5,437
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Disease managing capacities and mechanisms of host effects of lactic acid bacteria

, &

References

  • Abatemarco Júnior, M., S. H. C. Sandes, M. F. Ricci, R. M. E. Arantes, Á. C. Nunes, J. R. Nicoli, and E. Neumann. 2018. Protective effect of Lactobacillus diolivorans 1Z, isolated from Brazilian Kefir, against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in experimental murine models. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:2856.
  • Agüero, G., J. Villena, S. Racedo, C. Haro, and S. Alvarez. 2006. Beneficial immunomodulatory activity of Lactobacillus casei in malnourished mice pneumonia: Effect on inflammation and coagulation. Nutrition 22 (7–8):810–9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.03.013.
  • Aguilar-Toalá, J. E., R. Garcia-Varela, H. S. Garcia, V. Mata-Haro, A. F. González-Córdova, B. Vallejo-Cordoba, and A. Hernández-Mendoza. 2018. Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends in Food Science & Technology 75:105–14. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009.
  • Akira, S., and K. Takeda. 2004. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 4 (7):499–511. doi: 10.1038/nri1391.
  • Alm, L. 1983. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration upon the survival of Salmonella in randomly selected human carriers. Progress in Food & Nutrition Science 7 (3–4):13–7.
  • Anderson, R. C., A. L. Cookson, W. C. McNabb, Z. Park, M. J. McCann, W. J. Kelly, and N. C. Roy. 2010. Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 enhances the function of the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of genes involved in tight junction formation. BMC Microbiology 10 (1):316. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-316.
  • Bibiloni, R., R. N. Fedorak, G. W. Tannock, K. L. Madsen, P. Gionchetti, M. Campieri, C. D. Simone, and R. B. Sartor. 2005. VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 100 (7):1539–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41794.x.
  • Borchers, A. T., C. Selmi, F. J. Meyers, C. L. Keen, and M. E. Gershwin. 2009. Probiotics and immunity. Journal of Gastroenterology 44 (1):26–46. doi: 10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0.
  • Bousvaros, A., S. Guandalini, R. N. Baldassano, C. Botelho, J. Evans, G. D. Ferry, B. Goldin, L. Hartigan, S. Kugathasan, J. Levy, et al. 2005. A randomized, double-blind trial of lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 11 (9):833–9. doi: 10.1097/01.mib.0000175905.00212.2c.
  • Boyle, R. J., I. H. Ismail, S. Kivivuori, P. V. Licciardi, R. M. Robins-Browne, L. J. Mah, C. Axelrad, S. Moore, S. Donath, J. B. Carlin, et al. 2011. Lactobacillus GG treatment during pregnancy for the prevention of eczema: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy 66 (4):509–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02507.x.
  • Bron, P. A., P. van Baarlen, and M. Kleerebezem. 2012. Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nature Reviews Microbiology 10 (1):66–78. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2690.
  • Cangemi de Gutierrez, R., V. Santos, and Mía E. Nader-MacíAs. 2001. Protective effect of intranasally inoculated Lactobacillus fermentum against Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge on the mouse respiratory tract. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 31 (3):187–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00519.x.
  • Cario, E. 2005. Bacterial interactions with cells of the intestinal mucosa: Toll-like receptors and NOD2. Gut 54 (8):1182–93. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.062794.
  • Celiberto, L. S., R. Bedani, E. A. Rossi, and D. C. U. Cavallini. 2017. Probiotics: The scientific evidence in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57:1759–1768. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.941457.
  • Chen, C.-C., W.-C. Lin, M.-S. Kong, H. N. Shi, W. A. Walker, C.-Y. Lin, C.-T. Huang, Y.-C. Lin, S.-M. Jung, and T.-Y. Lin. 2012. Oral inoculation of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM suppresses tumour growth both in segmental orthotopic colon cancer and extra-intestinal tissue. British Journal of Nutrition 107 (11):1623–34. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511004934.
  • Choi, A.-R., J. K. Patra, W. J. Kim, and S.-S. Kang. 2018. Antagonistic activities and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria derived from a plant-based fermented food. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:1963. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01963.
  • Christensen, H. R., H. Frøkiaer, and J. J. Pestka. 2002. Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells. The Journal of Immunology 168 (1):171–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.171.
  • Claes, I. J. J., S. Lebeer, C. Shen, T. L. A. Verhoeven, E. Dilissen, G. De Hertogh, D. M. A. Bullens, J. L. Ceuppens, G. Van Assche, S. Vermeire, et al. 2010. Impact of lipoteichoic acid modification on the performance of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in experimental colitis. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 162 (2):306–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04228.x.
  • Cruchet, S., M. C. Obregon, G. Salazar, E. Diaz, and M. Gotteland. 2003. Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children. Nutrition 19 (9):716–21. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00109-6.
  • D’Incà, R., M. Barollo, M. Scarpa, A. R. Grillo, P. Brun, M. G. Vettorato, I. Castagliuolo, and G. C. Sturniolo. 2011. Rectal administration of Lactobacillus casei DG modifies flora composition and toll-like receptor expression in colonic mucosa of patients with mild ulcerative colitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56 (4):1178–87. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1384-1.
  • de Klerk, N., L. Maudsdotter, H. Gebreegziabher, S. D. Saroj, B. Eriksson, O. S. Eriksson, S. Roos, S. Lindén, H. Sjölinder, and A.-B. Jonsson. 2016. Lactobacilli reduce Helicobacter pylori attachment to host gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting adhesion gene expression. Infection and Immunity 84 (5):1526–35. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00163-16.
  • de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., N. A. Castillo, and G. Perdigon. 2010. Anti-infective mechanisms induced by a probiotic Lactobacillus strain against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. International Journal of Food Microbiology 138 (3):223–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.020.
  • Delcenserie, V., D. Martel, M. Lamoureux, J. Amiot, Y. Boutin, and D. Roy. 2008. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 10 (1–2):37–54.
  • DePaolo, R. W., F. Tang, I. Kim, M. Han, N. Levin, N. Ciletti, A. Lin, D. Anderson, O. Schneewind, and B. Jabri. 2008. Toll-like receptor 6 drives differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells and contributes to LcrV-mediated plague pathogenesis. Cell Host & Microbe 4 (4):350–61. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.004.
  • DePaolo, R. W., K. Kamdar, S. Khakpour, Y. Sugiura, W. Wang, and B. Jabri. 2012. A specific role for TLR1 in protective T(H)17 immunity during mucosal infection. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 209 (8):1437–44. doi: 10.1084/jem.20112339.
  • Deplancke, B., and H. R. Gaskins. 2001. Microbial modulation of innate defense: Goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73 (6):1131S–41S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1131S.
  • Derrien, M., and J. E. T. van Hylckama Vlieg. 2015. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota. Trends in Microbiology 23 (6):354–66. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.002.
  • dos Reis, S. A., L. L. da Conceição, N. P. Siqueira, D. D. Rosa, L. L. da Silva, and M. d C. G. Peluzio. 2017. Review of the mechanisms of probiotic actions in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Nutrition Research 37:1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.009.
  • Drakes, M., T. Blanchard, and S. Czinn. 2004. Bacterial probiotic modulation of dendritic cells. Infection and Immunity 72 (6):3299–309. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3299-3309.2004.
  • Dykstra, N. S., L. Hyde, D. Adawi, D. Kulik, S. Ahrne, G. Molin, B. Jeppsson, A. MacKenzie, and D. R. Mack. 2011. Pulse probiotic administration induces repeated small intestinal Muc3 expression in rats. Pediatric Research 69 (3):206–11. doi: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182096ff0.
  • Engels, C., H.-J. Ruscheweyh, N. Beerenwinkel, C. Lacroix, and C. Schwab. 2016. The common gut microbe Eubacterium hallii also contributes to intestinal propionate formation. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:713. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00713.
  • Fedorak, R. N., B. G. Feagan, N. Hotte, D. Leddin, L. A. Dieleman, D. M. Petrunia, R. Enns, A. Bitton, N. Chiba, P. Paré, et al. 2008. The probiotic VSL#3 has anti-inflammatory effects and could reduce endoscopic recurrence after surgery for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 134 (4):928–935.e922. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(08)61682-0.
  • Fernandez, E. M., V. Valenti, C. Rockel, C. Hermann, B. Pot, I. G. Boneca, and C. Grangette. 2011. Anti-inflammatory capacity of selected lactobacilli in experimental colitis is driven by NOD2-mediated recognition of a specific peptidoglycan-derived muropeptide. Gut 60 (8):1050–9. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.232918.
  • Foligne, B., G. Zoumpopoulou, J. Dewulf, A. Ben Younes, F. Chareyre, J.-C. Sirard, B. Pot, and C. Grangette. 2007. A key role of dendritic cells in probiotic functionality. PLoS One. 2 (3):e313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000313.
  • Forsberg, A., C. E. West, S. L. Prescott, and M. C. Jenmalm. 2016. Pre- and probiotics for allergy prevention: Time to revisit recommendations?. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 46 (12):1506–21. doi: 10.1111/cea.12838.
  • Foschi, C., M. Salvo, R. Cevenini, C. Parolin, B. Vitali, and A. Marangoni. 2017. Vaginal lactobacilli reduce Neisseria gonorrhoeae viability through multiple strategies: An in vitro study. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 7:502. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00502.
  • Francavilla, R., E. Lionetti, S. P. Castellaneta, A. M. Magistà, G. Maurogiovanni, N. Bucci, A. De Canio, F. Indrio, L. Cavallo, E. Ierardi, et al. 2008. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: A pilot study. Helicobacter 13 (2):127–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00593.x.
  • Franz, C. M., M. Huch, S. Seifert, J. Kramlich, A. Bub, G. S. Cho, and B. Watzl. 2015. Influence of a probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain on the colonisation with potential pathogenic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharyngeal space of healthy men with a low baseline NK cell activity. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 204 (4):527–38. doi: 10.1007/s00430-014-0366-x.
  • George, F., C. Daniel, M. Thomas, E. Singer, A. Guilbaud, F. J. Tessier, A.-M. Revol-Junelles, F. Borges, and B. Foligné. 2018. Occurrence and dynamism of lactic acid bacteria in distinct ecological niches: A multifaceted functional health perspective. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:2899. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02899.
  • Gill, H. S., Q. Shu, H. Lin, K. J. Rutherfurd, and M. L. Cross. 2001. Protection against translocating Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice by feeding the immuno-enhancing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 190 (3):97–104. doi: 10.1007/s004300100095.
  • Gionchetti, P., F. Rizzello, A. Venturi, P. Brigidi, D. Matteuzzi, G. Bazzocchi, G. Poggioli, M. Miglioli, and M. Campieri. 2000. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 119 (2):305–9. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.9370.
  • Gionchetti, P., F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, A. Venturi, K. M. Lammers, P. Brigidi, B. Vitali, G. Poggioli, M. Miglioli, and M. Campieri. 2003. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 124 (5):1202–9. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00171-9.
  • Glück, U., and J.-O. Gebbers. 2003. Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and β-hemolytic streptococci). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2):517–20. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.517.
  • Gosselink, M. P., W. R. Schouten, L. M. C. van Lieshout, W. C. J. Hop, J. D. Laman, and J. G. H. Ruseler-van Embden. 2004. Delay of the first onset of pouchitis by oral intake of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 47 (6):876–84. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0525-z.
  • Gotteland, M., M. Andrews, M. Toledo, L. Muñoz, P. Caceres, A. Anziani, E. Wittig, H. Speisky, and G. Salazar. 2008. Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children. Nutrition 24 (5):421–6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.007.
  • Grangette, C., S. Nutten, E. Palumbo, S. Morath, C. Hermann, J. Dewulf, B. Pot, T. Hartung, P. Hols, and A. Mercenier. 2005. Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (29):10321–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504084102.
  • Groschwitz, K. R., and S. P. Hogan. 2009. Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124 (1):3–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.038.
  • Gupta, P., H. Andrew, B. Kirschner, and S. Guandalini. 2000. Is Lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? Results of a preliminary, open-label study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 31 (4):453–7. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200010000-00024.
  • Harata, G., F. He, N. Hiruta, M. Kawase, A. Kubota, M. Hiramatsu, and H. Yausi. 2010. Intranasal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects mice from H1N1 influenza virus infection by regulating respiratory immune responses. Letters in Applied Microbiology 50 (6):597–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02844.x.
  • Hart, A. L., K. Lammers, P. Brigidi, B. Vitali, F. Rizzello, P. Gionchetti, M. Campieri, M. A. Kamm, S. C. Knight, and A. J. Stagg. 2004. Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria. Gut 53 (11):1602–9. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.037325.
  • Hatakka, K., R. Holma, H. El-Nezami, T. Suomalainen, M. Kuisma, M. Saxelin, T. Poussa, H. Mykkänen, and R. Korpela. 2008. The influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 together with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS on potentially carcinogenic bacterial activity in human colon. International Journal of Food Microbiology 128 (2):406–10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.010.
  • Hauser, G., N. Salkic, K. Vukelic, A. JajacKnez, and D. Stimac. 2015. Probiotics for standard triple Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine 94 (17):e685. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000685.
  • He, T., Y.-H. Zhu, J. Yu, B. Xia, X. Liu, G.-Y. Yang, J.-H. Su, L. Guo, M.-L. Wang, and J.-F. Wang. 2019. Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 reduces pathogen load and helps maintain short-chain fatty acid levels in the intestines of pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica Infantis. Veterinary Microbiology 230:187–94. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.003.
  • He, X., Q. Zeng, S. Puthiyakunnon, Z. Zeng, W. Yang, J. Qiu, L. Du, S. Boddu, T. Wu, D. Cai, et al. 2017. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant enhance neonatal resistance to systemic Escherichia coli K1 infection by accelerating development of intestinal defense. Scientific Reports 7 (1):43305. doi: 10.1038/srep43305.
  • Hemarajata, P., and J. Versalovic. 2013. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: Mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 6 (1):39–51. doi: 10.1177/1756283X12459294.
  • Hori, T., J. Kiyoshima, K. Shida, and H. Yasui. 2001. Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on influenza virus infection of upper respiratory tract in mice. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8 (3):593–7. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.8.3.593-597.2001.
  • Hori, T., J. Kiyoshima, K. Shida, and H. Yasui. 2002. Augmentation of cellular immunity and reduction of influenza virus titer in aged mice fed Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9 (1):105–8. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.9.1.105-108.2002.
  • Izumo, T., T. Maekawa, M. Ida, A. Noguchi, Y. Kitagawa, H. Shibata, H. Yasui, and Y. Kiso. 2010. Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus pentosus S-PT84 on influenza virus infection in mice. International Immunopharmacology 10 (9):1101–6. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.012.
  • Jensen, M. P., S. Meldrum, A. L. Taylor, J. A. Dunstan, and S. L. Prescott. 2012. Early probiotic supplementation for allergy prevention: Long-term outcomes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 130 (5):1209–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.018.
  • Jung, T.-H., J. H. Park, W.-M. Jeon, and K.-S. Han. 2015. Butyrate modulates bacterial adherence on LS174T human colorectal cells by stimulating mucin secretion and MAPK signaling pathway. Nutrition Research and Practice 9 (4):343–9. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.343.
  • Kabir, A. M., Y. Aiba, A. Takagi, S. Kamiya, T. Miwa, and Y. Koga. 1997. Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection by lactobacilli in a gnotobiotic murine model. Gut 41 (1):49–55. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.1.49.
  • Kahouli, I., C. Tomaro-Duchesneau, and S. Prakash. 2013. Probiotics in colorectal cancer (CRC) with emphasis on mechanisms of action and current perspectives. Journal of Medical Microbiology 62 (8):1107–23. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.048975-0.
  • Kaji, R., J. Kiyoshima-Shibata, M. Nagaoka, M. Nanno, and K. Shida. 2010. Bacterial teichoic acids reverse predominant IL-12 production induced by certain lactobacillus strains into predominant IL-10 production via TLR2-dependent ERK activation in macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 184 (7):3505–13. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901569.
  • Karczewski, J., F. J. Troost, I. Konings, J. Dekker, M. Kleerebezem, R.-J M. Brummer, and J. M. Wells. 2010. Regulation of human epithelial tight junction proteins by Lactobacillus plantarum in vivo and protective effects on the epithelial barrier. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 298 (6):G851–G859. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00327.2009.
  • Kawase, M., F. He, A. Kubota, G. Harata, and M. Hiramatsu. 2010. Oral administration of lactobacilli from human intestinal tract protects mice against influenza virus infection. Letters in Applied Microbiology 51:10. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02849.x.
  • Kawase, M., F. He, A. Kubota, K. Yoda, K. Miyazawa, and M. Hiramatsu. 2012. Heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 protects mice against influenza virus infection by stimulating gut and respiratory immune responses. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 64 (2):280–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00903.x.
  • Kepert, I., J. Fonseca, C. Müller, K. Milger, K. Hochwind, M. Kostric, M. Fedoseeva, C. Ohnmacht, S. Dehmel, P. Nathan, et al. 2017. D-tryptophan from probiotic bacteria influences the gut microbiome and allergic airway disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139 (5):1525–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.003.
  • Khailova, L., C. H. Baird, A. A. Rush, C. Barnes, and P. E. Wischmeyer. 2017. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment improves intestinal permeability and modulates inflammatory response and homeostasis of spleen and colon in experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Clinical Nutrition 36 (6):1549–57. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.025.
  • Kim, Y. S., and S. B. Ho. 2010. Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: Recent insights and progress. Current Gastroenterology Reports 12 (5):319–30. doi: 10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2.
  • Kobayashi, N., T. Saito, T. Uematsu, K. Kishi, M. Toba, N. Kohda, and T. Suzuki. 2011. Oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 augments protection against influenza virus infection in mice. International Immunopharmacology 11 (2):199–203. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.019.
  • Konstantinov, S. R., H. Smidt, W. M. de Vos, S. C. M. Bruijns, S. K. Singh, F. Valence, D. Molle, S. Lortal, E. Altermann, T. R. Klaenhammer, et al. 2008. S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (49):19474–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810305105.
  • Kotzampassi, K., G. Stavrou, G. Damoraki, M. Georgitsi, G. Basdanis, G. Tsaousi, and E. J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis. 2015. A four-probiotics regimen reduces postoperative complications after colorectal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. World Journal of Surgery 39 (11):2776–83. doi: 10.1007/s00268-015-3071-z.
  • Kozakova, H., M. Schwarzer, L. Tuckova, D. Srutkova, E. Czarnowska, I. Rosiak, T. Hudcovic, I. Schabussova, P. Hermanova, Z. Zakostelska, et al. 2016. Colonization of germ-free mice with a mixture of three lactobacillus strains enhances the integrity of gut mucosa and ameliorates allergic sensitization. Cellular & Molecular Immunology 13 (2):251–62. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2015.09.
  • Kšonžeková, P., P. Bystrický, S. Vlčková, V. Pätoprstý, L. Pulzová, D. Mudroňová, T. Kubašková, T. Csank, and Ľ. Tkáčiková. 2016. Exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus reuteri: Their influence on adherence of E. coli to epithelial cells and inflammatory response. Carbohydrate Polymers 141:10–9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.037.
  • Kuisma, J., S. Mentula, H. Jarvinen, A. Kahri, M. Saxelin, and M. Farkkila. 2003. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17 (4):509–15. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01465.x.
  • Kuitunen, M. 2013. Probiotics and prebiotics in preventing food allergy and eczema. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 13 (3):280–6. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328360ed66.
  • Kuitunen, M., K. Kukkonen, K. Juntunen-Backman, R. Korpela, T. Poussa, T. Tuure, T. Haahtela, and E. Savilahti. 2009. Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123 (2):335–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.11.019.
  • Kukkonen, K., E. Savilahti, T. Haahtela, K. Juntunen-Backman, R. Korpela, T. Poussa, T. Tuure, and M. Kuitunen. 2007. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119 (1):192–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.009.
  • Landy, J., and A. Hart. 2013. Commentary: The effects of probiotics on barrier function and mucosal pouch microbiota during maintenance treatment for severe pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38 (11–12):1405–6. doi: 10.1111/apt.12517.
  • Laughton, J. M., E. Devillard, D. E. Heinrichs, G. Reid, and J. K. McCormick. 2006. Inhibition of expression of a staphylococcal superantigen-like protein by a soluble factor from Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbiology 152 (4):1155–67. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.28654-0.
  • Lebeer, S., I. J. J. Claes, and J. Vanderleyden. 2012. Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotics: Lipoteichoic acid makes a difference. Trends in Microbiology 20 (1):5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.004.
  • Lebeer, S., J. Vanderleyden, and S. C. J. De Keersmaecker. 2008. Genes and molecules of lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72 (4):728–64. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00017-08.
  • Lebeer, S., J. Vanderleyden, and S. C. J. De Keersmaecker. 2010. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: Comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology 8 (3):171–84. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2297.
  • Lee, I. C., S. Tomita, M. Kleerebezem, and P. A. Bron. 2013. The quest for probiotic effector molecules—Unraveling strain specificity at the molecular level. Pharmacological Research 69 (1):61–74. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.010.
  • Lee, N.-K., K. J. Han, S.-H. Son, S. J. Eom, S.-K. Lee, and H.-D. Paik. 2015. Multifunctional effect of probiotic Lactococcus lactis KC24 isolated from kimchi. LWT - Food Science and Technology 64 (2):1036–41. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.019.
  • Lépine, A. F. P., N. de Wit, E. Oosterink, H. Wichers, J. Mes, and P. de Vos. 2018. Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Salmonella-induced stress of epithelial cells by modulating tight-junction genes and cytokine responses. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:1439. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01439.
  • Li, J., W. Wang, S. X. Xu, N. A. Magarvey, and J. K. McCormick. 2011. Lactobacillus reuteri-produced cyclic dipeptides quench agr-mediated expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in staphylococci. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (8):3360–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017431108.
  • Lin, W. H., B. Yu, C. K. Lin, W. Z. Hwang, and H. Y. Tsen. 2007. Immune effect of heat-killed multistrain of Lactobacillus acidophilus against Salmonella typhimurium invasion to mice. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102 (1):22–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03073.x.
  • Liu, Z., H. Qin, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, W. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Jiang, H. Zhang, Z. Yang, Y. Wang, et al. 2011. Randomised clinical trial: The effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery – a double-blind study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 33 (1):50–63., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04492.x.
  • Lönnermark, E., G. Lappas, V. Friman, A. E. Wold, E. Backhaus, and I. Adlerberth. 2015. Effects of probiotic intake and gender on nontyphoid Salmonella infection. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 49 (2):116–23. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000120.
  • Mack, D. R., S. Ahrne, L. Hyde, S. Wei, and M. A. Hollingsworth. 2003. Extracellular MUC3 mucin secretion follows adherence of Lactobacillus strains to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Gut 52 (6):827–33. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.6.827.
  • Madsen, K. 2012. Enhancement of epithelial barrier function by probiotics. Journal of Epithelial Biology and Pharmacology 5:55–9.
  • Madsen, K., A. Cornish, P. Soper, C. McKaigney, H. Jijon, C. Yachimec, J. Doyle, L. Jewell, and C. D. Simone. 2001. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 121 (3):580–91. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.27224.
  • Madsen, K., J. Doyle, L. Jewell, M. Tavernini, and R. Fedorak. 1999. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 116 (5):1107–14. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70013-2.
  • Malin, M., H. Suomalainen, M. Saxelin, and E. Isolauri. 1996. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn’s disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 40 (3):137–45. doi: 10.1159/000177907.
  • Marteau, P., M. Lémann, P. Seksik, D. Laharie, J. F. Colombel, Y. Bouhnik, G. Cadiot, J. C. Soulé, A. Bourreille, E. Metman, et al. 2006. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut 55 (6):842–7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.076604.
  • McCarthy, J., L. O’Mahony, L. O’Callaghan, B. Sheil, E. E. Vaughan, N. Fitzsimons, J. Fitzgibbon, G. C. O’Sullivan, B. Kiely, J. K. Collins, et al. 2003. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokine balance. Gut 52 (7):975–80. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.7.975.
  • McGuckin, M. A., S. K. Lindén, P. Sutton, and T. H. Florin. 2011. Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology 9 (4):265–78. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2538.
  • Mennigen, R., K. Nolte, E. Rijcken, M. Utech, B. Loeffler, N. Senninger, and M. Bruewer. 2009. Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296 (5):G1140–G1149. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.90534.2008.
  • Mian, F., N. Kandiah, M. Chew, A. Ashkar, J. Bienenstock, P. Forsythe, and K. Karimi. 2016. A probiotic provides protection against acute salmonellosis in mice: Possible role of innate lymphid NKP46+ cells. Journal of Functional Foods 23:329–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.020.
  • Miele, E., F. Pascarella, E. Giannetti, L. Quaglietta, R. N. Baldassano, and A. Staiano. 2009. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 104 (2):437–43. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2008.118.
  • Mimura, T., F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, G. Poggioli, S. Schreiber, I. C. Talbot, R. J. Nicholls, P. Gionchetti, M. Campieri, and M. A. Kamm. 2004. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut 53:108–14.
  • Morisset, M.,. C. Aubert-Jacquin, P. Soulaines, D. A. Moneret-Vautrin, and C. Dupont. 2011. A non-hydrolyzed, fermented milk formula reduces digestive and respiratory events in infants at high risk of allergy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (2):175–83. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.250.
  • Nagai, T., S. Makino, S. Ikegami, H. Itoh, and H. Yamada. 2011. Effects of oral administration of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and its exopolysaccharides against influenza virus infection in mice. International Immunopharmacology 11 (12):2246–50. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.09.012.
  • Nanno, M., I. Kato, T. Kobayashi, and K. Shida. 2011. Biological effects of probiotics: What impact does Lactobacillus casei shirota have on us?. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 24 (1 Suppl):45S–50S.
  • Nermes, M., S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri. 2013. Is there a role for probiotics in the prevention or treatment of food allergy?. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 13 (6):622–30. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0381-9.
  • Neville, B. A., B. M. Forde, M. J. Claesson, T. Darby, A. Coghlan, K. Nally, R. P. Ross, and P. W. O’Toole. 2012. Characterization of pro-Inflammatory flagellin proteins produced by Lactobacillus ruminis and related motile lactobacilli. PLoS One 7 (7):e40592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040592.
  • Nocerino, R., L. Paparo, G. Terrin, V. Pezzella, A. Amoroso, L. Cosenza, G. Cecere, G. De Marco, M. Micillo, F. Albano, et al. 2017. Cow’s milk and rice fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 prevent infectious diseases in children: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 36 (1):118–25. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.004.
  • Ogawa, T., Y. Asai, R. Tamai, Y. Makimura, H. Sakamoto, S. Hashikawa, and K. Yasuda. 2006. Natural killer cell activities of synbiotic Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei in conjunction with dextran. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 143 (1):103–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02975.x.
  • Ohland, C. L., and W. K. MacNaughton. 2010. Probiotic bacteria and intestinal epithelial barrier function. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 298 (6):G807–G819. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2009.
  • Oliva, S., G. D. Nardo, F. Ferrari, S. Mallardo, P. Rossi, G. Patrizi, S. Cucchiara, and L. Stronati. 2012. Randomised clinical trial: The effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35 (3):327–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04939.x.
  • Olivares, M., M. P. Díaz-Ropero, S. Sierra, F. Lara-Villoslada, J. Fonollá, M. Navas, J. M. Rodríguez, and J. Xaus. 2007. Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition 23 (3):254–60. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.01.004.
  • Otte, J.-M., and D. K. Podolsky. 2004. Functional modulation of enterocytes by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 286 (4):G613–G626. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2003.
  • Ou, C. Y., H. C. Kuo, L. Wang, T. Y. Hsu, H. Chuang, C. A. Liu, J. C. Chang, H. R. Yu, and K. D. Yang. 2012. Prenatal and postnatal probiotics reduces maternal but not childhood allergic diseases: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 42 (9):1386–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04037.x.
  • Pala, V., S. Sieri, F. Berrino, P. Vineis, C. Sacerdote, D. Palli, G. Masala, S. Panico, A. Mattiello, R. Tumino, et al. 2011. Yogurt consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. International Journal of Cancer 129 (11):2712–9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26193.
  • Pelto, L., E. Isolauri, E. M. Lilius, J. Nuutila, and S. Salminen. 1998. Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 28:1474–9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00449.x.
  • Persborn, M., J. Gerritsen, C. Wallon, A. Carlsson, L. M. A. Akkermans, and J. D. Söderholm. 2013. The effects of probiotics on barrier function and mucosal pouch microbiota during maintenance treatment for severe pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38 (7):772–83. doi: 10.1111/apt.12451.
  • Pessione, E. 2012. Lactic acid bacteria contribution to gut microbiota complexity: Lights and shadows. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2:86. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00086.
  • Peterson, R. E., T. J. Klopfenstein, G. E. Erickson, J. Folmer, S. Hinkley, R. A. Moxley, and D. R. Smith. 2007. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and finishing performance in beef feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 70 (2):287–91. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.287.
  • Prantera, C., M. L. Scribano, G. Falasco, A. Andreoli, and C. Luzi. 2002. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn’s disease: A randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut 51 (3):405–9. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.3.405.
  • Prescott, S. L., J. Wiltschut, A. Taylor, L. Westcott, W. Jung, H. Currie, and J. A. Dunstan. 2008. Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5-year follow-up phase. Allergy 63 (11):1481–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01778.x.
  • Pronio, A., C. Montesani, C. Butteroni, S. Vecchione, G. Mumolo, A. Vestri, D. Vitolo, and M. Boirivant. 2008. Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 14 (5):662–8. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20369.
  • Racedo, S., J. Villena, M. Medina, G. Agüero, V. Rodríguez, and S. Alvarez. 2006. Lactobacillus casei administration reduces lung injuries in a Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Microbes and Infection 8 (9-10):2359–66. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.022.
  • Rachmilewitz, D., K. Katakura, F. Karmeli, T. Hayashi, C. Reinus, B. Rudensky, S. Akira, K. Takeda, J. Lee, K. Takabayashi, et al. 2004. Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 126 (2):520–8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.019.
  • Rafter, J. 2004. The effects of probiotics on colon cancer development. Nutrition Research Reviews 17 (2):277–84. doi: 10.1079/NRR200484.
  • Reid, G., J. A. Younes, H. C. Van der Mei, G. B. Gloor, R. Knight, and H. J. Busscher. 2011. Microbiota restoration: Natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nature Reviews Microbiology 9 (1):27–38. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2473.
  • Ren, C., J. Dokter-Fokkens, S. Figueroa Lozano, Q. Zhang, B. J. de Haan, H. Zhang, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2018. Lactic acid bacteria may impact intestinal barrier function by modulating goblet cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 62 (6):e1700572. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700572.
  • Ren, C., L. Cheng, Y. Sun, Q. Zhang, B. J. de Haan, H. Zhang, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2020. Lactic acid bacteria secrete toll like receptor 2 stimulating and macrophage immunomodulating bioactive factors. Journal of Functional Foods 66:103783. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103783.
  • Ren, C., Q. Zhang, B. J. de Haan, H. Zhang, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2016. Identification of TLR2/TLR6 signalling lactic acid bacteria for supporting immune regulation. Scientific Reports 6 (1):34561. doi: 10.1038/srep34561.
  • Resta-Lenert, S., and K. E. Barrett. 2003. Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Gut 52 (7):988–97. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.7.988.
  • Rizzo, A., A. Losacco, and C. R. Carratelli. 2013. Lactobacillus crispatus modulates epithelial cell defense against Candida albicans through Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, interleukin 8 and human β-defensins 2 and 3. Immunology Letters 156 (1–2):102–9. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.013.
  • Rodríguez-Nogales, A., F. Algieri, J. Garrido-Mesa, T. Vezza, M. P. Utrilla, N. Chueca, F. Garcia, M. Olivares, M. E. Rodríguez-Cabezas, and J. Gálvez. 2017. Differential intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius in DSS mouse colitis: Impact on microRNAs expression and microbiota composition. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (11):1700144. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700144.
  • Roselli, M., A. Finamore, M. S. Britti, S. R. Konstantinov, H. Smidt, W. M. de Vos, and E. Mengheri. 2007. The novel porcine Lactobacillus sobrius strain protects intestinal cells from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 infection and prevents membrane barrier damage. The Journal of Nutrition 137 (12):2709–16. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2709.
  • Ryan, K. A., A. M. O'Hara, J.-P. van Pijkeren, F. P. Douillard, and P. W. O'Toole. 2009. Lactobacillus salivarius modulates cytokine induction and virulence factor gene expression in Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58 (8):996–1005. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.009407-0.
  • Ryan, P. M., R. P. Ross, G. F. Fitzgerald, N. M. Caplice, and C. Stanton. 2015. Sugar-coated: Exopolysaccharide producing lactic acid bacteria for food and human health applications. Food & Function 6 (3):679–93. doi: 10.1039/C4FO00529E.
  • Schiffrin, E. J., F. Rochat, H. Link-Amster, J. M. Aeschlimann, and A. Donnet-Hughes. 1995. Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 78 (3):491–7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76659-0.
  • Schultz, M., C. Veltkamp, L. A. Dieleman, W. B. Grenther, P. B. Wyrick, S. L. Tonkonogy, and R. B. Sartor. 2002. Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 8 (2):71–80. doi: 10.1097/00054725-200203000-00001.
  • Sgouras, D. N., E. G. Panayotopoulou, B. Martinez-Gonzalez, K. Petraki, S. Michopoulos, and Α. Mentis. 2005. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 attenuates Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and reduces levels of proinflammatory chemokines in C57BL/6 mice. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12 (12):1378–86. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.12.12.1378-1386.2005.
  • Sgouras, D., P. Maragkoudakis, K. Petraki, B. Martinez-Gonzalez, E. Eriotou, S. Michopoulos, G. Kalantzopoulos, E. Tsakalidou, and Α. Mentis. 2004. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (1):518–26. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.518-526.2004.
  • Sheil, B., J. McCarthy, L. O’Mahony, M. W. Bennett, P. Ryan, J. J. Fitzgibbon, B. Kiely, J. K. Collins, and F. Shanahan. 2004. Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with attenuation of murine colitis and arthritis. Gut 53 (5):694–700. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.027789.
  • Shu, Q., and H. S. Gill. 2002. Immune protection mediated by the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (DR20™) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in mice. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 34 (1):59–64. doi: 10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00340-1.
  • Singh, K. S., S. Kumar, A. K. Mohanty, S. Grover, and J. K. Kaushik. 2018. Mechanistic insights into the host-microbe interaction and pathogen exclusion mediated by the mucus-binding protein of Lactobacillus plantarum. Scientific Reports 8 (1):14198. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32417-y.
  • Smelt, M. J., B. J. de Haan, P. A. Bron, I. van Swam, M. Meijerink, J. M. Wells, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2012. L. plantarum, L. salivarius, and L. lactis attenuate Th2 responses and increase Treg frequencies in healthy mice in a strain dependent manner. PLoS One 7 (10):e47244. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047244.
  • Smelt, M. J., B. J. de Haan, P. A. Bron, I. van Swam, M. Meijerink, J. M. Wells, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2013. Probiotics can generate FoxP3 T-cell responses in the small intestine and simultaneously inducing CD4 and CD8 T cell activation in the large intestine. PLoS One 8 (7):e68952. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068952.
  • Smelt, M. J., B. J. de Haan, P. A. Bron, I. van Swam, M. Meijerink, J. M. Wells, M. Kleerebezem, M. M. Faas, and P. de Vos. 2013. The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 teichoic acid D-alanylation on the generation of effector and regulatory T-cells in healthy mice. PLoS One 8 (4):e63099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063099.
  • Smits, H. H., A. Engering, D. van der Kleij, E. C. de Jong, K. Schipper, T. M. M. van Capel, B. A. J. Zaat, M. Yazdanbakhsh, E. A. Wierenga, and Y. van Kooyk. 2005. Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10–producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3–grabbing nonintegrin. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 115 (6):1260–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.03.036.
  • So, S. S. Y., M. L. Y. Wan, and H. El-Nezami. 2017. Probiotics-mediated suppression of cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology 29 (1):62–72. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000342.
  • Soh, S. E., M. Aw, I. Gerez, Y. S. Chong, M. Rauff, Y. P. M. Ng, H. B. Wong, N. Pai, B. W. Lee, and L. P. C. Shek. 2009. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants – effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 39 (4):571–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03133.x.
  • Sood, A., V. Midha, G. K. Makharia, V. Ahuja, D. Singal, P. Goswami, and R. K. Tandon. 2009. The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7:1202–9.e1201
  • Stapleton, A. E., M. Au-Yeung, T. M. Hooton, D. N. Fredricks, P. L. Roberts, C. A. Czaja, Y. Yarova-Yarovaya, T. Fiedler, M. Cox, and W. E. Stamm. 2011. Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52 (10):1212–7. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir183.
  • Sung, V., H. Hiscock, M. L. K. Tang, F. K. Mensah, M. L. Nation, C. Satzke, R. G. Heine, A. Stock, R. G. Barr, and M. Wake. 2014. Treating infant colic with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: Double blind, placebo controlled randomised trial. BMJ 348 (apr01 2):g2107–g2107. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2107.
  • Takeda, K., T. Suzuki, S. I. Shimada, K. Shida, M. Nanno, and K. Okumura. 2006. Interleukin-12 is involved in the enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 146 (1):109–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03165.x.
  • Tanaka, A., M. Seki, S. Yamahira, H. Noguchi, K. Kosai, M. Toba, Y. Morinaga, T. Miyazaki, K. Izumikawa, H. Kakeya, et al. 2011. Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 suppresses pneumonia induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. Letters in Applied Microbiology 53 (1):35–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03079.x.
  • Tao, Y., K. A. Drabik, T. S. Waypa, M. W. Musch, J. C. Alverdy, O. Schneewind, E. B. Chang, and E. O. Petrof. 2006. Soluble factors from Lactobacillus GG activate MAPKs and induce cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290 (4):C1018–C1030. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00131.2005.
  • Taylor, A. L., J. A. Dunstan, and S. L. Prescott. 2007. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119 (1):184–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.036.
  • Ten Bruggencate, S. J. M., S. A. Girard, E. G. M. Floris-Vollenbroek, R. Bhardwaj, and T. A. Tompkins. 2014. The effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the resistance toward Escherichia coli challenge in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (3):385–91. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.238.
  • Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A., K. Spyridopoulou, V. Santarmaki, G. Aindelis, E. Tompoulidou, E. E. Lamprianidou, G. Saxami, P. Ypsilantis, E. S. Lampri, C. Simopoulos, et al. 2016. Lactobacillus casei exerts anti-proliferative effects accompanied by apoptotic cell death and up-regulation of TRAIL in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS One 11 (2):e0147960. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147960.
  • Toh, Z. Q., A. Anzela, M. Tang, and P. Licciardi. 2012. Probiotic therapy as a novel approach for allergic disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology 3:171. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00171.
  • Truusalu, K., R.-H. Mikelsaar, P. Naaber, T. Karki, T. Kullisaar, M. Zilmer, and M. Mikelsaar. 2008. Eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in a murine model of typhoid fever with the combination of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 and ofloxacin. BMC Microbiology 8 (1):132. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-132.
  • Tursi, A., G. Brandimarte, G. Giorgetti, G. Forti, M. Modeo, and A. Gigliobianco. 2004. Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Medical Science Monitor 10:PI126–131.
  • Ueno, N., M. Fujiya, S. Segawa, T. Nata, K. Moriichi, H. Tanabe, Y. Mizukami, N. Kobayashi, K. Ito, and Y. Kohgo. 2011. Heat‐killed body of Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 ameliorates intestinal injury in a murine model of colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier function. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17:2235–50.
  • Urbanska, A. M., J. Bhathena, S. Cherif, and S. Prakash. 2016. Orally delivered microencapsulated probiotic formulation favorably impacts polyp formation in APC (Min/+) model of intestinal carcinogenesis. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 44 (1):1–11. doi: 10.3109/21691401.2014.898647.
  • Ushiyama, A., K. Tanaka, Y. Aiba, T. Shiba, A. Takagi, T. Mine, and Y. Koga. 2003. Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 as a probiotic in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18 (8):986–91. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03102.x.
  • van Baarlen, P., F. J. Troost, S. van Hemert, C. van der Meer, W. M. de Vos, P. J. de Groot, G. J. Hooiveld, R. J. Brummer, and M. Kleerebezem. 2009. Differential NF-kappaB pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarum in the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of of the United States of America 106 (7):2371–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809919106.
  • van Baarlen, P., J. M. Wells, and M. Kleerebezem. 2013. Regulation of intestinal homeostasis and immunity with probiotic lactobacilli. Trends in Immunology 34 (5):208–15. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.005.
  • van Beek, A. A., B. Sovran, F. Hugenholtz, B. Meijer, J. A. Hoogerland, V. Mihailova, C. van der Ploeg, C. Belzer, M. V. Boekschoten, J. H. J. Hoeijmakers, et al. 2016. Supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevents decline of mucus barrier in colon of accelerated aging Ercc1−/Δ7 mice. Frontiers in Immunology 7:408. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00408.
  • van Bergenhenegouwen, J., T. S. Plantinga, L. A. B. Joosten, M. G. Netea, G. Folkerts, A. D. Kraneveld, J. Garssen, and A. P. Vos. 2013. TLR2 & Co: A critical analysis of the complex interactions between TLR2 and coreceptors. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 94 (5):885–902. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0113003.
  • Van Gossum, A., O. Dewit, E. Louis, G. de Hertogh, F. Baert, F. Fontaine, M. De Vos, M. Enslen, M. Paintin, and D. Franchimont. 2007. Multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus johnsonii, LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease after lleo-caecal resection. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 13 (2):135–42. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20063.
  • Van Tassell, M. L., and M. J. Miller. 2011. Lactobacillus adhesion to mucus. Nutrients 3 (5):613–36. doi: 10.3390/nu3050613.
  • van Zyl, W. F., S. M. Deane, and L. M. T. Dicks. 2019. Bacteriocin production and adhesion properties as mechanisms for the anti-listerial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum 423 and Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA. Beneficial Microbes 10 (3):329–49. doi: 10.3920/BM2018.0141.
  • Venturi, A., P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, R. Johansson, E. Zucconi, P. Brigidi, D. Matteuzzi, and M. Campieri. 1999. Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: Preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 13:1103–8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00560.x.
  • Verkhnyatskaya, S., M. Ferrari, P. de Vos, and M. T. C. Walvoort. 2019. Shaping the infant microbiome with non-digestible carbohydrates. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:343. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00343.
  • Villena, J., M. L. S. Oliveira, P. C. D. Ferreira, S. Salva, and S. Alvarez. 2011. Lactic acid bacteria in the prevention of pneumococcal respiratory infection: Future opportunities and challenges. International Immunopharmacology 11 (11):1633–45. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.004.
  • Villena, J., N. Barbieri, S. Salva, M. Herrera, and S. Alvarez. 2009. Enhanced immune response to pneumococcal infection in malnourished mice nasally treated with heat-killed Lactobacillus casei. Microbiology and Immunology 53 (11):636–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00171.x.
  • Villena, J., S. Racedo, G. Agüero, and S. Alvarez. 2006. Yoghurt accelerates the recovery of defence mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae in protein-malnourished mice. British Journal of Nutrition 95 (3):591–602. doi: 10.1079/BJN20051663.
  • Villena, J., S. Racedo, G. AgüEro, E. Bru, M. Medina, and S. Alvarez. 2005. Lactobacillus casei improves resistance to pneumococcal respiratory infection in malnourished mice. The Journal of Nutrition 135 (6):1462–9. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1462.
  • Voltan, S., D. Martines, M. Elli, P. Brun, S. Longo, A. Porzionato, V. Macchi, R. D'Incà, M. Scarpa, G. Palù, et al. 2008. Lactobacillus crispatus M247-derived H2O2 acts as a signal transducing molecule activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in the intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 135 (4):1216–27., doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.007.
  • Wan, L. Y. M., Z. J. Chen, N. P. Shah, and H. El-Nezami. 2016. Modulation of intestinal epithelial defense responses by probiotic bacteria. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (16):2628–41. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.905450.
  • Wang, C., T. Chang, H. Yang, and M. Cui. 2015. Antibacterial mechanism of lactic acid on physiological and morphological properties of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 47:231–6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.034.
  • Wang, K.-Y., S.-N. Li, C.-S. Liu, D.-S. Perng, Y.-C. Su, D.-C. Wu, C.-M. Jan, C.-H. Lai, T.-N. Wang, and W.-M. Wang. 2004. Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (4):864–741. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.4.864.
  • Wang, L., H. Cao, L. Liu, B. Wang, W. A. Walker, S. A. Acra, and F. Yan. 2014. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor mediates mucin production stimulated by p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 289 (29):20234–44. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.553800.
  • Wang, T., K. Teng, G. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, M. Zhang, Y. Tao, and J. Zhong. 2018. Lactobacillus reuteri HCM2 protects mice against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli through modulation of gut microbiota. Scientific Reports 8 (1):17485. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35702-y.
  • Wegh, C. A. M., S. Y. Geerlings, J. Knol, G. Roeselers, and C. Belzer. 2019. Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20:4673. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194673.
  • Wells, J. M., O. Rossi, M. Meijerink, and P. van Baarlen. 2011. Epithelial crosstalk at the microbiota–mucosal interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (Supplement_1):4607–14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000092107.
  • West, C. E., M.-L. Hammarström, and O. Hernell. 2009. Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 20 (5):430–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00745.x.
  • Wickens, K., P. Black, T. V. Stanley, E. Mitchell, C. Barthow, P. Fitzharris, G. Purdie, and J. Crane. 2012. A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 42 (7):1071–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03975.x.
  • Wickens, K., P. N. Black, T. V. Stanley, E. Mitchell, P. Fitzharris, G. W. Tannock, G. Purdie, and J. Crane. 2008. A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 122 (4):788–94.
  • Wildt, S., I. Nordgaard, U. Hansen, E. Brockmann, and J. J. Rumessen. 2011. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 5 (2):115–21. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.11.004.
  • Wu, H., L. Ye, X. Lu, S. Xie, Q. Yang, and Q. Yu. 2018. Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviated Salmonella-induced goblet cells loss and colitis by Notch pathway. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 62 (22):1800552. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800552.
  • Yan, F., H. Cao, T. L. Cover, R. Whitehead, M. K. Washington, and D. B. Polk. 2007. Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology 132 (2):562–75. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.022.
  • Yang, G.-Y., J. Yu, J.-H. Su, L.-G. Jiao, X. Liu, and Y.-H. Zhu. 2017. Oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates Salmonella infantis-induced inflammation in a pig model via activation of the IL-22BP/IL-22/STAT3 pathway. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 7:323. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00323.
  • Yang, Y.,. S. Galle, M. H. A. Le, R. T. Zijlstra, and M. G. Gänzle. 2015. Feed fermentation with reuteran- and levan-producing Lactobacillus reuteri reduces colonization of weanling pigs by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81 (17):5743–5752. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01525-15.
  • Yasui, H., J. Kiyoshima, and T. Hori. 2004. Reduction of influenza virus titer and protection against influenza virus infection in infant mice fed Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11 (4):675–679. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.11.4.675-679.2004.
  • Youn, H.-N., D.-H. Lee, Y.-N. Lee, J.-K. Park, S.-S. Yuk, S.-Y. Yang, H.-J. Lee, S.-H. Woo, H.-M. Kim, J.-B. Lee, et al. 2012. Intranasal administration of live Lactobacillus species facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Antiviral Research 93 (1):138–143. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.004.
  • Yu, J., Y.-H. Zhu, G.-Y. Yang, W. Zhang, D. Zhou, J.-H. Su, and J.-F. Wang. 2017. Anti-inflammatory capacity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in monophasic variant Salmonella infected piglets is correlated with impeding NLRP6-mediated host inflammatory responses. Veterinary Microbiology 210:91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.008.
  • Zeuthen, L. H., L. N. Fink, and H. Frøkiaer. 2008. Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 play divergent roles in the recognition of gut-derived lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in dendritic cells. Immunology 124 (4):489–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02800.x.
  • Zhang, J.-W., P. Du, B.-R. Yang, J. Gao, W.-J. Fang, and C.-M. Ying. 2012. Preoperative probiotics decrease postoperative infectious complications of colorectal cancer. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 343 (3):199–205. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31823aace6.
  • Zhang, L., Y.-Q. Xu, H.-Y. Liu, T. Lai, J.-L. Ma, J.-F. Wang, and Y.-H. Zhu. 2010. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG using an Escherichia coli K88 model of piglet diarrhoea: Effects on diarrhoea incidence, faecal microflora and immune responses. Veterinary Microbiology 141 (1-2):142–148.
  • Zhang, W., Q. Wu, Y. Zhu, G. Yang, J. Yu, J. Wang, and H. Ji. 2019. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces alterations in ileal microbiota with associated CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+/- cell subset homeostasis in pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12: I. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:977. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00977.
  • Zhang, W., Y.-H. Zhu, G.-Y. Yang, X. Liu, B. Xia, X. Hu, J.-H. Su, and J.-F. Wang. 2018. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG affects microbiota and suppresses autophagy in the intestines of pigs challenged with Salmonella infantis. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2705. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02705.
  • Zhang, Y.-C., L.-W. Zhang, W. Ma, H.-X. Yi, X. Yang, M. Du, Y.-J. Shan, X. Han, and L.-L. Zhang. 2012. Screening of probiotic lactobacilli for inhibition of Shigella sonnei and the macromolecules involved in inhibition. Anaerobe 18 (5):498–503. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.08.007.
  • Zheng, P.-X., H.-Y. Fang, H.-B. Yang, N.-Y. Tien, M.-C. Wang, and J.-J. Wu. 2016. Lactobacillus pentosus strain LPS16 produces lactic acid, inhibiting multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 49 (2):168–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.04.014.
  • Zocco, M. A., L. Z. Dal Verme, F. Cremonini, A. C. Piscaglia, E. C. Nista, M. Candelli, M. Novi, D. Rigante, I. A. Cazzato, V. Ojetti, et al. 2006. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23 (11):1567–1574. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02927.x.