic enzyme secretion in healthy human subjects.” Dig Dis Sci 41 (6):1216–24. doi: 10.1007/BF02088240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., D. Lin, C. Zhang, G. Li, N. Zhang, L. Ruan, Q. Yan, J. Li, X. Yu, X. Xie, C. Pang, L. Cao, J. Pan, and Y. Xu. 2015. “Antidepressant-like effects of ferulic acid: involvement of serotonergic and norepinergic systems.” Metab Brain Dis 30 (1):129–36. doi: 10.1007/s11011-014-9635-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. J., and J. K. Lin. 2004. “Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by hop bitter acids (beer aroma) through induction of apoptosis mediated by Fas and caspase cascades.” J Agric Food Chem 52 (1):55–64. doi: 10.1021/jf034737u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiva-Blanch, G., E. Magraner, X. Condines, P. Valderas-Martinez, I. Roth, S. Arranz, R. Casas, M. Navarro, A. Hervas, A. Siso, M. Martinez-Huelamo, A. Vallverdu-Queralt, P. Quifer-Rada, R. M. Lamuela-Raventos, and R. Estruch. 2015. “Effects of alcohol and polyphenols from beer on atherosclerotic biomarkers in high cardiovascular risk men: a randomized feeding trial.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 25 (1):36–45. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, M. Y., S. Y. Park, S. Park, Y. R. Lee, G. D. Han, and J. A. Kim. 2012. “Geranyl derivative of phloroacetophenone induces cancer cell-specific apoptosis through Bax-mediated mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.” Biol Pharm Bull 35 (1):98–104. doi: 10.1248/bpb.35.98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, V. R., C. G. Vieira, L. P. de Souza, F. Moyses, C. Basso, D. K. Papke, T. R. Pires, I. R. Siqueira, J. N. Picada, and P. Pereira. 2015. “Antiepileptogenic, antioxidant and genotoxic evaluation of rosmarinic acid and its metabolite caffeic acid in mice.” Life Sci 122:65–71. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborators, G. B. D. Alcohol. 2018. “Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” Lancet 392 (10152):1015–1035. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, R., I. Rodrigues, L. Guardao, S. Rocha-Rodrigues, C. Silva, J. Magalhaes, M. Ferreira-de-Almeida, R. Negrao, and R. Soares. 2017. “Xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin ameliorate diabetic-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice.” J Nutr Biochem 45:39–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanzo, S., A. Di Castelnuovo, M. B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. de Gaetano. 2011. “Wine, beer or spirit drinking in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis.” Eur J Epidemiol 26 (11):833–50. doi: 10.1007/s10654-011-9631-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Keukeleire, J., G. Ooms, A. Heyerick, I. Roldan-Ruiz, E. Van Bockstaele, and D. De Keukeleire. 2003. “Formation and accumulation of alpha-acids, beta-acids, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol during flowering of hops (Humulus lupulus L.).” J Agric Food Chem 51 (15):4436–41. doi: 10.1021/jf034263z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Menezes, R. F., A. Bergmann, and L. C. Thuler. 2013. “Alcohol consumption and risk of cancer: a systematic literature review.” Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14 (9):4965–72. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.9.4965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delmulle, L., A. Bellahcene, W. Dhooge, F. Comhaire, F. Roelens, K. Huvaere, A. Heyerick, V. Castronovo, and D. De Keukeleire. 2006. “Anti-proliferative properties of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in human prostate cancer cell lines.” Phytomedicine 13 (9-10):732–4. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, R., M. Kaundal, V. Bansal, and Samardeep. 2016. “Caffeic acid attenuates oxidative stress, learning and memory deficit in intra-cerebroventricular streptozotocin induced experimental dementia in rats.” Biomed Pharmacother 81:56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Castelnuovo, A., S. Costanzo, V. Bagnardi, M. B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. de Gaetano. 2006. “Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies.” Arch Intern Med 166 (22):2437–45. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Castelnuovo, A., S. Costanzo, R. di Giuseppe, G. de Gaetano, and L. Iacoviello. 2009. “Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk: mechanisms of action and epidemiologic perspectives.” Future Cardiol 5 (5):467–77. doi: 10.2217/fca.09.36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorn, C., S. Massinger, A. Wuzik, J. Heilmann, and C. Hellerbrand. 2013. “Xanthohumol suppresses inflammatory response to warm ischemia-reperfusion induced liver injury.” Exp Mol Pathol 94 (1) 10–6 doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzeletovic, I., M. E. Harrison, M. D. Crowell, R. Pannala, C. C. Nguyen, Q. Wu, and D. O. Faigel. 2014. “Pancreatitis before pancreatic cancer: clinical features and influence on outcome.” J Clin Gastroenterol 48 (9):801–5. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182a9f879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelsgjerd, S., S. Kunnimalaiyaan, E. Kandil, T. C. Gamblin, and M. Kunnimalaiyaan. 2019. “Xanthohumol increases death receptor 5 expression and enhances apoptosis with the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in neuroblastoma cell lines.” PLoS One 14 (3):e0213776. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkkola, R., S. Vervarcke, S. Vansteelandt, P. Rompotti, D. De Keukeleire, and A. Heyerick. 2010. “A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts.” Phytomedicine 17 (6):389–96. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragopoulou, E., M. Choleva, S. Antonopoulou, and C. A. Demopoulos. 2018. “Wine and its metabolic effects. A comprehensive review of clinical trials.” Metabolism 83:102–119. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, C., K. Dallaglio, B. Bassani, T. Rossi, A. Rossello, D. M. Noonan, G. D'Uva, A. Bruno, and A. Albini. 2016. “Hop derived flavonoid xanthohumol inhibits endothelial cell functions via AMPK activation.” Oncotarget 7 (37):59917–59931. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerhauser, C. 2005. “Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents.” Eur J Cancer 41 (13):1941–54. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhauser, C., A. Alt, E. Heiss, A. Gamal-Eldeen, K. Klimo, J. Knauft, I. Neumann, H. R. Scherf, N. Frank, H. Bartsch, and H. Becker. 2002. “Cancer chemopreventive activity of Xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop.” Mol Cancer Ther 1 (11):959–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerloff, A., M. V. Singer, and P. Feick. 2010. “Beer and its non-alcoholic compounds: role in pancreatic exocrine secretion, alcoholic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma.” Int J Environ Res Public Health 7 (3):1093–104. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7031093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiselli, A., F. Natella, A. Guidi, L. Montanari, P. Fantozzi, and C. Scaccini. 2000. “Beer increases plasma antioxidant capacity in humans.” J Nutr Biochem 11 (2):76–80. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00077-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramshaw, J. W. 1967. “PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF BEER AND BREWING MATERIALS.” Journal of the Institute of Brewing 73 (3):258–270. doi: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1967.tb03042.x.
   Google Scholar
• Gresele, P., C. Cerletti, G. Guglielmini, P. Pignatelli, G. de Gaetano, and F. Violi. 2011. “Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on vascular function: an update.” J Nutr Biochem 22 (3):201–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein, F., M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, M. Joffe, B. Rosner, C. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, D. J. Hunter, C. H. Hennekens, and F. E. Speizer. 1997. “Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality.” N Engl J Med 336 (25):1769–75. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199706193362501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, S., F. Wang, E. A. Holly, and P. M. Bracci. 2010. “Risk of pancreatic cancer by alcohol dose, duration, and pattern of consumption, including binge drinking: a population-based study.” Cancer Causes Control 21 (7):1047–59. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9533-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, J. A., and M. Warner. 2000. “Estrogen receptor beta in the breast: role in estrogen responsiveness and development of breast cancer.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74 (5):245–8. doi: 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00130-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha, S. J., J. Lee, J. Park, Y. H. Kim, N. H. Lee, Y. E. Kim, K. M. Song, P. S. Chang, C. H. Jeong, and S. K. Jung. 2018. “Syringic acid prevents skin carcinogenesis via regulation of NoX and EGFR signaling.” Biochem Pharmacol 154:435–445. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haifeng Zhao, Wenfen Chen, Jian Lu, Mouming Zhao. 2010. “Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of commercial beers.” Food Chemistry 119 (3):1150–1158. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajnal, F., M. C. Flores, and J. E. Valenzuela. 1989. “Effect of alcohol and alcoholic beverages on nonstimulated pancreatic secretion in humans.” Pancreas 4 (4):486–91. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198908000-00014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatonen, K. A., J. Virtamo, J. G. Eriksson, M. M. Perala, H. K. Sinkko, J. Leiviska, and L. M. Valsta. 2012. “Modifying effects of alcohol on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects.” Am J Clin Nutr 96 (1):44–9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.031682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, M. C., C. L. Miranda, J. F. Stevens, M. L. Deinzer, and D. R. Buhler. 2000. “In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, Humulus lupulus.” Xenobiotica 30 (3):235–51. doi: 10.1080/004982500237631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyerick, A., S. Vervarcke, H. Depypere, M. Bracke, and D. De Keukeleire. 2006. “A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts.” Maturitas 54 (2):164–75. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirata, H., K. Takazumi, S. Segawa, Y. Okada, N. Kobayashi, T. Shigyo, and H. Chiba. 2012. “Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from Humulus lupulus L., inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein.” Food Chem 134 (3):1432–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homan, M. 2004. “Beer and its drinkers: an ancient Near Eastern lover story, Near Eastern Archaeology.” Near Eastern Archaeology 67 (2):84–95. doi: 10.2307/4132364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., X. Wang, and Y. Zhang. 2017. “Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” J Diabetes Investig 8 (1):56–68. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, H. J., S. Y. Nam, H. Y. Kim, M. H. Jin, M. H. Kim, S. S. Roh, and H. M. Kim. 2018. “Anti-allergic inflammatory effect of vanillic acid through regulating thymic stromal lymphopoietin secretion from activated mast cells.” Nat Prod Res 32 (24):2945–2949. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1389938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, H. M., E. H. Han, Y. H. Jin, Y. H. Choi, K. Y. Lee, and H. G. Jeong. 2011. “Xanthohumol from the hop plant stimulates osteoblast differentiation by RUNX2 activation.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 409 (1):82–9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, C. H., T. L. Sun, D. X. Xiang, S. S. Wei, and W. Q. Li. 2018. “Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Xanthohumol: A Prenylated Flavonoid From Hops (Humulus lupulus L.).” Front Pharmacol 9:1–13. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jugdaohsingh, R., S. H. Anderson, K. L. Tucker, H. Elliott, D. P. Kiel, R. P. Thompson, and J. J. Powell. 2002. “Dietary silicon intake and absorption.” Am J Clin Nutr 75 (5):887–93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/75.5.887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jugdaohsingh, R., M. A. O'Connell, S. Sripanyakorn, and J. J. Powell. 2006. “Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms.” Proc Nutr Soc 65 (3):291–310. doi: 10.1079/PNS2006508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, B. I., M. S. Kim, H. A. Kim, D. Kim, J. Yang, S. Her, and Y. S. Song. 2010. “Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a component of beehive propolis, is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator.” Phytother Res 24 (2):295–300. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzi, K., V. G. Rontoyanni, A. D. Protogerou, A. Georgoulia, K. Xenos, J. Chrysou, P. P. Sfikakis, and L. S. Sidossis. 2013. “Acute effects of beer on endothelial function and hemodynamics: a single-blind, crossover study in healthy volunteers.” Nutrition 29 (9):1122–6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkovic Markovic, A., J. Toric, M. Barbaric, and C. Jakobusic Brala. 2019. “Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Derivatives and Their Potential Effects on Human Health.” Molecules 24 (10):1–39. doi: 10.3390/molecules24102001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata, K., R. Mukai, and A. Ishisaka. 2015. “Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability.” Food Funct 6 (5):1399–417. doi: 10.1039/C4FO01178C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppes, L. L., J. M. Dekker, H. F. Hendriks, L. M. Bouter, and R. J. Heine. 2005. “Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.” Diabetes Care 28 (3):719–25. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.3.719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunnimalaiyaan, S., K. M. Sokolowski, M. Balamurugan, T. C. Gamblin, and M. Kunnimalaiyaan. 2015. “Xanthohumol inhibits Notch signaling and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.” PLoS One 10 (5):e0127464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. C., C. C. Wang, H. M. Huang, C. L. Lin, S. J. Leu, and Y. L. Lee. 2015. “Ferulic Acid Induces Th1 Responses by Modulating the Function of Dendritic Cells and Ameliorates Th2-Mediated Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:678487. doi: 10.1155/2015/678487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzi, J., A. F. Rodrigues, S. Ros Ade, A. B. de Castro, D. D. de Lima, D. D. Magro, and A. L. Zeni. 2015. “Ferulic acid chronic treatment exerts antidepressant-like effect: role of antioxidant defense system.” Metab Brain Dis 30 (6):1453–63. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9725-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., L. Zeng, J. Xie, Z. Yue, H. Deng, X. Ma, C. Zheng, X. Wu, J. Luo, and M. Liu. 2015. “Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption in vitro and in vivo by a prenylflavonoid xanthohumol from hops.” Sci Rep 5:17605. doi: 10.1038/srep17605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., K. Wang, S. Yin, H. Zheng, and D. Min. 2016. “Xanthohumol inhibits proliferation of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.” Oncol Lett 12 (6):5289–5294. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.5313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M., P. E. Hansen, G. Wang, L. Qiu, J. Dong, H. Yin, Z. Qian, M. Yang, and J. Miao. 2015. “Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus).” Molecules 20 (1):754–79. doi: 10.3390/molecules20010754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. M., C. Y. Hu, J. D. Shen, S. H. Wu, Y. C. Li, and L. T. Yi. 2017. “Elevation of synaptic protein is associated with the antidepressant-like effects of ferulic acid in a chronic model of depression.” Physiol Behav 169:184–188. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasiewicz, E., L. I. Mennen, S. Bertrais, N. Arnault, P. Preziosi, P. Galan, and S. Hercberg. 2005. “Alcohol intake in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio: the importance of type of alcoholic beverage.” Public Health Nutr 8 (3):315–20. doi: 10.1079/PHN2004680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, H. M., A. C. Hardcastle, R. Jugdaohsingh, W. D. Fraser, D. M. Reid, and J. J. Powell. 2012. “Dietary silicon interacts with oestrogen to influence bone health: evidence from the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study.” Bone 50 (3):681–7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado, J. C., Faria, M. A., Melo, A. & Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. 2017. Antiproliferative effect of beer and hop compounds against human colorectal adenocarcinome Caco-2 cells. Journal of Functional Foods 36, 255–261, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.006.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmud, A., and J. Feely. 2002. “Divergent effect of acute and chronic alcohol on arterial stiffness.” Am J Hypertens 15 (3):240–3. doi: 10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02315-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco, M. L., D. Heeney, S. Binda, C. J. Cifelli, P. D. Cotter, B. Foligne, M. Ganzle, R. Kort, G. Pasin, A. Pihlanto, E. J. Smid, and R. Hutkins. 2017. “Health benefits of fermented foods: microbiota and beyond.” Curr Opin Biotechnol 44:94–102. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo, R., A. Medina, E. M. Mateo, F. Mateo, and M. Jimenez. 2007. “An overview of ochratoxin A in beer and wine.” Int J Food Microbiol 119 (1-2):79–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurel, D. B., N. Boisseau, C. L. Benhamou, and C. Jaffre. 2012. “Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms.” Osteoporos Int 23 (1):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1787-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf, P. A., R. K. Scragg, and R. Jackson. 2014. “Light to moderate alcohol consumption is protective for type 2 diabetes mellitus in normal weight and overweight individuals but not the obese.” J Obes 2014:634587. doi: 10.1155/2014/634587.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milligan, S. R., J. C. Kalita, A. Heyerick, H. Rong, L. De Cooman, and D. De Keukeleire. 1999. “Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (6):2249–52. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.6.5887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming, L. G., X. Lv, X. N. Ma, B. F. Ge, P. Zhen, P. Song, J. Zhou, H. P. Ma, C. J. Xian, and K. M. Chen. 2013. “The prenyl group contributes to activities of phytoestrogen 8-prenynaringenin in enhancing bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption in vitro.” Endocrinology 154 (3):1202–14. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, C. L., V. D. Elias, J. J. Hay, J. Choi, R. L. Reed, and J. F. Stevens. 2016. “Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice.” Arch Biochem Biophys 599:22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, C. L., L. A. Johnson, O. de Montgolfier, V. D. Elias, L. S. Ullrich, J. J. Hay, I. L. Paraiso, J. Choi, R. L. Reed, J. S. Revel, C. Kioussi, G. Bobe, U. T. Iwaniec, R. T. Turner, B. S. Katzenellenbogen, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, P. R. Blakemore, A. F. Gombart, C. S. Maier, J. Raber, and J. F. Stevens. 2018. “Non-estrogenic Xanthohumol Derivatives Mitigate Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Impairment in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Mice.” Sci Rep 8 (1):613. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18992-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miranda, C. L., Y. H. Yang, M. C. Henderson, J. F. Stevens, G. Santana-Rios, M. L. Deinzer, and D. R. Buhler. 2000. “Prenylflavonoids from hops inhibit the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoline, mediated by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2.” Drug Metab Dispos 28 (11):1297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, C.L., Stevens J.F., Ivanov V., McCall M., Frei B., Deinzer M.L., Buhler D.R. 2000. “Antioxidant and prooxidant actions of prenylated and nonprenylated chalcones and flavanones in vitro.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3876–3884. doi: 10.1021/jf0002995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura, Y., M. Hosono, C. Oyamada, H. Odai, S. Oikawa, and K. Kondo. 2005. “Dietary isohumulones, the bitter components of beer, raise plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and reduce liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents similar to PPARalpha activations in C57BL/6 mice.” Br J Nutr 93 (4):559–67. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro, R., C. Calhau, A. O. Silva, S. Pinheiro-Silva, S. Guerreiro, F. Gartner, I. Azevedo, and R. Soares. 2008. “Xanthohumol inhibits inflammatory factor production and angiogenesis in breast cancer xenografts.” J Cell Biochem 104 (5):1699–707. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouria, M., A. S. Gukovskaya, Y. Jung, P. Buechler, O. J. Hines, H. A. Reber, and S. J. Pandol. 2002. “Food-derived polyphenols inhibit pancreatic cancer growth through mitochondrial cytochrome C release and apoptosis.” Int J Cancer 98 (5):761–9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardini, M., F. Natella, C. Scaccini, and A. Ghiselli. 2006. “Phenolic acids from beer are absorbed and extensively metabolized in humans.” J Nutr Biochem 17 (1):14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrao, R., D. Duarte, R. Costa, and R. Soares. 2013. “Isoxanthohumol modulates angiogenesis and inflammation via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa B pathways.” Biofactors 39 (6):608–22. doi: 10.1002/biof.1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, F. H. 2014. “Update on the possible nutritional importance of silicon.” J Trace Elem Med Biol 28 (4):379–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.06.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nothlings, U., S. P. Murphy, L. R. Wilkens, B. E. Henderson, and L. N. Kolonel. 2007. “Flavonols and pancreatic cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.” Am J Epidemiol 166 (8):924–31. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obara, K., M. Mizutani, Y. Hitomi, H. Yajima, and K. Kondo. 2009. “Isohumulones, the bitter component of beer, improve hyperglycemia and decrease body fat in Japanese subjects with prediabetes.” Clin Nutr 28 (3):278–84. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira Neto, Jerônimo Raimundo, Thiago Sardinha de Oliveira, Paulo César Ghedini, Boniek Gontijo Vaz, and Eric de Souza Gil. 2017. “Antioxidant and vasodilatory activity of commercial beers.” Journal of functional foods 2017 v.34:pp. 9–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padro, T., N. Munoz-Garcia, G. Vilahur, P. Chagas, A. Deya, R. M. Antonijoan, and L. Badimon. 2018. “Moderate Beer Intake and Cardiovascular Health in Overweight Individuals.” Nutrients 10 (9).1237. doi: 10.3390/nu1009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagkali, V., P. S. Petrou, A. Salapatas, E. Makarona, J. Peters, W. Haasnoot, G. Jobst, A. Economou, K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, and S. E. Kakabakos. 2017. “Detection of ochratoxin A in beer samples with a label-free monolithically integrated optoelectronic biosensor.” J Hazard Mater 323 (Pt A):75–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedrera-Zamorano, J. D., J. M. Lavado-Garcia, R. Roncero-Martin, J. F. Calderon-Garcia, T. Rodriguez-Dominguez, and M. L. Canal-Macias. 2009. “Effect of beer drinking on ultrasound bone mass in women.” Nutrition 25 (10):1057–63. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazzon, A., M. Forte, and M. Nardini. 2010. “Characterization of phenolics content and antioxidant activity of different beer types.” J Agric Food Chem 58 (19):10677–83. doi: 10.1021/jf101975q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichler, C., F. Ferk, H. Al-Serori, W. Huber, W. Jager, M. Waldherr, M. Misik, M. Kundi, A. Nersesyan, I. Herbacek, and S. Knasmueller. 2017. “Xanthohumol Prevents DNA Damage by Dietary Carcinogens: Results of a Human Intervention Trial.” Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 10 (2):153–160. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plazar, J., B. Zegura, T. T. Lah, and M. Filipic. 2007. “Protective effects of xanthohumol against the genotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.” Mutat Res 632 (1-2):1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak, J., M. Bartoszek, and I. Stanimirova. 2013. “A study of the antioxidant properties of beers using electron paramagnetic resonance.” Food Chem 141 (3):3042–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possemiers, S., S. Bolca, C. Grootaert, A. Heyerick, K. Decroos, W. Dhooge, D. De Keukeleire, S. Rabot, W. Verstraete, and T. Van de Wiele. 2006. “The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine.” J Nutr 136 (7):1862–7. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, C. T., K. J. Koval, and J. R. Langford. 2013. “Silicon: a review of its potential role in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.” Int J Endocrinol 2013:316783. doi: 10.1155/2013/316783.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quifer-Rada, P., A. Vallverdu-Queralt, M. Martinez-Huelamo, G. Chiva-Blanch, O. Jauregui, R. Estruch, and R. Lamuela-Raventos. 2015. “A comprehensive characterisation of beer polyphenols by high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS).” Food Chem 169:336–43. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachdaoui, N., and D. K. Sarkar. 2017. “Pathophysiology of the Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Endocrine System.” Alcohol Res 38 (2):255–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rancan, L., S. D. Paredes, I. Garcia, P. Munoz, C. Garcia, G. Lopez de Hontanar, M. de la Fuente, E. Vara, and J. A. F. Tresguerres. 2017. “Protective effect of xanthohumol against age-related brain damage.” J Nutr Biochem 49:133–140. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud, S. C., and J. C. Ruf. 1996. “Effects of alcohol on platelet functions.” Clin Chim Acta 246 (1-2):77–89. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(96)06228-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemens, S. C., A. van Tol, K. Hoogenberg, T. van Gent, L. M. Scheek, W. J. Sluiter, and R. P. Dullaart. 1997. “Higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with moderate alcohol consumption is not related to altered plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activity levels.” Clin Chim Acta 258 (1):105–15. doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(96)06451-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm, E. B., P. Williams, K. Fosher, M. Criqui, and M. J. Stampfer. 1999. “Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors.” BMJ 319 (7224):1523–8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivero, D., S. Perez-Magarino, M. L. Gonzalez-Sanjose, V. Valls-Belles, P. Codoner, and P. Muniz. 2005. “Inhibition of induced DNA oxidative damage by beers: correlation with the content of polyphenols and melanoidins.” J Agric Food Chem 53 (9):3637–42. doi: 10.1021/jf048146v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, Rebecca J. 2003. “Phenolic Acids in Foods: An Overview of Analytical Methodology.” Phenolic Acids in Foods: An Overview of Analytical Methodology 51 (10):2866–2887. doi: 10.1021/jf026182t.
   Google Scholar
• Ronksley, P. E., S. E. Brien, B. J. Turner, K. J. Mukamal, and W. A. Ghali. 2011. “Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMJ 342:d671. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d671.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, T., C. Gallo, B. Bassani, S. Canali, A. Albini, and A. Bruno. 2014. “Drink your prevention: beverages with cancer preventive phytochemicals.” Pol Arch Med Wewn 124 (12):713–22. doi: 10.20452/pamw.2560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, K., Y. Matsuo, H. Imafuji, T. Okubo, Y. Maeda, T. Sato, T. Shamoto, K. Tsuboi, M. Morimoto, H. Takahashi, H. Ishiguro, and S. Takiguchi. 2018. “Xanthohumol inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing nuclear factor-kappaB activation in pancreatic cancer.” Cancer Sci 109 (1):132–140. doi: 10.1111/cas.13441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel, Delwen. 1996. “Archaeology of Ancient Egyptian Beer.” Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 54 (1):3–12. doi: 10.1094/ASBCJ-54-0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, J. S., R. Shashidharamurthy, and S. Rayalam. 2018. “Novel anti-obesity effects of beer hops compound xanthohumol: role of AMPK signaling pathway.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 15:42. doi: 10.1186/s12986-018-0277-8. doi: 10.1186/s12986-018-0277-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sancak, E. B., A. Akbas, C. Silan, D. U. Cakir, H. Turkon, and S. S. Ozkanli. 2016. “Protective effect of syringic acid on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury.” Ren Fail 38 (4):629–35. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2016.1149868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saugspier, M., C. Dorn, B. Czech, M. Gehrig, J. Heilmann, and C. Hellerbrand. 2012. “Hop bitter acids inhibit tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro.” Oncol Rep 28 (4):1423–8. doi: 10.3892/or.2012.1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling, T., R. Ebert, N. Raaijmakers, N. Schutze, and F. Jakob. 2014. “Effects of phytoestrogens and other plant-derived compounds on mesenchymal stem cells, bone maintenance and regeneration.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 139:252–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütze, M., M. Schulz, A. Steffen, M. M. Bergmann, A. Kroke, L. Lissner, and H. Boeing. 2009. “Beer consumption and the ‘beer belly’: scientific basis or common belief?” European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition 63:1143. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serwe, A., K. Rudolph, T. Anke, and G. Erkel. 2012. “Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling, vasculogenic mimicry and proinflammatory gene expression by isoxanthohumol.” Invest New Drugs 30 (3):898–915. doi: 10.1007/s10637-011-9643-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindhu, G., E. Nishanthi, and R. Sharmila. 2015. “Nephroprotective effect of vanillic acid against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats: a biochemical and molecular study.” Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 39 (1):392–404. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sripanyakorn, S., R. Jugdaohsingh, H. Elliott, C. Walker, P. Mehta, S. Shoukru, R. P. Thompson, and J. J. Powell. 2004. “The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers.” Br J Nutr 91 (3):403–9. doi: 10.1079/BJN20031082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Leger, A. S., A. L. Cochrane, and F. Moore. 1979. “Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine.” Lancet 1 (8124):1017–20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92765-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenackers, B., L. De Cooman, and D. De Vos. 2015. “Chemical transformations of characteristic hop secondary metabolites in relation to beer properties and the brewing process: a review.” Food Chem 172:742–56. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. F., A. W. Taylor, and M. L. Deinzer. 1999. “Quantitative analysis of xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids in hops and beer by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.” J Chromatogr A 832 (1-2):97–107. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)01001-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stompor, M., L. Uram, and R. Podgorski. 2017. “In Vitro Effect of 8-Prenylnaringenin and Naringenin on Fibroblasts and Glioblastoma Cells-Cellular Accumulation and Cytotoxicity.” Molecules 22 (7).1092. doi: 10.3390/molecules2207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromeier, S., F. Petereit, and A. Nahrstedt. 2005. “Phenolic esters from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa do not cause proliferation effects in MCF-7 cells.” Planta Med 71 (6):495–500. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-864148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulikova, K., M. Karabin, J. Nespor, and P. Dostalek. 2018. “Therapeutic Perspectives of 8-Prenylnaringenin, a Potent Phytoestrogen from Hops.” Molecules 23 (3):1–39. doi: 10.3390/molecules23030660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, K. S., S. Y. Rhee, Y. S. Kim, Y. S. Lee, and E. M. Choi. 2013. “Xanthohumol modulates the expression of osteoclast-specific genes during osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells.” Food Chem Toxicol 62:99–106. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szwajgier, D., K. Borowiec, and K. Pustelniak. 2017. “The Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Acids: Molecular Mechanism of Action.” Nutrients 9 (5):1–21. doi: 10.3390/nu9050477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szwajgier, Dominik. 2009. “Content of Individual Phenolic Acids in Worts and Beers and their Possible Contribution to the Antiradical Activity of Beer.” Journal of the Institute of Brewing 115 (3):243–252. doi: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00376.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, T., N. Kawaguchi, N. Zaima, T. Moriyama, Y. Fukuta, and N. Shirasaka. 2017. “Antiosteoporotic activity of a syringic acid diet in ovariectomized mice.” J Nat Med 71 (4):632–641. doi: 10.1007/s11418-017-1105-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobe, H., Y. Muraki, K. Kitamura, O. Komiyama, Y. Sato, T. Sugioka, H. B. Maruyama, E. Matsuda, and M. Nagai. 1997. “Bone resorption inhibitors from hop extract.” Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61 (1):158–9. doi: 10.1271/bbb.61.158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokmak, M., M. H. Sehitoglu, Y. Yuksel, M. Guven, T. Akman, A. B. Aras, U. Yaka, C. Gomleksiz, S. B. Albayrak, and M. Cosar. 2017. “The Axon Protective Effects of Syringic Acid on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Model.” Turk Neurosurg 27 (1):124–132. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.14656-15.5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, K. L., R. Jugdaohsingh, J. J. Powell, N. Qiao, M. T. Hannan, S. Sripanyakorn, L. A. Cupples, and D. P. Kiel. 2009. “Effects of beer, wine, and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older men and women.” Am J Clin Nutr 89 (4):1188–96. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. T. 2000. “Skeletal response to alcohol.” Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 (11):1693–701. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01971.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleemput, M., K. Cattoor, K. De Bosscher, G. Haegeman, D. De Keukeleire, and A. Heyerick. 2009. “Hop (Humulus lupulus)-derived bitter acids as multipotent bioactive compounds.” J Nat Prod 72 (6):1220–30. doi: 10.1021/np800740m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleemput, M., A. Heyerick, C. Libert, K. Swerts, J. Philippe, D. De Keukeleire, G. Haegeman, and K. De Bosscher. 2009. “Hop bitter acids efficiently block inflammation independent of GRalpha, PPARalpha, or PPARgamma.” Mol Nutr Food Res 53 (9):1143–55. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200800493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturelli, S., M. Burkard, M. Biendl, U. M. Lauer, J. Frank, and C. Busch. 2016. “Prenylated chalcones and flavonoids for the prevention and treatment of cancer.” Nutrition 32 (11-12):1171–8. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinson, J. A., M. Mandarano, M. Hirst, J. R. Trevithick, and P. Bose. 2003. “Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: beers and the effect of two types of beer on an animal model of atherosclerosis.” J Agric Food Chem 51 (18):5528–33. doi: 10.1021/jf034189k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walden, D., S. Kunnimalaiyaan, K. Sokolowski, T. G. Clark, and M. Kunnimalaiyaan. 2017. “Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of xanthohumol in cholangiocarcinoma.” Oncotarget 8 (50):88069–88078. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.21422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, J., J. Hell, K. I. Liszt, M. Dresel, M. Pignitter, T. Hofmann, and V. Somoza. 2012. “Identification of beer bitter acids regulating mechanisms of gastric acid secretion.” J Agric Food Chem 60 (6):1405–12. doi: 10.1021/jf204306z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, H. H., Q. G. Gao, Y. Zhang, K. C. Wong, Y. Dai, X. S. Yao, and M. S. Wong. 2014. “Vanillic acid exerts oestrogen-like activities in osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells through MAP kinase (MEK/ERK)-mediated ER signaling pathway.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 144 Pt B:382–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, Y., D. Lin, X. Yu, X. Xie, L. Wang, L. Lian, N. Fei, J. Chen, N. Zhu, G. Wang, X. Huang, and J. Pan. 2016. “The antinociceptive effects of ferulic acid on neuropathic pain: involvement of descending monoaminergic system and opioid receptors.” Oncotarget 7 (15):20455–68. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7973.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yajima, H., E. Ikeshima, M. Shiraki, T. Kanaya, D. Fujiwara, H. Odai, N. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, O. Ezaki, S. Oikawa, and K. Kondo. 2004. “Isohumulones, bitter acids derived from hops, activate both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma and reduce insulin resistance.” J Biol Chem 279 (32):33456–62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M403456200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yajima, H., T. Noguchi, E. Ikeshima, M. Shiraki, T. Kanaya, N. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, O. Ezaki, S. Oikawa, and K. Kondo. 2005. “Prevention of diet-induced obesity by dietary isomerized hop extract containing isohumulones, in rodents.” Int J Obes (Lond) 29 (8):991–7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, J., B. Zhang, C. Ge, S. Peng, and J. Fang. 2015. “Xanthohumol, a polyphenol chalcone present in hops, activating Nrf2 enzymes to confer protection against oxidative damage in PC12 cells.” J Agric Food Chem 63 (5):1521–31. doi: 10.1021/jf505075n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans, M. R. 2010a. “Alcohol, appetite and energy balance: is alcohol intake a risk factor for obesity?” Physiol Behav 100 (1):82–9. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans, M. R. 2010b. “Short term effects of alcohol on appetite in humans. Effects of context and restrained eating.” Appetite 55 (3):565–73. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, J., T. Winzenberg, S. Quinn, G. Giles, and G. Jones. 2011. “Beverage-specific alcohol intake and bone loss in older men and women: a longitudinal study.” Eur J Clin Nutr 65 (4):526–32. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, Y., X. Qiu, D. Nikolic, S. N. Chen, K. Huang, G. Li, G. F. Pauli, and R. B. van Breemen. 2014. “Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by hops (Humulus lupulus) and hop prenylphenols.” Eur J Pharm Sci 53:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoli, P., and M. Zavatti. 2008. “Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L.” J Ethnopharmacol 116 (3):383–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolnierczyk, A. K., W. K. Maczka, M. Grabarczyk, K. Winska, E. Wozniak, and M. Aniol. 2015. “Isoxanthohumol–Biologically active hop flavonoid.” Fitoterapia 103:71–82. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.00.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar