Dairy structures and physiological responses: a matter of gastric digestion

References

• Acheson, K. J., A. Blondel-Lubrano, S. Oguey-Araymon, M. Beaumont, S. Emady-Azar, C. Ammon-Zufferey, I. Monnard, S. Pinaud, C. Nielsen-Moennoz, and L. Bovetto. 2011. Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism1–3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (3):525–34. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfenas, R. D. C. G., J. Bressan, and A. C. D. Paiva. 2010. Effects of protein quality on appetite and energy metabolism in normal weight subjects. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 54 (1):45–51. doi: 10.1590/S0004-27302010000100008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almiron‐Roig, E., Y. Chen, and A. Drewnowski. 2003. Liquid calories and the failure of satiety: How good is the evidence? Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 4 (4):201–12. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00112.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson, G. H., and S. E. Moore. 2004. Dietary proteins in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 134 (4):974S–9S. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.4.974S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbé, F., O. Ménard, Y. Le Gouar, C. Buffière, M.-H. Famelart, B. Laroche, S. Le Feunteun, D. Dupont, and D. Rémond. 2013. The heat treatment and the gelation are strong determinants of the kinetics of milk proteins digestion and of the peripheral availability of amino acids. Food Chemistry 136 (3–4):1203–12. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbé, F., S. Le Feunteun, D. Rémond, O. Ménard, J. Jardin, G. Henry, B. Laroche, and D. Dupont. 2014. Tracking the in vivo release of bioactive peptides in the gut during digestion: Mass spectrometry peptidomic characterization of effluents collected in the gut of dairy matrix fed mini-pigs. Food Research International 63:147–56. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendtsen, L. Q., J. K. Lorenzen, N. T. Bendsen, C. Rasmussen, and A. Astrup. 2013. Effect of Dairy Proteins on Appetite, Energy Expenditure, Body Weight, and Composition: A Review of the Evidence from Controlled Clinical Trials. Advances in Nutrition 4 (4):418–38. doi: 10.3945/an.113.003723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boirie, Y., M. Dangin, P. Gachon, M.-P. Vasson, J.-L. Maubois, and B. Beaufrère. 1997. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (26):14930–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, C., C. C. Metges, C. Gaudichon, K. J. Petzke, M. E. Pueyo, C. Morens, J. Everwand, R. Benamouzig, and D. Tomé. 2003. Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 133 (5):1308–15. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, C., S. Mahé, C. Gaudichon, R. Benamouzig, N. Gausserès, C. Luengo, F. Ferrière, J. Rautureau, and D. Tomé. 1999. Assessment of net postprandial protein utilization of 15 N-labelled milk nitrogen in human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 81 (3):221–6. doi: 10.1017/S0007114599000410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourlieu, C., O. Ménard, A. De La Chevasnerie, L. Sams, F. Rousseau, M.-N. Madec, B. Robert, A. Deglaire, S. Pezennec, S. Bouhallab, et al. 2015. The structure of infant formulas impacts their lipolysis, proteolysis and disintegration during in vitro gastric digestion. Food Chemistry 182:224–35. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutrou, R., C. Gaudichon, D. Dupont, J. Jardin, G. Airinei, A. Marsset-Baglieri, R. Benamouzig, D. Tomé, and J. Leonil. 2013. Sequential release of milk protein–derived bioactive peptides in the jejunum in healthy humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (6):1314–23. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.055202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burd, N. A., Y. Yang, D. R. Moore, J. E. Tang, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and S. M. Phillips. 2012. Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (6):958–62. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511006271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calbet, J. A. L., and J. J. Holst. 2004. Gastric emptying, gastric secretion and enterogastrone response after administration of milk proteins or their peptide hydrolysates in humans. European Journal of Nutrition 43 (3):127–39. doi: 10.1007/s00394-004-0448-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchward-Venne, T. A., T. Snijders, A. M. Linkens, H. M. Hamer, J. van Kranenburg, and L. J. van Loon. 2015. Ingestion of casein in a milk matrix modulates dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics but does not modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis in older men–3. The Journal of Nutrition 145 (7):1438–45. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.213710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente, G., M. Mancini, F. Nazzaro, G. Lasorella, A. Rivieccio, A. M. Palumbo, A. A. Rivellese, L. Ferrara, and R. Giacco. 2003. Effects of different dairy products on postprandial lipemia. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 13 (6):377–83. doi: 10.1016/S0939-4753(03)80007-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish, D. G., and M. Corredig. 2012. The structure of the casein micelle of milk and its changes during processing. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 3 (1):449–67. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dangin, M., C. Guillet, C. Garcia‐Rodenas, P. Gachon, C. Bouteloup‐Demange, K. Reiffers‐Magnani, J. Fauquant, O. Ballèvre, and B. Beaufrère. 2003. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. The Journal of Physiology 549 (2):635–44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish, D. G., P. A. Spagnuolo, and H. D. Goff. 2004. A possible structure of the casein micelle based on high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy. International Dairy Journal 14 (12):1025–31. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.04.008.
   Google Scholar
• Dangin, M., Y. Boirie, C. Garcia-Rodenas, P. Gachon, J. Fauquant, P. Callier, O. Ballèvre, and B. Beaufrère. 2001. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280 (2):E340–E348. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Fuente, M. A., H. Singh, and Y. Hemar. 2002. Recent advances in the characterisation of heat-induced aggregates and intermediates of whey proteins. Trends in Food Science & Technology 13 (8):262–74. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00133-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghan, M., A. Mente, S. Rangarajan, P. Sheridan, V. Mohan, R. Iqbal, R. Gupta, S. Lear, E. Wentzel-Viljoen, A. Avezum, et al. 2018. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): A prospective cohort study. The Lancet 392 (10161):2288–97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31812-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diepvens, K., D. Häberer, and M. Westerterp-Plantenga. 2008. Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. International Journal of Obesity 32 (3):510–8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougkas, A., A. M. Minihane, D. I. Givens, C. K. Reynolds, and P. Yaqoob. 2012. Differential effects of dairy snacks on appetite, but not overall energy intake. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (12):2274–85. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512000323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dove, E. R., J. M. Hodgson, I. B. Puddey, L. J. Beilin, Y. P. Lee, and T. A. Mori. 2009. Skim milk compared with a fruit drink acutely reduces appetite and energy intake in overweight men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (1):70–5. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouin-Chartier, J.-P., A. J. Tremblay, J. Maltais-Giguère, A. Charest, L. Guinot, L.-E. Rioux, S. Labrie, M. Britten, B. Lamarche, S. L. Turgeon, et al. 2017. Differential impact of the cheese matrix on the postprandial lipid response: A randomized, crossover, controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106 (6):1358–65. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.165027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, M. J., and B. B. Rasmussen. 2008. Leucine-enriched nutrients and the regulation of mTOR signalling and human skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11 (3):222–6. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282fa17fb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, D., G. Mandalari, D. Mollé, J. Jardin, O. Rolet‐Répécaud, G. Duboz, J. Léonil, C. E. Mills, and A. R. Mackie. 2010. Food processing increases casein resistance to simulated infant digestion. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54 (11):1677–89. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efigênia, M., B. Povoa, and T. Moraes-Santos. 1997. Effect of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk proteins. International Dairy Journal 7 (8-9):609–12. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00049-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, L., P. Schlegel, C. Baumann, H. Stoffers, D. Guggisberg, C. Brügger, D. Dürr, P. Stoll, G. Vergères, and R. Portmann. 2017. Physiological comparability of the harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method to in vivo pig digestion. Food Research International 102:567–74. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, T. A., M. G. Cree, A. P. Sanford, R. R. Wolfe, and K. D. Tipton. 2006. Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38 (4):667–74. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210190.64458.25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, X., L.-E. Rioux, S. Labrie, and S. L. Turgeon. 2016. Commercial cheeses with different texture have different disintegration and protein/peptide release rates during simulated in vitro digestion. International Dairy Journal 56:169–78. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.01.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney, E. L., R. Barron, V. Dible, Z. Hamilton, Y. Power, L. Tanner, C. Flynn, P. Bouchier, T. Beresford, N. Noronha, et al. 2018. Dairy matrix effects: Response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix—a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108 (4):667–74. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekete, Á. A., D. I. Givens, and J. A. Lovegrove. 2016. Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75 (3):328–41. doi: 10.1017/S0029665116000264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekete, Á., D. Givens, and J. Lovegrove. 2015. Casein-derived lactotripeptides reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Nutrients 7 (1):659–81. doi: 10.3390/nu7010659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, C., C. Antona, B. Robert, C. Lopez, and M. Armand. 2014. The size and interfacial composition of milk fat globules are key factors controlling triglycerides bioavailability in simulated human gastro-duodenal digestion. Food Hydrocolloids 35:494–504. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudichon, C., N. Roos, S. Mahé, H. Sick, C. Bouley, and D. Tomé. 1994. Gastric emptying regulates the kinetics of nitrogen absorption from 15N-labeled milk and 15N-labeled yogurt in miniature pigs. The Journal of Nutrition 124 (10):1970–7. doi: 10.1093/jn/124.10.1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudichon, C., S. Mahé, N. Roos, R. Benamouzig, C. Luengo, J.-F. Huneau, H. Sick, C. Bouley, J. Rautureau, and D. Tome. 1995. Exogenous and endogenous nitrogen flow rates and level of protein hydrolysis in the human jejunum after [15 N] milk and [15 N] yoghurt ingestion. British Journal of Nutrition 74 (2):251–60. doi: 10.1079/BJN19950128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudichon, C., S. Mahé, R. Benamouzig, C. Luengo, H. Fouillet, S. Daré, M. Van Oycke, F. Ferrière, J. Rautureau, and D. Tomé, 1999. Net postprandial utilization of [15N]-labeled milk protein nitrogen is influenced by diet composition in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 129 (4):890–5. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.4.890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Givens, D. I. 2017. Saturated fats, dairy foods and health: A curious paradox?. Nutrition Bulletin 42 (3):274–82. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding, M., T. J. Wooster, L. Day, M. Xu, L. Lundin, J. Keogh, and P. Clifton. 2011. Impact of gastric structuring on the lipolysis of emulsified lipids. Soft Matter 7 (7):3513–23. doi: 10.1039/c0sm01227k.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorissen, S. H., and O. C. Witard. 2018. Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 77 (1):20–31. doi: 10.1017/S002966511700194X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorissen, S. H., D. Rémond, and L. J. Van Loon. 2015. The muscle protein synthetic response to food ingestion. Meat Science 109:96–100. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorissen, S. H., N. A. Burd, H. M. Hamer, A. P. Gijsen, B. B. Groen, and L. J. van Loon. 2014. Carbohydrate coingestion delays dietary protein digestion and absorption but does not modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99 (6):2250–8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, B. 2017. Serum low‐density lipoprotein as a dietary responsive biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk: Consensus and confusion. Nutrition Bulletin 42 (3):266–73. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Q., A. Ye, M. Lad, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2013. The breakdown properties of heat-set whey protein emulsion gels in the human mouth. Food Hydrocolloids 33 (2):215–24. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Q., A. Ye, M. Lad, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2014. Behaviour of whey protein emulsion gel during oral and gastric digestion: Effect of droplet size. Soft Matter 10 (23):4173–83. doi: 10.1039/c4sm00598h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Q., A. Ye, M. Lad, M. Ferrua, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2015. Disintegration kinetics of food gels during gastric digestion and its role on gastric emptying: An in vitro analysis. Food & Function 6 (3):756–64. doi: 10.1039/C4FO00700J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W., D. Millward, S. Long, and L. Morgan. 2003. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. British Journal of Nutrition 89 (2):239–48. doi: 10.1079/BJN2002760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjerpsted, J., E. Leedo, and T. Tholstrup. 2011. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (6):1479–84. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.022426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, M. O., C. L. Hoad, J. Wright, G. Singh, M. C. Stephenson, E. F. Cox, E. Placidi, S. E. Pritchard, C. Costigan, H. Ribeiro, et al. 2015. Fat emulsion intragastric stability and droplet size modulate gastrointestinal responses and subsequent food intake in young adults. The Journal of Nutrition 145 (6):1170–7. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.204339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M. A., H. Devle, I. Comi, E. K. Ulleberg, E.-O. Rukke, G. E. Vegarud, and D. Ekeberg. 2017. Ex vivo digestion of raw, pasteurised and homogenised milk - Effects on lipolysis and proteolysis. International Dairy Journal 65:14–9. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauhiainen, T., and R. Korpela. 2007. Milk peptides and blood pressure. Journal of Nutrition 137: 825S–9S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, W. 1984. Influences of different technological treatments of milk on the digestion in the stomach. VI. Estimation of amino acid and urea concentrations in the blood: Conclusions regarding the nutritional evaluation. Milchwissenschaft (Germany, FR)
   Google Scholar
• Kong, F., and R. P. Singh. 2010. A human gastric simulator (HGS) to study food digestion in human stomach. Journal of Food Science 75 (9):E627–E635. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01856.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix, M., C. Bon, C. Bos, J. Léonil, R. Benamouzig, C. Luengo, J. Fauquant, D. Tomé, and C. Gaudichon, 2008. Ultra high temperature treatment, but not pasteurization, affects the postprandial kinetics of milk proteins in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 138 (12):2342–7. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.096990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix, M., C. Bos, J. Léonil, G. Airinei, C. Luengo, S. Daré, R. Benamouzig, H. Fouillet, J. Fauquant, D. Tomé, et al. 2006. Compared with casein or total milk protein, digestion of milk soluble proteins is too rapid to sustain the anabolic postprandial amino acid requirement. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (5):1070–9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix, M., J. Léonil, C. Bos, G. Henry, G. Airinei, J. Fauquant, D. Tomé, and C. Gaudichon. 2006. Heat markers and quality indexes of industrially heat-treated [15N] milk protein measured in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (4):1508–17. doi: 10.1021/jf051304d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamothe, S., M.-M. Corbeil, S. L. Turgeon, and M. Britten. 2012. Influence of cheese matrix on lipid digestion in a simulated gastro-intestinal environment. Food & Function 3 (7):724–31. doi: 10.1039/c2fo10256k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, V., F. Bellisle, J. M. Oppert, C. Craplet, F. R. Bornet, G. Slama, and B. Guy-Grand. 1998. Satiating effect of proteins in healthy subjects: A comparison of egg albumin, casein, gelatin, soy protein, pea protein, and wheat gluten. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67 (6):1197–204. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Feunteun, S., F. Barbé, D. Rémond, O. Ménard, Y. Le Gouar, D. Dupont, and B. Laroche. 2014. Impact of the dairy matrix structure on milk protein digestion kinetics: Mechanistic modelling based on mini-pig in vivo data. Food and Bioprocess Technology 7 (4):1099–113. doi: 10.1007/s11947-013-1116-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lett, A. M., M. R. Yeomans, I. T. Norton, and J. E. Norton. 2016. Enhancing expected food intake behaviour, hedonics and sensory characteristics of oil-in-water emulsion systems through microstructural properties, oil droplet size and flavour. Food Quality and Preference 47:148–55. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., and Z. Zhao. 2019. Acid and rennet-induced coagulation behavior of casein micelles with modified structure. Food Chemistry. 291:231–38. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, C. 2005. Focus on the supramolecular structure of milk fat in dairy products. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45 (4):497–511. doi: 10.1051/rnd:2005034.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenzen, J., R. Frederiksen, C. Hoppe, R. Hvid, and A. Astrup. 2012. The effect of milk proteins on appetite regulation and diet-induced thermogenesis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66 (5):622–7. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhovyy, B. L., T. Akhavan, and G. H. Anderson. 2007. Whey Proteins in the Regulation of Food Intake and Satiety. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26 (6):704S–12S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, J., Z. W. Wang, F. Wang, H. Zhang, J. Lu, H. J. Guo, and F. Z. Ren. 2014. Cryo-SEM images of native milk fat globule indicate small casein micelles are constituents of the membrane. RSC Advances 4 (90):48963–66. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06171C.
   Google Scholar
• Macierzanka, A., A. I. Sancho, E. C. Mills, N. M. Rigby, and A. R. Mackie. 2009. Emulsification alters simulated gastrointestinal proteolysis of β-casein and β-lactoglobulin. Soft Matter 5 (3):538–50. doi: 10.1039/B811233A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, A., H. Rafiee, P. Malcolm, L. Salt, and G. van Aken. 2013. Specific food structures supress appetite through reduced gastric emptying rate. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 304 (11):G1038–1043. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00060.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahé, S., B. Messing, F. Thuillier, and D. Tomé. 1991. Digestion of bovine milk proteins in patients with a high jejunostomy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54 (3):534–8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/54.3.534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahé, S., N. Roos, R. Benamouzig, L. Davin, C. Luengo, L. Gagnon, N. Gausserges, J. Rautureau, and D. Tome. 1996. Gastrojejunal kinetics and the digestion of N-15 beta-lactoglobulin and casein in humans: The influence of the nature and quantity of the protein. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 (4):546–52. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/63.4.546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahé, S., P. Marteau, J.-F. Huneau, F. Thuillier, and D. Tomé. 1994. Intestinal nitrogen and electrolyte movements following fermented milk ingestion in man. British Journal of Nutrition 71 (2):169–80. doi: 10.1079/BJN19940124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maljaars, P. W. J., R. J. P. van der Wal, T. Wiersma, H. P. F. Peters, E. Haddeman, and A. A. M. Masclee. 2012. The effect of lipid droplet size on satiety and peptide secretion is intestinal site-specific. Clinical Nutrition 31 (4):535–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maljaars, P. W., H. P. Peters, D. J. Mela, and A. A. Masclee. 2008. Ileal brake: a sensible food target for appetite control. A review. Physiology & Behavior 95 (3):271–81. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marciani, L., M. Wickham, G. Singh, D. Bush, B. Pick, E. Cox, A. Fillery-Travis, R. Faulks, C. Marsden, P. A. Gowland, et al. 2007. Enhancement of intragastric acid stability of a fat emulsion meal delays gastric emptying and increases cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292 (6):G1607–G1613. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marciani, L., R. Faulks, M. S. Wickham, D. Bush, B. Pick, J. Wright, E. F. Cox, A. Fillery-Travis, P. A. Gowland, and R. C. Spiller. 2008. Effect of intragastric acid stability of fat emulsions on gastric emptying, plasma lipid profile and postprandial satiety. British Journal of Nutrition 101 (6):919–28. doi: 10.1017/S0007114508039986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotti, F., M. Valette, C. Lopez, H. Fouillet, M.-H. Famelart, V. Mathé, G. Airinei, R. Benamouzig, C. Gaudichon, D. Tomé, et al. 2015. Casein compared with whey proteins affects the organization of dietary fat during digestion and attenuates the postprandial triglyceride response to a mixed high-fat meal in healthy, overweight men. The Journal of Nutrition 145 (12):2657–64. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.216812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotti, F., S. Mahé, C. Luengo, R. Benamouzig, and D. Tomé. 2000. Postprandial modulation of dietary and whole-body nitrogen utilization by carbohydrates in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (4):954–62. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisel, H., and H. Hagemeister. 1984. Influences of different technological treatments of milk on the digestion in the stomach. II. Gastric passage of different milk constituents.[German]. Milchwissenschaft.
   Google Scholar
• Ménard, O., M.-H. Famelart, A. Deglaire, Y. Le Gouar, S. Guérin, C.-H. Malbert, and D. Dupont. 2018. Gastric emptying and dynamic in vitro digestion of drinkable yogurts: effect of viscosity and composition. Nutrients 10 (9):1308. doi: 10.3390/nu10091308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalski, M.-C., F. Michel, and C. Geneste. 2002. Appearance of submicronic particles in the milk fat globule size distribution upon mechanical treatments. Le Lait 82 (2):193–208. doi: 10.1051/lait:2002004.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda, G., and J.-P. Pelissier. 1981. in vivo studies on the digestion of bovine caseins in the rat stomach. Journal of Dairy Research 48 (2):319–26. doi: 10.1017/S0022029900021749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, G., and J.-P. Pelissier. 1987. Influence of heat treatment of bovine skim-milk on in vivo digestion in rat stomach. Le Lait 67 (3):365–77. doi: 10.1051/lait:1987321.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, L. S., M. L. Hartvigsen, L. J. Brader, A. Astrup, J. Schrezenmeir, J. J. Holst, C. Thomsen, and K. Hermansen. 2009. Differential effects of protein quality on postprandial lipemia in response to a fat-rich meal in type 2 diabetes: Comparison of whey, casein, gluten, and cod protein. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (1):41–8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulet-Cabero, A.-I., A. R. Mackie, P. J. Wilde, M. A. Fenelon, and A. Brodkorb. 2019. Structural mechanism and kinetics of in vitro gastric digestion are affected by process-induced changes in bovine milk. Food Hydrocolloids 86:172–83. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.03.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulet-Cabero, A.-I., N. M. Rigby, A. Brodkorb, and A. R. Mackie. 2017. Dairy food structures influence the rates of nutrient digestion through different in vitro gastric behaviour. Food Hydrocolloids 67:63–73. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.12.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., M. Stenberg, A. H. Frid, J. J. Holst, and I. M. Björck. 2004. Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: The role of plasma amino acids and incretins. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (5):1246–53. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, S., V. Ellis, and S. Dhaliwal. 2010. Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals. British Journal of Nutrition 104 (5):716–23. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510000991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parada, J., and J. M. Aguilera. 2007. Food Microstructure Affects the Bioavailability of Several Nutrients. Journal of Food Science 72 (2):R21–R32. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00274.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings, B., Y. Boirie, J. M. Senden, A. P. Gijsen, H. Kuipers, and L. J. van Loon. 2011. Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (5):997–1005. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, H. P. F., E. C. M. Bouwens, E. A. H. Schuring, E. Haddeman, K. P. Velikov, and S. M. Melnikov. 2014. The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Nutrition 53 (3):723–9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0576-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, C. K., M. Samsom, K. L. Jones, and M. Horowitz. 2001. Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control. Diabetes Care 24 (2):371–81. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.2.371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherfurd, S., and P. Moughan. 2005. Digestible reactive lysine in selected milk-based products. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (1):40–8. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72660-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Rivera, L., O. Ménard, I. Recio, and D. Dupont. 2015. Peptide mapping during dynamic gastric digestion of heated and unheated skimmed milk powder. Food Research International 77:132–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanggaard, K., J. Holst, J. Rehfeld, B. Sandström, A. Raben, and T. Tholstrup. 2004. Different effects of whole milk and a fermented milk with the same fat and lactose content on gastric emptying and postprandial lipaemia, but not on glycaemic response and appetite. British Journal of Nutrition 92 (3):447–59. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanff, P., B. Savalle, G. Miranda, J. P. Pelissier, P. Guilloteau, and R. Toullec. 1990. in vivo gastric digestion of milk proteins. Effect of technological treatments. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38 (8):1623–9. doi: 10.1021/jf00098a001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H. 2004. Heat stability of milk. International Journal of Dairy Technology 57 (2-3):111–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2004.00143.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, J. J., and J. R. Whitaker. 1972. Rates and extents of hydrolysis of several caseins by pepsin, rennin, Endothia parasitica protease and Mucor pusillus protease1. Journal of Dairy Science 55 (11):1523–31. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85714-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J. E., D. R. Moore, G. W. Kujbida, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and S. M. Phillips. 2009. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: Effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology 107 (3):987–92. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tholstrup, T., C.-E. Høy, L. N. Andersen, R. D. K. Christensen, and B. Sandström. 2004. Does fat in milk, butter and cheese affect blood lipids and cholesterol differently? Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23 (2):169–76. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorning, T. K., A. Raben, T. Tholstrup, S. S. Soedamah-Muthu, I. Givens, and A. Astrup. 2016. Milk and dairy products: Good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence. Food & Nutrition Research 60 (1):32527. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.32527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorning, T. K., H. C. Bertram, J.-P. Bonjour, L. de Groot, D. Dupont, E. Feeney, R. Ipsen, J. M. Lecerf, A. Mackie, M. C. McKinley, et al. 2017. Whole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: Current evidence and knowledge gaps. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (5):1033–45. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran Do, D. H., and F. Kong. 2018. Texture changes and protein hydrolysis in different cheeses under simulated gastric environment. LWT 93:197–203. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhorst, M. A. B., A. G. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Hochstenbach-Waelen, A. J. A. H. van Vught, K. R. Westerterp, M. P. K. J. Engelen, R.-J. M. Brummer, N. E. P. Deutz, and M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga. 2009. Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy. Physiology & Behavior 96 (4–5):675–82. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhorst, M., A. Smeets, S. Soenen, A. Hochstenbach-Waelen, R. Hursel, K. Diepvens, M. Lejeune, N. Luscombe-Marsh, and M. Westerterp-Plantenga. 2008. Protein-induced satiety: Effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiology & Behavior 94 (2):300–7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpi, E., H. Kobayashi, M. Sheffield-Moore, B. Mittendorfer, and R. R. Wolfe. 2003. Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2):250–8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.2.250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, D. W., N. A. Burd, V. G. Coffey, S. K. Baker, L. M. Burke, J. A. Hawley, D. R. Moore, T. Stellingwerff, and S. M. Phillips. 2011. Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise–. The. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (3):795–803. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, R. R. 2002. Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (10):3219S–24S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.10.3219S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, A., J. Cui, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2016a. The formation and breakdown of structured clots from whole milk during gastric digestion. Food & Function 7 (10):4259–66. doi: 10.1039/C6FO00228E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, A., J. Cui, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2016b. Formation of a structured clot during the gastric digestion of milk: Impact on the rate of protein hydrolysis. Food Hydrocolloids 52:478–86. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.07.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, A., J. Cui, D. Dalgleish, and H. Singh. 2017. Effect of homogenization and heat treatment on the behavior of protein and fat globules during gastric digestion of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 100 (1):36–47. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar