A comprehensive review on the nanocomposites loaded with chitosan nanoparticles for food packaging

References

• Abdollahi, M., M. Rezaei, and G. Farzi. 2012. A novel active bionanocomposite film incorporating rosemary essential oil and nanoclay into chitosan. Journal of Food Engineering 111 (2):343–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.02.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari-Alavijeh, S., R. Shaddel, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Encapsulation of food bioactives and nutraceuticals by various chitosan-based nanocarriers. Food Hydrocolloids 105:105774. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Naamani, L., S. Dobretsov, and J. Dutta. 2016. Chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticle composite coating for active food packaging applications. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 38:231–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese, A., and W. C. Chan. 2011. Effect of gold nanoparticle aggregation on cell uptake and toxicity. ACS Nano 5 (7):5478–89. doi: 10.1021/nn2007496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almasi, H., P. Jafarzadeh, and L. Mehryar. 2018. Fabrication of novel nanohybrids by impregnation of CuO nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose and chitosan nanofibers: Characterization, antimicrobial and release properties. Carbohydrate Polymers 186:273–81. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amjadi, S., S. Emaminia, S. H. Davudian, S. Pourmohammad, H. Hamishehkar, and L. Roufegarinejad. 2019. Preparation and characterization of gelatin-based nanocomposite containing chitosan nanofiber and ZnO nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers 216:376–84. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amjadi, S., M. Nazari, S. A. Alizadeh, and H. Hamishehkar. 2020. Multifunctional betanin nanoliposomes-incorporated gelatin/chitosan nanofiber/ZnO nanoparticles nanocomposite film for fresh beef preservation. Meat Science 167:108161. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou, J., F. Liu, H. Majeed, and F. Zhong. 2015. Characterization of tara gum edible films incorporated with bulk chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles: A comparative study. Food Hydrocolloids 44:309–19. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aresta, A., C. D. Calvano, A. Trapani, S. Cellamare, C. G. Zambonin, and E. De Giglio. 2013. Development and analytical characterization of vitamin(s)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for potential food packaging applications. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 15 (4):1592. doi: 10.1007/s11051-013-1592-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpagaus, C., A. Collenberg, D. Rütti, E. Assadpour, and S. M. Jafari. 2018. Nano spray drying for encapsulation of pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 546 (1–2):194–214. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assadpour, E., and S. M. Jafari. 2019. Advances in spray-drying encapsulation of food bioactive ingredients: From microcapsules to nanocapsules. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 10 (1):103–31. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Augustin, M., and C. Oliver. 2012. An overview of the development and applications of nanoscale materials in the food industry. In Nanotechnology in the food, beverage and nutraceutical industries, ed. H. Qingrong, 3–39. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Augustin, M. A., and P. Sanguansri. 2009. Nanostructured materials in the food industry. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 58:183–213. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(09)58005-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baalousha, M., and J. Lead. 2012. Rationalizing nanomaterial sizes measured by atomic force microscopy, flow field-flow fractionation, and dynamic light scattering: Sample preparation, polydispersity, and particle structure. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (11):6134–42. doi: 10.1021/es301167x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahram, S., M. Rezaei, M. Soltani, A. Kamali, S. M. Ojagh, and M. Abdollahi. 2014. Whey protein concentrate edible film activated with cinnamon essential oil. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 38 (3):1251–8. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.12086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrami, A., R. Delshadi, E. Assadpour, S. M. Jafari, and L. Williams. 2020. Antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers for food packaging applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 278:102140. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldassarre, F., M. Cacciola, and G. Ciccarella. 2015. A predictive model of iron oxide nanoparticles flocculation tuning Z-potential in aqueous environment for biological application. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 17 (9):377. doi: 10.1007/s11051-015-3163-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldrick, P. 2010. The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP 56 (3):290–9. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balouiri, M., M. Sadiki, and S. K. Ibnsouda. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6 (2):71–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao, S., S. Xu, and Z. Wang. 2009. Antioxidant activity and properties of gelatin films incorporated with tea polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89 (15):2692–700. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barikloo, H., and E. Ahmadi. 2018. Shelf life extension of strawberry by temperatures conditioning, chitosan coating, modified atmosphere, and clay and silica nanocomposite packaging. Scientia Horticulturae 240:496–508. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beikzadeh, S., A. Khezerlou, S. M. Jafari, Z. Pilevar, and A. M. Mortazavian. 2020. Seed mucilages as the functional ingredients for biodegradable films and edible coatings in the food industry. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 280:102164. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benucci, I., C. Lombardelli, I. Cacciotti, K. Liburdi, F. Nanni, and M. Esti. 2016. Chitosan beads from microbial and animal sources as enzyme supports for wine application. Food Hydrocolloids 61:191–200. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilbao-Sainz, C., J. Bras, T. Williams, T. Sénechal, and W. Orts. 2011. HPMC reinforced with different cellulose nano-particles. Carbohydrate Polymers 86 (4):1549–57. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branda, F., B. Silvestri, A. Costantini, and G. Luciani. 2015. Effect of exposure to growth media on size and surface charge of silica based Stöber nanoparticles: A DLS and ζ-potential study. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 73 (1):54–61. doi: 10.1007/s10971-014-3494-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunel, F., L. Véron, L. David, A. Domard, and T. Delair. 2008. A novel synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles in reverse emulsion. Langmuir 24 (20):11370–7. doi: 10.1021/la801917a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugnicourt, L., and C. Ladavière. 2016. Interests of chitosan nanoparticles ionically cross-linked with tripolyphosphate for biomedical applications. Progress in Polymer Science 60:1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, G. L., and D. Rodriguez. 1999. Genotoxicity of soil from farmland irrigated with wastewater using three plant bioassays. Mutation Research 426 (2):211–4. doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00070-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciotti, I., C. Lombardelli, I. Benucci, and M. Esti. 2019. Clay/chitosan biocomposite systems as novel green carriers for covalent immobilization of food enzymes. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (4):3644–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• Caro, N., E. Medina, M. Díaz-Dosque, L. López, L. Abugoch, and C. Tapia. 2016. Novel active packaging based on films of chitosan and chitosan/quinoa protein printed with chitosan-tripolyphosphate-thymol nanoparticles via thermal ink-jet printing. Food Hydrocolloids 52:520–32. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.07.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreno-Gomez, B., and R. Duncan. 1997. Evaluation of the biological properties of soluble chitosan and chitosan microspheres. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 148 (2):231–40. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04847-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, P. R., R. Jian, J. Yu, and X. Ma. 2010a. Fabrication and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles/plasticised-starch composites. Food Chemistry 120 (3):736–40. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, P. R., R. Jian, J. Yu, and X. Ma. 2010b. Starch-based composites reinforced with novel chitin nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers 80 (2):420–5. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheon, J., and J.-H. Lee. 2008. Synergistically integrated nanoparticles as multimodal probes for nanobiotechnology. Accounts of Chemical Research 41 (12):1630–40. doi: 10.1021/ar800045c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, R. C., R. Kumaraswamy, S. Kumari, A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and V. Saharan. 2017. Synthesis, characterization, and application of chitosan nanomaterials loaded with zinc and copper for plant growth and protection. In Nanotechnology, eds. R. Prasad, M. Kumar, and V. Kumar, 227–47. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhary, R. C., R. Kumaraswamy, S. Kumari, S. Sharma, A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and V. Saharan. 2017. Cu-chitosan nanoparticle boost defense responses and plant growth in maize (Zea mays L.). Scientific Reports 7 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08571-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuah, A. M., T. Kuroiwa, S. Ichikawa, I. Kobayashi, and M. Nakajima. 2009. Formation of biocompatible nanoparticles via the self‐assembly of chitosan and modified lecithin. Journal of Food Science 74 (1):N1–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00985.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuah, L. H., C. J. Roberts, N. Billa, S. Abdullah, R. Rosli, and S. Manickam. 2014. Using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) to decipher mucoadhesion propensity of curcumin-containing chitosan nanoparticles and curcumin release. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 35 (9):1201–7. doi: 10.1080/01932691.2013.800458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcione, C. E., and M. Frigione. 2012. Characterization of nanocomposites by thermal analysis. Materials 5 (12):2960–80. doi: 10.3390/ma5122960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, H., D. Surendhiran, C. Li, and L. Lin. 2020. Biodegradable zein active film containing chitosan nanoparticle encapsulated with pomegranate peel extract for food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 24:100511. doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandekar, P., R. Jain, T. Stauner, B. Loretz, M. Koch, G. Wenz, and C. M. Lehr. 2012. A Hydrophobic Starch Polymer for nanoparticle-mediated delivery of docetaxel. Macromolecular Bioscience 12 (2):184–94. doi: 10.1002/mabi.201100244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Azeredo, H. M. 2009. Nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Food Research International 42 (9):1240–53. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Barros‐Alexandrino, T. T., M. M. Tosi, and O. B. G. Assis. 2019. Comparison between chitosan nanoparticles and cellulose nanofibers as reinforcement fillers in papaya puree films: Effects on mechanical, water vapor barrier, and thermal properties. Polymer Engineering & Science 59 (S1):E287–92. doi: 10.1002/pen.24938.
   Google Scholar
• De Lima, R., L. Feitosa, A. d E. S. Pereira, M. R. De Moura, F. A. Aouada, L. H. C. Mattoso, and L. F. Fraceto. 2010. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles for use in food packaging films. Journal of Food Science 75 (6):N89–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01682.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Moura, M. R., F. A. Aouada, R. J. Avena-Bustillos, T. H. McHugh, J. M. Krochta, and L. H. Mattoso. 2009. Improved barrier and mechanical properties of novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose edible films with chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. Journal of Food Engineering 92 (4):448–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Moura, M. R., M. V. Lorevice, L. H. Mattoso, and V. Zucolotto. 2011. Highly stable, edible cellulose films incorporating chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Food Science 76 (2):N25–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02013.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehnad, D., H. Mirzaei, Z. Emam-Djomeh, S. M. Jafari, and S. Dadashi. 2014. Thermal and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-nanocellulose films for extending shelf life of ground meat. Carbohydrate Polymers 109:148–54. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depan, D., A. P. Kumar, and R. P. Singh. 2009. Cell proliferation and controlled drug release studies of nanohybrids based on chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite. Acta Biomaterialia 5 (1):93–100. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divya, K., and M. Jisha. 2018. Chitosan nanoparticles preparation and applications. Environmental Chemistry Letters 16 (1):101–12. doi: 10.1007/s10311-017-0670-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudhani, A. R., and S. L. Kosaraju. 2010. Bioadhesive chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation and characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers 81 (2):243–51. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, P. K., S. Tripathi, G. K. Mehrotra, and J. Dutta. 2009. Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications. Food Chemistry 114 (4):1173–82. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Aziz, M. A., S. Morsi, D. M. Salama, M. Abdel-Aziz, M. S. A. Elwahed, E. Shaaban, and A. Youssef. 2019. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/polyacrylic acid/copper nanocomposites and their impact on onion production. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 123:856–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Bourakadi, K., N. Merghoub, M. Fardioui, M. E. M. Mekhzoum, I. M. Kadmiri, E. M. Essassi, A. el Kacem Qaiss, and R. Bouhfid. 2019. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/thiabendazoluim-montmorillonite bio-nanocomposite films: Mechanical, morphological and antimicrobial properties. Composites Part B: Engineering 172:103–10. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsabee, M. Z., H. F. Naguib, and R. E. Morsi. 2012. Chitosan based nanofibers. Review. Materials Science and Engineering: C 32 (7):1711–26. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsawy, M. A., G. R. Saad, and A. M. Sayed. 2016. Mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of Poly (lactic acid)/chitosan nanocomposites. Polymer Engineering & Science 56 (9):987–94. doi: 10.1002/pen.24328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escamilla-García, M., G. Calderon-Dominguez, J. J. Chanona-Perez, R. R. Farrera-Rebollo, J. A. Andraca-Adame, I. Arzate-Vazquez, J. V. Mendez-Mendez, and L. Moreno-Ruiz. 2013. Physical and structural characterisation of zein and chitosan edible films using nanotechnology tools. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 61:196–203. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsafi, S. R., H. Rostamabadi, E. Assadpour, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Morphology and microstructural analysis of bioactive-loaded micro/nanocarriers via microscopy techniques; CLSM/SEM/TEM/AFM. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 280:102166. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fathi, M., A. Martin, and D. J. McClements. 2014. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients using carbohydrate based delivery systems. Trends in Food Science & Technology 39 (1):18–39. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauzi, B., M. G. M. Nawawi, R. Fauzi, and S. N. L. Mamauod. 2019. Physicochemical Characteristics of Sago Starch-Chitosan Nanofillers Film. BioResources 14 (4):8324–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. 2005. Guidance for industry: Nonclinical studies for the safety evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients.
   Google Scholar
• Filipe, V., A. Hawe, and W. Jiskoot. 2010. Critical evaluation of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) by NanoSight for the measurement of nanoparticles and protein aggregates. Pharmaceutical Research 27 (5):796–810. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0073-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garavand, F., M. Rouhi, S. H. Razavi, I. Cacciotti, and R. Mohammadi. 2017. Improving the integrity of natural biopolymer films used in food packaging by crosslinking approach: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 104 (Pt A):687–707. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garg, U., S. Chauhan, U. Nagaich, and N. Jain. 2019. Current advances in chitosan nanoparticles based drug delivery and targeting. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 9 (2):195–204. doi: 10.15171/apb.2019.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, A., M. R. Sanjay, R. Srisuk, J. Parameswaranpillai, and S. Siengchin. 2020. A comprehensive review on chemical properties and applications of biopolymers and their composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 154:329–38. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.120. [32179114]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaderi, J., S. F. Hosseini, N. Keyvani, and M. C. Gómez-Guillén. 2019. Polymer blending effects on the physicochemical and structural features of the chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol)/fish gelatin ternary biodegradable films. Food Hydrocolloids 95:122–32. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharanjig, H., K. Gharanjig, M. Hosseinnezhad, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Development and optimization of complex coacervates based on zedo gum, cress seed gum and gelatin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 148:31–40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldorai, Y., and J.-J. Shim. 2013a. Chitosan-zinc oxide hybrid composite for enhanced dye degradation and antibacterial activity. Composite Interfaces 20 (5):365–77. doi: 10.1080/15685543.2013.806124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldorai, Y., and J.-J. Shim. 2013b. Multifunctional chitosan-copper oxide hybrid material: Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. International Journal of Photoenergy 2013:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2013/245646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, A., P. Wang, M. Shimojo, K. Mitsuishi, P. D. Nellist, A. I. Kirkland, and M. Takeguchi. 2012. Three-dimensional analysis of nanoparticles on carbon support using aberration-corrected scanning confocal electron microscopy. Applied Physics Letters 101 (25):253108. doi: 10.1063/1.4772514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, E. A., M. L. Hassan, R. E. Abou-Zeid, and N. A. El-Wakil. 2016. Novel nanofibrillated cellulose/chitosan nanoparticles nanocomposites films and their use for paper coating. Industrial Crops and Products 93:219–26. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermawan, D., T. K. Lai, S. Jafarzadeh, D. A. Gopakumar, M. Hasan, F. T. Owolabi, N. S. Aprilia, S. Rizal, and H. A. Khalil. 2019. Development of seaweed-based bamboo microcrystalline cellulose films intended for sustainable food packaging applications. BioResources 14 (2):3389–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano, S. 1988. Bio-compatibility of chitosan by oral and intravenous administrations. Polymeric Materials Engineering and Science 59:897–901.
   Google Scholar
• Hirano, S., M. Iwata, K. Yamanaka, H. Tanaka, T. Toda, and H. Inui. 1991. Enhancement of serum lysozyme activity by injecting a mixture of chitosan oligosaccharides intravenously in rabbits. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55 (10):2623–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoo, C. M., N. Starostin, P. West, and M. L. Mecartney. 2008. A comparison of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods to characterize nanoparticle size distributions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 10 (S1):89–96. doi: 10.1007/s11051-008-9435-7.
   Google Scholar
• Hoseyni, S. Z., S. M. Jafari, H. Shahiri Tabarestani, M. Ghorbani, E. Assadpour, and M. Sabaghi. 2020. Production and characterization of catechin-loaded electrospun nanofibers from Azivash gum- polyvinyl alcohol. Carbohydrate Polymers 235:115979. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, S. F., M. Rezaei, M. Zandi, and F. Farahmandghavi. 2015. Fabrication of bio-nanocomposite films based on fish gelatin reinforced with chitosan nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids 44:172–82. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, S. F., M. Rezaei, M. Zandi, and F. Farahmandghavi. 2016a. Development of bioactive fish gelatin/chitosan nanoparticles composite films with antimicrobial properties. Food Chemistry 194:1266–74. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, S. F., M. Rezaei, M. Zandi, and F. Farahmandghavi. 2016b. Preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles‐loaded fish gelatin‐based edible films. Journal of Food Process Engineering 39 (5):521–30. doi: 10.1111/jfpe.12246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinnejad, M., and S. M. Jafari. 2016. Evaluation of different factors affecting antimicrobial properties of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 85:467–75. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X., X. Jia, C. Zhi, Z. Jin, and M. Miao. 2019. Improving the properties of starch-based antimicrobial composite films using ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers 210:204–9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y.-L., W. Qi, F. Han, J.-Z. Shao, and J.-Q. Gao. 2011. Toxicity evaluation of biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles using a zebrafish embryo model. International Journal of Nanomedicine 6:3351–9. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S25853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., H. Xu, Y. Xue, R. Huang, H. Deng, and S. Pan. 2012. Layer-by-layer immobilization of lysozyme–chitosan–organic rectorite composites on electrospun nanofibrous mats for pork preservation. Food Research International 48 (2):784–91. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa, S., S. Iwamoto, and J. Watanabe. 2005. Formation of biocompatible nanoparticles by self-assembly of enzymatic hydrolysates of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 69 (9):1637–42. doi: 10.1271/bbb.69.1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilium, L. 1998. Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharmaceutical Research 15 (9):1326–31. doi: 10.1023/A:1011929016601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, N., I. Dmour, and M. O. Taha. 2019. Degradability of chitosan micro/nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery. Heliyon 5 (5):e01684. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafari, S. M., and D. J. McClements. 2017. Nanotechnology approaches for increasing nutrient bioavailability. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 81:1–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jafarzadeh, S., A. K. Alias, F. Ariffin, and S. Mahmud. 2018. Physico-mechanical and microstructural properties of semolina flour films as influenced by different sorbitol/glycerol concentrations. International Journal of Food Properties 21 (1):983–95. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1474056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafarzadeh, S., S. M. Jafari, A. Salehabadi, A. M. Nafchi, U. S. Uthaya Kumar, and H. P. S. A. Khalil. 2020. Biodegradable green packaging with antimicrobial functions based on the bioactive compounds from tropical plants and their by-products. Trends in Food Science & Technology 100:262–77. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayakumar, R., D. Menon, K. Manzoor, S. V. Nair, and H. Tamura. 2010. Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials—A short review. Carbohydrate Polymers 82 (2):227–32. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia-Hui, Y., D. Yu-Min, and Z. Hua. 1999. Blend films of chitosan-gelatin. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 4 (4):476. doi: 10.1007/BF02832288.
   Google Scholar
• Jimtaisong, A., and N. Saewan. 2014. Utilization of carboxymethyl chitosan in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 36 (1):12–21. doi: 10.1111/ics.12102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap, P. L., X. Xiang, and P. Heiden. 2015. Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 77:36–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katouzian, I., and S. M. Jafari. 2016. Nano-encapsulation as a promising approach for targeted delivery and controlled release of vitamins. Trends in Food Science & Technology 53:34–48. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, P., A. Choudhary, and R. Thakur. 2013. Synthesis of chitosan-silver nanocomposites and their antibacterial activity. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 4 (4):869.
   Google Scholar
• Kean, T., S. Roth, and M. Thanou. 2005. Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency. Journal of Controlled Release 103 (3):643–653. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kean, T., and M. Thanou. 2010. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 (1):3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshnoudi-Nia, S., N. Sharif, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Loading of phenolic compounds into electrospun nanofibers and electrosprayed nanoparticles. Trends in Food Science & Technology 95:59–74. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, F., S. Connor, H. Song, T. Kuykendall, and P. Yang. 2004. Platonic gold nanocrystals. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 43 (28):3673–7. doi: 10.1002/anie.200454216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kola-Mustapha, A. T. 2019. Microscopy of nanomaterial for drug delivery. In Characterization and biology of nanomaterials for drug delivery, eds. S. Thomas, S. Ranjan, N. Dasgupta, R. K. Mishra, and S. S. Mohapatra, 265–80. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Korin, E., N. Froumin, and S. Cohen. 2017. Surface analysis of nanocomplexes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 3 (6):882–9. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshani, R., S. M. Jafari, and T. G. M. van de Ven. 2020. Going deep inside bioactive-loaded nanocarriers through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Trends in Food Science and Technology 101:198–212. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, N., and Y. Kikuchi. 1998. Macromolecular complexes of chitosan. ChemInform 29 (52). doi: 10.1002/chin.199852357.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. N. R. 2000. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers 46 (1):1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., A. Mukherjee, and J. Dutta. 2020. Chitosan based nanocomposite films and coatings: Emerging antimicrobial food packaging alternatives. Trends in Food Science and Technology 97:196–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaraswamy, R., S. Kumari, R. C. Choudhary, A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, and V. Saharan. 2018. Engineered chitosan based nanomaterials: Bioactivities, mechanisms and perspectives in plant protection and growth. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 113:494–506. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari, M., A. Mukherjee, and N. Chandrasekaran. 2009. Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. The Science of the Total Environment 407 (19):5243–5246. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarra, J., S. Rivero, and A. Pinotti. 2020. Nanocomposite bilayers based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan functionalized with gallic acid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 146:811–820. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevin, D., O. Lozano, A. Salvati, V. Kestens, M. Monopoli, E. Raspaud, S. Mariot, A. Salonen, S. Thomas, M. Driessen, et al. 2018. Inter-laboratory comparison of nanoparticle size measurements using dynamic light scattering and differential centrifugal sedimentation. NanoImpact 10:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leceta, I., P. Guerrero, and K. De la Caba. 2013. Functional properties of chitosan-based films. Carbohydrate Polymers 93 (1):339–346. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., S. Zivanovic, P. a Davidson, and K. Kit. 2010. Characterization and comparison of chitosan/PVP and chitosan/PEO blend films. Carbohydrate Polymers 79 (3):786–791. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.09.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liburdi, K., I. Benucci, F. Palumbo, and M. Esti. 2016. Lysozyme immobilized on chitosan beads: Kinetic characterization and antimicrobial activity in white wines. Food Control 63:46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, L., Y. Gu, and H. Cui. 2019. Moringa oil/chitosan nanoparticles embedded gelatin nanofibers for food packaging against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus on cheese. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 19:86–93. doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorevice, M. V., M. R. d Moura, F. A. Aouada, and L. H. Mattoso. 2012. Development of novel guava puree films containing chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 12 (3):2711–2717. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2012.5716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorevice, M. V., C. G. Otoni, M. R. de Moura, and L. H. C. Mattoso. 2016. Chitosan nanoparticles on the improvement of thermal, barrier, and mechanical properties of high-and low-methyl pectin films. Food Hydrocolloids 52:732–740. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L. T. 2011. Water-dispersible magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: synthesis and characterisation. University of Liverpool.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., T. Liang, L. Cao, and L. Wang. 2018. Intelligent poly (vinyl alcohol)-chitosan nanoparticles-mulberry extracts films capable of monitoring pH variations. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 108:576–584. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Y. Zhang, and Q. Zhong. 2016. Physical and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films incorporated with lauric arginate, cinnamon oil, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. LWT-Food Science and Technology 65:173–179. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majidi, H. J., A. Babaei, Z. A. Bafrani, D. Shahrampour, E. Zabihi, and S. M. Jafari. 2019. Investigating the best strategy to diminish the toxicity and enhance the antibacterial activity of graphene oxide by chitosan addition. Carbohydrate Polymers 225:115220. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majidi, H. J., A. Mirzaee, S. M. Jafari, M. Amiri, M. Shahrousvand, and A. Babaei. 2020. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide-chitosan-zinc oxide ternary nano-hybrids for the corrosion inhibition of mild steel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 148:1190–1200. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marta, B., M. Potara, M. Iliut, E. Jakab, T. Radu, F. Imre-Lucaci, G. Katona, O. Popescu, and S. Astilean. 2015. Designing chitosan–silver nanoparticles–graphene oxide nanohybrids with enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 487:113–120. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli, M. R., T. T. Barros, M. R. de Moura, L. H. Mattoso, and O. B. Assis. 2013. Effect of chitosan nanoparticles and pectin content on mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of banana puree films. Journal of Food Science 78 (1):N98–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.03006.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClements, D. J. 2015. Nanoscale nutrient delivery systems for food applications: Improving bioactive dispersibility, stability, and bioavailability. Journal of Food Science 80 (7):N1602–11. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh, T. H., and J. M. Krochta. 1994. Water vapor permeability properties of edible whey protein-lipid emulsion films. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 71 (3):307–312. doi: 10.1007/BF02638058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina, E., N. Caro, L. Abugoch, A. Gamboa, M. Díaz-Dosque, and C. Tapia. 2019. Chitosan thymol nanoparticles improve the antimicrobial effect and the water vapour barrier of chitosan-quinoa protein films. Journal of Food Engineering 240:191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.07.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrad, B., B. Shabanpour, S. Jafari, and P. Pourashouri. 2015. Characterization of dried fish oil from Menhaden encapsulated by spray drying. AACL Bioflux 8 (1):57–69.
   Google Scholar
• Melo, P. T. S., J. C. Nunes, C. G. Otoni, F. A. Aouada, and M. R. de Moura. 2019. Combining cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) puree, pectin, and chitosan nanoparticles into novel edible films for food packaging applications. Journal of Food Science 84 (8):2228–2233. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami, S., M. Oh-Oka, Y. Okamoto, K. Miyatake, A. Matsuhashi, Y. Shigemasa, and Y. Fukumoto. 1996. Chitosan-inducing hemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs. Carbohydrate Polymers 29 (3):241–246. doi: 10.1016/0144-8617(95)00157-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaei-Mohkam, A., F. Garavand, D. Dehnad, J. Keramat, and A. Nasirpour. 2019. Optimisation, antioxidant attributes, stability and release behaviour of carboxymethyl cellulose films incorporated with nanoencapsulated vitamin E. Progress in Organic Coatings 134:333–341. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.05.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaei-Mohkam, A., F. Garavand, D. Dehnad, J. Keramat, and A. Nasirpour. 2020. Physical, mechanical, thermal and structural characteristics of nanoencapsulated vitamin E loaded carboxymethyl cellulose films. Progress in Organic Coatings 138:105383. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.105383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed, R. M., and K. Yusoh. 2016. A review on the recent research of polycaprolactone (PCL). Advanced Materials Research 1134:249–255. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1134.249.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, M., S. Mirabzadeh, R. Shahvalizadeh, and H. Hamishehkar. 2020. Development of novel active packaging films based on whey protein isolate incorporated with chitosan nanofiber and nano-formulated cinnamon oil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 149:11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsenabadi, N., A. Rajaei, M. Tabatabaei, and A. Mohsenifar. 2018. Physical and antimicrobial properties of starch-carboxy methyl cellulose film containing rosemary essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 112:148–155. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin-Crini, N., E. Lichtfouse, G. Torri, and G. Crini. 2019. Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry. Environmental Chemistry Letters 17 (4):1667–26. doi: 10.1007/s10311-019-00904-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, G. A., J. Castile, A. Smith, G. G. Adams, and S. E. Harding. 2011. The effect of prolonged storage at different temperatures on the particle size distribution of tripolyphosphate (TPP)–chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers 84 (4):1430–1434. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods 65 (1-2):55–63. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourdikoudis, S., R. M. Pallares, and N. T. Thanh. 2018. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: Comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. Nanoscale 10 (27):12871–12934. doi: 10.1039/c8nr02278j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay, P., R. Mishra, D. Rana, and P. P. Kundu. 2012. Strategies for effective oral insulin delivery with modified chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Progress in Polymer Science 37 (11):1457–1475. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munnawar, I., S. S. Iqbal, M. N. Anwar, M. Batool, S. Tariq, N. Faitma, A. L. Khan, A. U. Khan, U. Nazar, T. Jamil, et al. 2017. Synergistic effect of chitosan-zinc oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles on antibiofouling and water disinfection of mixed matrix polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes. Carbohydrate Polymers 175:661–670. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami, Y., and Y. Shimoyama. 2017. Production of nanosuspension functionalized by chitosan using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsion. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 128:121–127. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojagh, S. M., M. Rezaei, S. H. Razavi, and S. M. H. Hosseini. 2010. Development and evaluation of a novel biodegradable film made from chitosan and cinnamon essential oil with low affinity toward water. Food Chemistry 122 (1):161–166. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orellano, M. S., C. Porporatto, J. J. Silber, R. D. Falcone, and N. M. Correa. 2017. AOT reverse micelles as versatile reaction media for chitosan nanoparticles synthesis. Carbohydrate Polymers 171:85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Othman, S. H., N. R. Kechik, R. A. Shapi’i, R. A. Talib, and I. S. Tawakkal. 2019. Water sorption and mechanical properties of starch/chitosan nanoparticle films. Journal of Nanomaterials 2019:1–12. doi: 10.1155/2019/3843949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallares, R. M., S. L. Kong, T. H. Ru, N. T. Thanh, Y. Lu, and X. Su. 2015. A plasmonic nanosensor with inverse sensitivity for circulating cell-free DNA quantification. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England) 51 (77):14524–14527. doi: 10.1039/c5cc05331e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., Neuss, S. Leifert, A. Fischler, M. Wen, F. Simon, U. Schmid, G. Brandau, W. Jahnen, ‐Dechent. and W. 2007. Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles . Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany) 3 (11):1941–1949. doi: 10.1002/smll.200700378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou, I., C. Brown, R. Schins, S. Singh, R. Newson, S. Davis, J. Fisher, E. Ingham, and C. Case. 2007. The effect of nano- and micron-sized particles of cobalt-chromium alloy on human fibroblasts in vitro . Biomaterials 28 (19):2946–2958. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papis, E., R. Gornati, M. Prati, J. Ponti, E. Sabbioni, and G. Bernardini. 2007. Gene expression in nanotoxicology research: Analysis by differential display in BALB3T3 fibroblasts exposed to cobalt particles and ions. Toxicology Letters 170 (3):185–192. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistone, S., F. M. Goycoolea, A. Young, G. Smistad, and M. Hiorth. 2017. Formulation of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for local administration into the oral cavity. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 96:381–389. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priya, D. S., R. Suriyaprabha, R. Yuvakkumar, and V. Rajendran. 2014. Chitosan-incorporated different nanocomposite HPMC films for food preservation. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 16 (2):2248. doi: 10.1007/s11051-014-2248-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priyadarshi, R., and J.-W. Rhim. 2020. Chitosan-based biodegradable functional films for food packaging applications. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 62:102346. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, L., and Z. Xu. 2004. Lead sorption from aqueous solutions on chitosan nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 251 (1-3):183–190. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, L., Z. Xu, X. Jiang, C. Hu, and X. Zou. 2004. Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research 339 (16):2693–2700. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, P. M., V. A. Mujeeb, and K. Muraleedharan. 2017. Flexible chitosan-nano ZnO antimicrobial pouches as a new material for extending the shelf life of raw meat. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 97:382–391. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajabi, H., S. M. Jafari, G. Rajabzadeh, M. Sarfarazi, and S. Sedaghati. 2019. Chitosan-gum Arabic complex nanocarriers for encapsulation of saffron bioactive components. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 578:123644. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston, G., M. Tracey, and P. M. Wrench. 1964. The inhibition of fermentation in baker's yeast by chitosan. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects 93 (3):652–655. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90350-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rambabu, K., G. Bharath, F. Banat, P. L. Show, and H. H. Cocoletzi. 2019. Mango leaf extract incorporated chitosan antioxidant film for active food packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 126:1234–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, V. K., M. C. Choi, J. Y. Kong, G. Y. Kim, M. J. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. Mishra, R. P. Singh, and C. S. Ha. 2011. Synthesis and drug‐delivery behavior of chitosan‐functionalized graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 296 (2):131–140. doi: 10.1002/mame.201000307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasulu, H., D. Praseptiangga, I. Joni, and A. Ramelan. 2019. Preparation and preliminary characterization of sago flour and semi refined kappa carrageenan-based biocomposite film incorporated with coconut crabs chitosan nanoparticles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 633:012044. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/633/1/012044.
   Google Scholar
• Rehman, A., T. Ahmad, R. M. Aadil, M. J. Spotti, A. M. Bakry, I. M. Khan, L. Zhao, T. Riaz, and Q. Tong. 2019. Pectin polymers as wall materials for the nano-encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Trends in Food Science and Technology 90:35–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman, A., S. M. Jafari, R. M. Aadil, E. Assadpour, M. A. Randhawa, and S. Mahmood. 2020. Development of active food packaging via incorporation of biopolymeric nanocarriers containing essential oils. Trends in Food Science and Technology 101:106–121. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman, A., Q. Tong, S. M. Jafari, E. Assadpour, Q. Shehzad, R. M. Aadil, M. W. Iqbal, M. M. Rashed, B. S. Mushtaq, and W. Ashraf. 2020. Carotenoid-loaded nanocarriers: A comprehensive review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 275:102048. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, X. D., Q. S. Liu, H. Feng, and X. Y. Yin. 2014. The characterization of chitosan nanoparticles by Raman spectroscopy. Applied Mechanics and Materials 665:367–370. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.665.367.
   Google Scholar
• Rhim, J.-W., and P. K. Ng. 2007. Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 47 (4):411–433. doi: 10.1080/10408390600846366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhim, J. W. 2012. Physical‐mechanical properties of agar/κ‐carrageenan blend film and derived clay nanocomposite film. Journal of Food Science 77 (12):N66–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02988.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson, S. W., H. J. Kolbe, and R. Duncan. 1999. Potential of low molecular mass chitosan as a DNA delivery system: Biocompatibility, body distribution and ability to complex and protect DNA. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 178 (2):231–243. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00378-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaudo, M. 2006. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 31 (7):603–632. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostamabadi, H., E. Assadpour, H. S. Tabarestani, S. R. Falsafi, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Electrospinning approach for nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds; recent advances and innovations. Trends in Food Science and Technology 100:190–209. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostami, M., M. Yousefi, A. Khezerlou, M. Aman Mohammadi, and S. M. Jafari. 2019. Application of different biopolymers for nanoencapsulation of antioxidants via electrohydrodynamic processes. Food Hydrocolloids 97:105170. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupareliya, D., J. Patel, K. Patel, P. Upadhyay, and S. Shah. 2015. Chitosan: A promising agent for formulation of nanoparticle. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Bioscientific Research 5 (4):394–398.
   Google Scholar
• Safari, M., M. Ghiaci, M. Jafari-Asl, and A. A. Ensafi. 2015. Nanohybrid organic–inorganic chitosan/dopamine/TiO2 composites with controlled drug-delivery properties. Applied Surface Science 342:26–33. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saharan, V., A. Mehrotra, R. Khatik, P. Rawal, S. Sharma, and A. Pal. 2013. Synthesis of chitosan based nanoparticles and their in vitro evaluation against phytopathogenic fungi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 62:677–683. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saharan, V., G. Sharma, M. Yadav, M. K. Choudhary, S. Sharma, A. Pal, R. Raliya, and P. Biswas. 2015. Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 75:346–353. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahraee, S., B. Ghanbarzadeh, J. M. Milani, and H. Hamishehkar. 2017. Development of gelatin bionanocomposite films containing chitin and ZnO nanoparticles. Food and Bioprocess Technology 10 (8):1441–1453. doi: 10.1007/s11947-017-1907-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahraee, S., J. M. Milani, B. Ghanbarzadeh, and H. Hamishehkar. 2017. Physicochemical and antifungal properties of bio-nanocomposite film based on gelatin-chitin nanoparticles. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 97:373–381. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangeetha, J., D. Thangadurai, R. Hospet, E. R. Harish, P. Purushotham, M. A. Mujeeb, J. Shrinivas, M. David, A. C. Mundaragi, and S. C. Thimmappa. 2017. Nanoagrotechnology for soil quality, crop performance and environmental management. In Nanotechnology, eds. R. Prasad, M. Kumar, and V. Kumar, 73–97. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, D. T., Á. Martín, M. A. A. Meireles, and M. J. Cocero. 2012. Production of stabilized sub-micrometric particles of carotenoids using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 61:167–174. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.09.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper, N. G., S. Olsson, J. A. Hoogstraate, A. G. deBoer, K. M. Vårum, and P. Artursson. 1997. Chitosans as absorption enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs 2: Mechanism of absorption enhancement. Pharmaceutical Research 14 (7):923–929. doi: 10.1023/a:1012160102740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekiguchi, S., Y. Miura, H. Kaneko, S. Nishimura, N. Nishi, M. Iwase, and S. Tokura. 1994. Molecular weight dependency of antimicrobial activity by chitosan oligomers. In Food hydrocolloids, eds. K. Nishinari and E. Doi, 71–6. Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Senthilkumar, P., G. Yaswant, S. Kavitha, E. Chandramohan, G. Kowsalya, R. Vijay, B. Sudhagar, and D. R. S. Kumar. 2019. Preparation and characterization of hybrid chitosan-silver nanoparticles (Chi-Ag NPs); A potential antibacterial agent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 141:290–297. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyedpour, S. F., A. Rahimpour, H. Mohsenian, and M. J. Taherzadeh. 2018. Low fouling ultrathin nanocomposite membranes for efficient removal of manganese. Journal of Membrane Science 549:205–216. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaddel, R., J. Hesari, S. Azadmard-Damirchi, H. Hamishehkar, B. Fathi-Achachlouei, and Q. Huang. 2018. Use of gelatin and gum Arabic for encapsulation of black raspberry anthocyanins by complex coacervation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 107 (Pt B):1800–1810. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, S., X. Teng, G. Li, and J.-W. Rhim. 2015. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of gelatin/ZnO nanocomposite films. Food Hydrocolloids 45:264–271. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapi’i, R. A., S. H. Othman, N. Nordin, R. Kadir Basha, and M. Nazli Naim. 2020. Antimicrobial properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Carbohydrate Polymers 230:115602. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif, N., S. Khoshnoudi-Nia, and S. M. Jafari. 2020. Nano/microencapsulation of anthocyanins; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Research International 132:109077. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., S. M. Jafari, and S. Sharma. 2020. Antimicrobial bio-nanocomposites and their potential applications in food packaging. Food Control 112:107086. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, X. L., J. M. Wu, Y. Chen, and G. Zhao. 2010. Antimicrobial and physical properties of sweet potato starch films incorporated with potassium sorbate or chitosan. Food Hydrocolloids 24 (4):285–290. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojaei, M., M. Eshaghi, and L. Nateghi. 2019. Characterization of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose–whey protein concentrate bionanocomposite films reinforced by chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 43 (10):e14158. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.14158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, S. K., A. K. Mishra, O. A. Arotiba, and B. B. Mamba. 2013. Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 59:46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. C., H. Zeng, C. Guo, and W. Cai. 2012. Nanomaterials: Processing and characterization with lasers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Soleimanifar, M., S. M. Jafari, and E. Assadpour. 2020. Encapsulation of olive leaf phenolics within electrosprayed whey protein nanoparticles; production and characterization. Food Hydrocolloids 101:105572. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoleru, E., S. B. Munteanu, R. P. Dumitriu, A. Coroaba, M. Drobotă, L. F. Zemljic, G. M. Pricope, and C. Vasile. 2016. Polyethylene materials with multifunctional surface properties by electrospraying chitosan/vitamin E formulation destined to biomedical and food packaging applications. Iranian Polymer Journal 25 (4):295–307. doi: 10.1007/s13726-016-0421-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tago, K., Y. Naito, T. Nagata, T. Morimura, M. Furuya, T. Seki, H. Kato, and N. Ohara. 2007. A ninety-day feeding, subchronic toxicity study of oligo-N-acetylglucosamine in Fischer 344 rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (7):1186–1193. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, H., A. Lu, L. Li, W. Zhou, Z. Xie, and L. Zhang. 2013. Highly antibacterial materials constructed from silver molybdate nanoparticles immobilized in chitin matrix. Chemical Engineering Journal 234:124–131. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanou, M., J. Verhoef, and H. Junginger. 2001. Oral drug absorption enhancement by chitosan and its derivatives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 52 (2):117–126. doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00231-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turi, E. 2012. Thermal characterization of polymeric materials. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Uchida, Y. 1989. Preparation of chitosan oligomers with purified chitosanase and its application. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan.
   Google Scholar
• Uranga, J., A. Puertas, A. Etxabide, M. Dueñas, P. Guerrero, and K. de la Caba. 2019. Citric acid-incorporated fish gelatin/chitosan composite films. Food Hydrocolloids 86:95–103. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahedikia, N., F. Garavand, B. Tajeddin, I. Cacciotti, S. M. Jafari, T. Omidi, and Z. Zahedi. 2019. Biodegradable zein film composites reinforced with chitosan nanoparticles and cinnamon essential oil: Physical, mechanical, structural and antimicrobial attributes. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 177:25–32. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas-Peralta, Y., M. A. Correa-Murrieta, E. R. Meza-Escalante, E. Flores-Aquino, J. Álvarez-Sánchez, and R. G. Sánchez-Duarte. 2019. Effect of the preparation method in the size of chitosan nanoparticles for the removal of allura red dye. Polymer Bulletin 76 (9):4415–4430. doi: 10.1007/s00289-018-2601-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinsova, J., and E. Vavrikova. 2011. Chitosan derivatives with antimicrobial, antitumour and antioxidant activities-a review. Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (32):3596–3607. doi: 10.2174/138161211798194468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. J., Z. W. Zeng, R. Z. Xiao, T. Xie, G. L. Zhou, X. R. Zhan, and S. L. Wang. 2011. Recent advances of chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers. International Journal of Nanomedicine 6:765–774. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S17296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., R. N. Dave, and R. Pfeffer. 2004. Polymer coating/encapsulation of nanoparticles using a supercritical anti-solvent process. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 28 (1):85–99. doi: 10.1016/S0896-8446(03)00011-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., R. Zhang, W. Qin, J. Dai, Q. Zhang, K. Lee, and Y. Liu. 2020. Physicochemical properties of gelatin films containing tea polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles generated by electrospray. Materials and Design 185:108277. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardani, G., Mahmiah, and S. A. Sudjarwo. 2018. In vitro antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmacognosy Journal 10 (1):162–166. doi: 10.5530/pj.2018.1.27.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, P., M.-H. Zong, R. J. Linhardt, K. Feng, and H. Wu. 2017. Electrospinning: A novel nano-encapsulation approach for bioactive compounds. Trends in Food Science and Technology 70:56–68. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. B., and C. B. Carter. 2009. High-resolution TEM. In Transmission electron microscopy, eds. D. B. Williams and C. B. Carter, 483–509. Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Woranuch, S., and R. Yoksan. 2013. Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I. Thermal stability improvement of eugenol through encapsulation. Carbohydrate Polymers 96 (2):578–585. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., W. Yang, C. Wang, J. Hu, and S. Fu. 2005. Chitosan nanoparticles as a novel delivery system for ammonium glycyrrhizinate. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 295 (1-2):235–245. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.01.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., and Y. Du. 2003. Effect of molecular structure of chitosan on protein delivery properties of chitosan nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 250 (1):215–226. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00548-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., Y. Wang, and L. Chen. 2003. Chemistry of tea polyphenols. Shanghai, China: Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Youssef, K., A. G. de Oliveira, C. A. Tischer, I. Hussain, and S. R. Roberto. 2019. Synergistic effect of a novel chitosan/silica nanocomposites-based formulation against gray mold of table grapes and its possible mode of action. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 141:247–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabihi, E., A. Babaei, D. Shahrampour, Z. Arab-Bafrani, K. S. Mirshahidi, and H. J. Majidi. 2019. Facile and rapid in-situ synthesis of chitosan-ZnO nano-hybrids applicable in medical purposes; a novel combination of biomineralization, ultrasound, and bio-safe morphology-conducting agent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 131:107–116. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H-l, S-h Wu, Y. Tao, L-q Zang, and Z-q Su. 2010. Preparation and characterization of water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles as protein delivery system. Journal of Nanomaterials 2010:1–5. doi: 10.1155/2010/898910.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., M. Oh, C. Allen, and E. Kumacheva. 2004. Monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 5 (6):2461–2468. doi: 10.1021/bm0496211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, L.-M., L.-E. Shi, Z.-L. Zhang, J.-M. Chen, D.-D. Shi, J. Yang, and Z.-X. Tang. 2011. Preparation and application of chitosan nanoparticles and nanofibers. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 28 (3):353–362. doi: 10.1590/S0104-66322011000300001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar