References
- Agha, M., and R. Agha. 2017. The rising prevalence of obesity: Part A: Impact on public health. International Journal of Surgery. Oncology 2 (7):e17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/IJ9.0000000000000017.
- Astbury, N. M., P. Aveyard, A. Nickless, K. Hood, K. Corfield, R. Lowe, et al. 2018. Doctor Referral of Overweight People to Low Energy total diet replacement Treatment (DROPLET): Pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online) 362:k3760.
- Bhutani, S., M. C. Klempel, C. M. Kroeger, J. F. Trepanowski, S. A. Phillips, E. Norkeviciute, and K. A. Varady. 2013. Alternate day fasting with or without exercise: Effects on endothelial function and adipokines in obese humans. e-SPEN Journal 8 (5):e205–e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnme.2013.07.005.
- Bowen, J., E. Brindal, G. James-Martin, and M. Noakes. 2018. Randomized trial of a high protein, partial meal replacement program with or without alternate day fasting: Similar effects on weight loss, retention status, nutritional, metabolic, and behavioral outcomes. Nutrients 10 (9):1145. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091145.
- Browning, J. D., J. Baxter, S. Satapati, and S. C. Burgess. 2012. The effect of short-term fasting on liver and skeletal muscle lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in healthy women and men. Journal of Lipid Research 53 (3):577–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P020867.
- Buysschaert, M., and S. Sadikot. 2013. Diabetes and cancer: A 2013 synopsis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 7 (4):247–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2013.08.001.
- Cherif, A., R. Meeusen, A. Farooq, J. Ryu, M. A. Fenneni, Z. Nikolovski, S. Elshafie, K. Chamari, and B. Roelands. 2017. Three days of intermittent fasting: Repeated-sprint performance decreased by vertical-stiffness impairment. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12 (3):287–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0125.
- Cho, A.-R., J.-Y. Moon, S. Kim, K.-Y. An, M. Oh, J. Y. Jeon, D.-H. Jung, M. H. Choi, and J.-W. Lee. 2019. Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 93:52–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002.
- Cho, N. H., J. E. Shaw, S. Karuranga, Y. Huang, J. D. da Rocha Fernandes, A. W. Ohlrogge, and B. Malanda. 2018. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 138:271–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.
- Cho, Y., N. Hong, K.-W. Kim, S. Cho, M. Lee, Y.-H. Lee, Y.-H. Lee, E. Kang, B.-S. Cha, B.-W. Lee, et al. 2019. The effectiveness of intermittent fasting to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (10):1645. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101645.
- Clark, H. D., G. A. Wells, C. Huët, F. A. McAlister, L. R. Salmi, D. Fergusson, and A. Laupacis. 1999. Assessing the quality of randomized trials: Reliability of the Jadad scale. Controlled Clinical Trials 20 (5):448–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-2456(99)00026-4.
- Clayton, D. J., J. Biddle, T. Maher, M. P. Funnell, J. A. Sargeant, J. A. King, C. J. Hulston, D. J. Stensel, and L. J. James. 2018. 24-h severe energy restriction impairs postprandial glycaemic control in young, lean males. British Journal of Nutrition 120 (10):1107–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518002568.
- Cox, K. L., V. Burke, A. R. Morton, L. J. Beilin, and I. B. Puddey. 2004. Independent and additive effects of energy restriction and exercise on glucose and insulin concentrations in sedentary overweight men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2):308–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.2.308.
- de Cabo, R., and M. P. Mattson. 2019. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 381 (26):2541–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1905136.
- Del Corral, P., P. C. Chandler-Laney, K. Casazza, B. A. Gower, and G. R. Hunter. 2009. Effect of dietary adherence with or without exercise on weight loss: A mechanistic approach to a global problem. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (5):1602–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1057.
- Egger, M., G. D. Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 315 (7109):629–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
- Eshghinia, S., and F. Mohammadzadeh. 2013. The effects of modified alternate-day fasting diet on weight loss and CAD risk factors in overweight and obese women. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders 12 (1):4.
- Fernandes, J. F. R., L. Da Silva Araújo, S. E. Kaiser, A. F. Sanjuliani, and M. Klein. 2015. The effects of moderate energy restriction on apnoea severity and CVD risk factors in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. British Journal of Nutrition 114 (12):2022–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004018.
- Fontana, L. 2009. Modulating human aging and age-associated diseases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790 (10):1133–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.02.002.
- Golbidi, S., A. Daiber, B. Korac, H. Li, M. F. Essop, and I. Laher. 2017. Health benefits of fasting and caloric restriction. Current Diabetes Reports 17 (12):123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0951-7.
- Goyal, N., R. Kaur, A. Sud, N. Ghorpade, and M. Gupta. 2014. Non diabetic and stress induced hyperglycemia [SIH] in orthopaedic practice what do we know so far? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 8 (10):LH01–3. doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10027.5022.
- Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, G. E. Vist, R. Kunz, Y. Falck-Ytter, P. Alonso-Coello, and H. J. Schüneman. 2008. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 336 (7650):924–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
- Harder-Lauridsen, N. M., A. Rosenberg, F. B. Benatti, J. A. Damm, C. Thomsen, E. L. Mortensen, B. K. Pedersen, and R. Krogh-Madsen. 2017. Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28 d had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutrition 37:92–103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.015.
- Headland, M. L., P. M. Clifton, and J. B. Keogh. 2018. Effect of intermittent energy restriction on flow mediated dilatation, a measure of endothelial function: A short report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (6):1166. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061166.
- Higgins, J. P. T., D. G. Altman, P. C. Gøtzsche, P. Jüni, D. Moher, A. D. Oxman, J. Savovic, K. F. Schulz, L. Weeks, J. A. C. Sterne, et al. 2011. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 343:d5928. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928.
- Higgins, J. P. T., and S. Green. 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.0. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Hirsh, S. P., M. Pons, S. V. Joyal, and A. G. Swick. 2019. Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: A pilot study. Journal of Nutritional Science 8:e11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2019.8.
- Horne, B. D., J. B. Muhlestein, D. L. Lappé, H. T. May, J. F. Carlquist, O. Galenko, K. D. Brunisholz, and J. L. Anderson. 2013. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 23 (11):1050–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007.
- Hozo, S. P., B. Djulbegovic, and I. Hozo. 2005. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology 5 (1):13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-5-13.
- Izadi, V., F. Haghighatdoost, P. Moosavian, and L. Azadbakht. 2018. Effect of low-energy-dense diet rich in multiple functional foods on weight-loss maintenance, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 37 (5):399–405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1412275.
- Jung, S. H., Y. S. Kim, Y. R. Lee, and J. S. Kim. 2016. High glucose-induced changes in hyaloid-retinal vessels during early ocular development of zebrafish: a short-term animal model of diabetic retinopathy. British Journal of Pharmacology 173 (1):15–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13279.
- Karatoprak, C., S. Yolbas, M. Cakirca, A. Cinar, M. Zorlu, M. Kiskac, M. A. Cikrikcioglu, R. Erkoc, and E. Tasan. 2013. The effects of long term fasting in Ramadan on glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 17 (18):2512–6.
- Karimi, G., L. Azadbakht, F. Haghighatdoost, and A. Esmaillzadeh. 2016. Low energy density diet, weight loss maintenance, and risk of cardiovascular disease following a recent weight reduction program: A randomized control trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 21:32. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.181992.
- Kessler, C. S., R. Stange, M. Schlenkermann, M. Jeitler, A. Michalsen, A. Selle, F. Raucci, and N. Steckhan. 2018. A nonrandomized controlled clinical pilot trial on 8 wk of intermittent fasting (24 h/wk). Nutrition 46:143–52.e2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.004.
- Khoo, J., C. Piantadosi, S. Worthley, and G. A. Wittert. 2010. Effects of a low-energy diet on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms in obese men. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 34 (9):1396–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.76.
- Klempel, M. C., C. M. Kroeger, S. Bhutani, J. F. Trepanowski, and K. A. Varady. 2012. Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women. Nutrition Journal 11 (1):98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-98.
- Koehler, K., N. R. Hoerner, J. C. Gibbs, C. Zinner, H. Braun, M. J. De Souza, and W. Schaenzer. 2016. Low energy availability in exercising men is associated with reduced leptin and insulin but not with changes in other metabolic hormones. Journal of Sports Sciences 34 (20):1921–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1142109.
- Kopp, W. 2018. Diet-induced hyperinsulinemia as a key factor in the etiology of both benign prostatic hyperplasia and essential hypertension? Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 11:1178638818773072. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178638818773072.
- Lambert, E. A., C. I. Sari, N. Eikelis, S. E. Phillips, M. Grima, N. E. Straznicky, J. B. Dixon, M. Esler, M. P. Schlaich, G. A. Head, et al. 2017. Effects of moxonidine and low-calorie diet: Cardiometabolic benefits from combination of both therapies. Obesity 25 (11):1894–902. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21962.
- Lebeck, J. 2016. Editorial: Sexual dimorphism in glucose and lipid metabolism. Frontiers in Endocrinology 7:166. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00166.
- Lee, S., F. Norheim, T. M. Langleite, H. J. Noreng, T. H. Storås, L. A. Afman, G. Frost, J. D. Bell, E. L. Thomas, K. J. Kolnes, et al. 2016. Effect of energy restriction and physical exercise intervention on phenotypic flexibility as examined by transcriptomics analyses of mRNA from adipose tissue and whole body magnetic resonance imaging. Physiological Reports 4 (21):e13019. doi: https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13019.
- Li, C., B. Sadraie, N. Steckhan, C. Kessler, R. Stange, M. Jeitler, and A. Michalsen. 2017. Effects of a one-week fasting therapy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome – A randomized controlled explorative study. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 125 (9):618–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101700.
- Longo, V. D., and M. P. Mattson. 2014. Fasting: Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metabolism 19 (2):181–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008.
- McInnes, M. D. F., D. Moher, B. D. Thombs, T. A. McGrath, P. M. Bossuyt, T. Clifford, J. F. Cohen, J. J. Deeks, C. Gatsonis, L. Hooft, et al. 2018. Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: The PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA 319 (4):388–96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19163.
- Ong, K. R., A. H. Sims, M. Harvie, M. Chapman, W. B. Dunn, D. Broadhurst, R. Goodacre, M. Wilson, N. Thomas, R. B. Clarke, et al. 2009. Biomarkers of dietary energy restriction in women at increased risk of breast cancer. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2 (8):720–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0008.
- Palmer, T. M., J. L. Peters, A. J. Sutton, and S. G. Moreno. 2008. Contour-enhanced funnel plots for meta-analysis. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 8 (2):242–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0800800206.
- Papageorgiou, M., D. Martin, H. Colgan, S. Cooper, J. P. Greeves, J. C. Y. Tang, W. D. Fraser, K. J. Elliott-Sale, and C. Sale. 2018. Bone metabolic responses to low energy availability achieved by diet or exercise in active eumenorrheic women. Bone 114:181–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.016.
- Redman, L. M., and E. Ravussin. 2011. Caloric restriction in humans: Impact on physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 14 (2):275–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3253.
- Redman, L. M., C. K. Martin, D. A. Williamson, and E. Ravussin. 2008. Effect of caloric restriction in non-obese humans on physiological, psychological and behavioral outcomes. Physiology & Behavior 94 (5):643–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.017.
- Shojasaadat, F., P. Ayremlou, A. Hashemi, A. Mehdizadeh, and R. Zarrin. 2019. A randomized controlled trial comparing effects of a low-energy diet with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 24 (1):21.
- Skrha, J., M. Kunesova, J. Hilgertova, H. Weiserova, J. Krizova, and E. Kotrlikova. 2005. Short-term very low calorie diet reduces oxidative stress in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Physiological Research 54 (1):33–9.
- Solianik, R., and A. Sujeta. 2018. Two-day fasting evokes stress, but does not affect mood, brain activity, cognitive, psychomotor, and motor performance in overweight women. Behavioural Brain Research 338:166–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.028.
- St-Onge, M.-P., J. Ard, M. L. Baskin, S. E. Chiuve, H. M. Johnson, P. Kris-Etherton, and K. Varady. 2017. Meal timing and frequency: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 135 (9):e96–e121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000476.
- Tapsell, L., M. Batterham, X. F. Huang, S.-Y. Tan, G. Teuss, K. Charlton, J. OShea, and E. Warensjö. 2010. Short term effects of energy restriction and dietary fat sub-type on weight loss and disease risk factors. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 20 (5):317–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.007.
- Teng, N., S. Shahar, N. F. Rajab, Z. A. Manaf, M. H. Johari, and W. Ngah. 2013. Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention. Aging Male 16 (4):177–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2013.832191.
- Trepanowski, J. F., C. M. Kroeger, A. Barnosky, M. Klempel, S. Bhutani, K. K. Hoddy, J. Rood, E. Ravussin, and K. A. Varady. 2018. Effects of alternate-day fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 37 (6):1871–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.018.
- Varady, K. 2011. Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: Which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 12 (7):e593–601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00873.x.
- Varady, K. A., S. Bhutani, M. C. Klempel, C. M. Kroeger, J. F. Trepanowski, J. M. Haus, K. K. Hoddy, and Y. Calvo. 2013. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 12 (1):146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-146.
- Wei, M., S. Brandhorst, M. Shelehchi, H. Mirzaei, C. W. Cheng, J. Budniak, S. Groshen, W. J. Mack, E. Guen, S. Di Biase, et al. 2017. Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Science Translational Medicine 9 (377):eaai8700. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700.
- WHO. 2019. Obesity and overweight [www document]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.