922
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Nutritional, phytochemical and diverse health-promoting qualities of Cleome gynandra

&

References

  • Ahouansinkpo, E., J. Atanasso, A. Dansi, A. Adjatin, O. Azize, and A. Sanni. 2016. Ethnobotany, phytochemical screening and toxicity risk of Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa, two traditional leafy vegetables consumed in Benin. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5 (2):813–29. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.093.
  • Ajaiyeoba, E. O. 2000. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Cleome gynandra and Buchholzia coriaceae extracts. African Journal of Biomedical Research 3:161–5.
  • Ajaiyeoba, E. O., P. A. Onocha, and O. T. Olarenwaju. 2001. In vitro anthelmintic properties of Buchholzia coriaceae and Cleome gynandra extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology 39 (3):217–20. doi: 10.1076/phbi.39.3.217.5936.
  • Akundabweni, L. S. M., G. Mulokozi, and D. M. Maina. 2010. Ionomic variation characterization in African leafy vegetables for micronutrients using XRF and HPLC. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 10:4320–39.
  • Al-Asmari, A., R. A. Manthiri, N. Abdo, F. A. Al-Duaiji, and H. A. Khan. 2017. Saudi medicinal plants for the treatment of scorpion sting envenomation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (6):1204–11. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.10.010.
  • Allabi, A. C., K. Busia, V. Ekanmian, and F. Bakiono. 2011. The use of medicinal plants in self-care in the Agonlin region of Benin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133 (1):234–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.028.
  • Altemimi, A., N. Lakhssassi, A. Baharlouei, D. G. Watson, and D. A. Lightfoot. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants 6 (4):42. doi: 10.3390/plants6040042.
  • Anbazhagi, T., K. Kadavul, G. Suguna, and A. J. A. Petrus. 2009. Studies on the pharmacognostical and in vitro antioxidant potential of Cleome gynandra Linn. leaves. Natural Product Radiance 8:151–7.
  • Aremu, A. O., J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. 2012. Potential of South African medicinal plants used as anthelmintics – Their efficacy, safety concerns and reappraisal of current screening methods. South African Journal of Botany 82:134–50. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.007.
  • Baiano, A., and M. A. Del Nobile. 2016. Antioxidant compounds from vegetable matrices: Biosynthesis, occurrence, and extraction systems. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (12):2053–68. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.812059.
  • Bala, A., B. Kar, P. K. Haldar, U. K. Mazumder, and S. Bera. 2010. Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma treated mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 129 (1):131–4. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.010.
  • Bala, A., B. Kar, I. Karmakar, R. B. S. Kumar, and P. K. Haldar. 2012. Antioxidant activity of Cat’s whiskers flavonoid on some reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generating inflammatory cells is mediated by scavenging of free radicals. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 10 (5):321–7. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(12)60065-X.
  • Bayat, S., M. E. Schranz, E. H. Roalson, and J. C. Hall. 2018. Lessons from Cleomaceae, the Sister of Crucifers. Trends in Plant Science 23 (9):808–21. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.010.
  • Brown, N. J., K. Parsley, and J. M. Hibberd. 2005. The future of C4 research-maize, Flaveria or Cleome? Trends in Plant Science 10 (5):215–21. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.03.003.
  • Cernansky, R. 2015. The rise of Africa's super vegetables. Nature 522 (7555):146–8. doi: 10.1038/522146a.
  • Chandradevan, M., S. Simoh, A. Mediani, N. H. Ismail, I. S. Ismail, and F. Abas. 2020. UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS analysis of biologically active extracts from Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. and Cleome gynandra L. leaves. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020:3238561. doi: 10.1155/2020/3238561.
  • Chinsembu, K. C. 2016a. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal flora utilised by traditional healers in the management of sexually transmitted infections in Sesheke District, Western Province, Zambia. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26 (2):268–74. doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.030.
  • Chinsembu, K. C. 2016b. Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS-related diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016:4238625. doi: 10.1155/2016/4238625.
  • Chipurura, B. 2010. Nutritional content, phenolic compounds composition and antioxidant activities of selected indigenous vegetables of Zimbabwe. Doctoral dissertation, University of Zimbabwe.
  • Chun, J., J. Lee, L. Ye, J. Exler, and R. R. Eitenmiller. 2006. Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 (2-3):196–204. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.08.001.
  • Dansi, A., A. Adjatin, H. Adoukonou-Sagbadja, V. Faladé, H. Yedomonhan, D. Odou, and B. Dossou. 2008. Traditional leafy vegetables and their use in the Benin Republic. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55 (8):1239–56. doi: 10.1007/s10722-008-9324-z.
  • Das, P. C., A. Patra, S. Mandal, B. Mallick, A. Das, and A. Chatterjee. 1999. Cleogynol, a novel dammarane triterpenoid from Cleome gynandra. Journal of Natural Products 62 (4):616–8. doi: 10.1021/np9803528.
  • Dehayem-Kamadjeu, A., and J. Okonda. 2019. X-ray fluorescence analysis of selected micronutrients in ten African indigenous leafy vegetables cultivated in Nairobi, Kenya. The Pan African Medical Journal 33:296. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.296.19501.
  • Ediriweera, E. R. H. S. S. 2010. A review on medicinal uses of weeds in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 10 (0):11–6. doi: 10.4038/tare.v10i0.1865.
  • Eloff, J. N. 2019. Avoiding pitfalls in determining antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and publishing the results. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19 (1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2519-3.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2020. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020: Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 10.4060/ca9692en.
  • FAO/WHO. 2004. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Gaur, K., M. L. Kori, and R. K. Nema. 2009. Comparative screening of immunomodulatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. and ethanolic extract of Cleome gynandra Linn. Global Journal of Pharmacology 3:85–9.
  • Gee, P. T. 2011. Unleashing the untold and misunderstood observations on vitamin E. Genes & Nutrition 6 (1):5–16. doi: 10.1007/s12263-010-0180-z.
  • Ghogare, U. R., S. A. Nirmal, R. Y. Patil, and M. D. Khary. 2009. Antinociceptive activity of Gynandropsis gynandra leaves. Natural Product Research 23 (4):327–33. doi: 10.1080/14786410802047862.
  • Glew, R. S., B. Amoako-Atta, G. Ankar-Brewoo, J. Presley, L.-T. Chuand, M. Millson, B. R. Smith, and R. H. Glew. 2009. Non-cultivated plant foods in West Africa: Nutritional analysis of the leaves of three indigenous leafy vegetables in Africa. Food 3:39–42.
  • Gowele, V. F., J. Kinabo, T. Jumbe, C. Kirschmann, J. Frank, and W. Stuetz. 2019. Provitamin A carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and minerals in indigenous leafy vegetables from Tanzania. Foods 8 (1):35. doi: 10.3390/foods8010035.
  • Gumisiriza, H., G. Birungi, E. A. Olet, and C. D. Sesaazi. 2019. Medicinal plant species used by local communities around Queen Elizabeth National Park, Maramagambo Central Forest Reserve and Ihimbo Central Forest Reserve, South western Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 239:111926. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111926.
  • Hall, J. C. 2008. Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: An evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data. Botany 86 (7):682–96. doi: 10.1139/B08-026.
  • Hamil, F. A., S. Apio, N. K. Mubiru, Z. R. Bukenya, M. Mosango, O. W. Maganyi, and D. D. Soejarto. 2003. Traditional herbal drugs of Southern Uganda, II: Literature analysis and antimicrobial assays. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84:57–78.
  • Heinrich, M., G. Appendino, T. Efferth, R. Fürst, A. A. Izzo, O. Kayser, J. M. Pezzuto, and A. Viljoen. 2020. Best practice in research – Overcoming common challenges in phytopharmacological research. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 246:112230. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112230.
  • Imanirampa, L., and P. E. Alele. 2016. Antifungal activity of Cleome gynandra L. aerial parts for topical treatment of Tinea capitis: An in vitro evaluation. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16 (1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1187-9.
  • Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 95–185.
  • Jain, A. C., and S. M. Gupta. 1985. Minor phenolic components of the seeds of Cleome gynandra. Journal of Natural Products 48 (2):332–3. doi: 10.1021/np50038a029.
  • Jeruto, P., C. Lukhoba, G. Ouma, D. Otieno, and C. Mutai. 2008. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Nandi people in Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2):370–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.041.
  • Jiang, Q. 2014. Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 72:76–90. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035.
  • Jiang, N., A. I. Doseff, and E. Grotewold. 2016. Flavones: From biosynthesis to health benefits. Plants 5 (2):27. doi: 10.3390/plants5020027.
  • Jiménez-Aguilar, D. M., and M. A. Grusak. 2015. Evaluation of minerals, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of Mexican, Central American, and African green leafy vegetables. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 70 (4):357–64. doi: 10.1007/s11130-015-0512-7.
  • Kamal-Eldin, A., and R. Andersson. 1997. A multivariate study of the correlation between tocopherol content and fatty acid composition in vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 74 (4):375–80. doi: 10.1007/s11746-997-0093-1.
  • Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M., and H. Oryem-Origa. 2007. Medicinal plants used to induce labour during childbirth in western Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109 (1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.011.
  • Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. 2004. Medicinal plants used in reproductive health care in western Uganda: Documentation, phytochemical and bioactivity evaluation. PhD thes., Department of Botany, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Kasem, W. T., and S. Fatahy. 2016. Flavonoids and isoenzymes as chemotaxonomic markers in Cleome L.(Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl). Current Botany 7:11.doi: 10.19071/cb.2016.v7.3026.
  • Keding, G., K. Weinberger, I. Swai, and H. Mndiga. 2007. Diversity, traits and use of traditional vegetables in Tanzania. Technical Bulletin No. 40. AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua.
  • Khorasani, S., M. Danaei, and M. R. Mozafari. 2018. Nanoliposome technology for the food and nutraceutical industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology 79:106–15. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.009.
  • Kjaer, A., J. Conti, and I. Larsen. 1953. isoThiocyanates IV. A systematic investigation of the occurrence and chemical nature of volatile isoThio­cyanates in seeds of various plants. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 7:1276–83. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.07-1276.
  • Kjaer, A., and H. Thomsen. 1963. Isothiocyanate-producing glucosides in species of Capparidaceae. Phytochemistry 2 (1):29–32. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88013-9.
  • Kori, M. L., K. Gaur, and V. K. Dixit. 2009. Investigation of immunomodulatory potential of Cleome gynandra Linn. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2:35–9.
  • Krinsky, N. I., and E. J. Johnson. 2005. Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26 (6):459–516. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2005.10.001.
  • Ku, S. K., H. Kim, J. W. Kim, S. K. Kang, and H.-J. Lee. 2017. Ameliorating effects of herbal formula hemomine on experimental subacute hemorrhagic anemia in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 198:205–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.010.
  • Kumar, N., and V. Pruthi. 2014. Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources. Biotechnology Reports 4:86–93. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.09.002.
  • Kwarteng, A. O., J. Abogoom, R. A. Amoah, D. Nyadanu, T. Ghunney, K. C. Nyam, J. Z. Ziyaaba, E. O. Danso, D. D. Asiedu, and T. Whyte. 2018. Current knowledge and breeding perspectives for the spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.): A potential for enhanced breeding of the plant in Africa. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65 (5):1529–50. doi: 10.1007/s10722-018-0626-5.
  • Lwande, W., A. J. Ndakala, A. Hassanali, L. Moreka, E. Nyandat, M. Ndungu, H. Amiani, P. M. Gitu, M. M. Malonza, and D. K. Punyua. 1999. Cleome gynandra essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellents. Phytochemistry 50 (3):401–5. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00507-X.
  • Martins, D. J., and S. D. Johnson. 2013. Interactions between hawkmoths and flowering plants in East Africa: Polyphagy and evolutionary specialization in an ecological context. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 110 (1):199–213. doi: 10.1111/bij.12107.
  • Meda, N. T. R., M. J. Bangou, S. Bakasso, J. Millogo-Rasolodimby, and O. G. Nacoulma. 2013. Antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid fractions of Cleome gynandra and Maerua angolensis of Burkina Faso. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3:36–42.
  • Mokganya, M. G., and M. P. Tshisikhawe. 2019. Medicinal uses of selected wild edible vegetables consumed by Vhavenda of the Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 112:184–8.
  • Moyo, M., S. O. Amoo, A. O. Aremu, J. Gruz, M. Šubrtová, M. Jarošová, P. Tarkowski, and K. Doležal. 2018. Determination of mineral constituents, phytochemicals and antioxidant qualities of Cleome gynandra, compared to Brassica oleracea and Beta vulgaris. Frontiers in Chemistry 5:128. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00128.
  • Moyo, M., S. O. Amoo, B. Ncube, A. R. Ndhlala, J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. 2013. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of some unconventional indigenous vegetables in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 84:65–71. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.09.010.
  • Muchuweti, M., C. Mupure, A. R. Ndhlala, P. Murenje, and M. A. N. Benhura. 2007. Screening of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Vigna ungiculata, Bidens pilosa and Cleome gynandra. American Journal of Food Technology 2 (3):161–8. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2007.161.168.
  • Mule, S. N., R. V. Ghadge, A. R. Chopade, B. A. Bagul, S. B. Patil, and N. S. Naikwade. 2008. Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Cleome pentaphylla. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology 2:41–4.
  • Narendhirakannan, R. T., S. Subramanian, and M. Kandaswamy. 2005a. Free radical scavenging activity of Cleome gynandra L. leaves on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 276 (1-2):71–80. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-3234-6.
  • Narendhirakannan, R. T., S. Subramanian, and M. Kandaswamy. 2005b. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cleome gynandra L. on hematological and cellular constituents in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 8 (1):93–9. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.93.
  • Narendhirakannan, R. T., S. Subramanian, and M. Kandaswamy. 2007a. Anti-inflammatory and lysosomal stability actions of Cleome gynandra L. studied in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (6):1001–12. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.009.
  • Narendhirakannan, R. T., S. Subramanian, and M. Kandaswamy. 2007b. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cleome gynandra L. leaf extract on acute and chronic inflammatory arthritis studied in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2 (1):44–53. doi: 10.3923/jpt.2007.44.53.
  • Neamsuvan, O., and P. Bunmee. 2016. A survey of herbal weeds for treating skin disorders from Southern Thailand: Songkhla and Krabi Province. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 193:574–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.048.
  • Neamsuvan, O., and T. Ruangrit. 2017. A survey of herbal weeds that are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders from southern Thailand: Krabi and Songkhla provinces. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 209:318–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.039.
  • Neugart, S., S. Baldermann, B. Ngwene, J. Wesonga, and M. Schreiner. 2017. Indigenous leafy vegetables of Eastern Africa – A source of extraordinary secondary plant metabolites. Food Research International 100 (Pt 3):411–22. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.02.014.
  • Ngezahayo, J., F. Havyarimana, F. Hari, C. Stévigny, and P. Duez. 2015. Medicinal plants used by Burundian traditional healers for the treatment of microbial diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 173:338–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.028.
  • Nyalala, S. O., M. A. Petersen, and B. Grout. 2013. Volatile compounds from leaves of the African spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) with bioactivity against spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Annals of Applied Biology 162:290–8. doi: 10.1111/aab.12021.
  • Odhav, B., S. Beekrum, U. Akula, and H. Baijnath. 2007. Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20 (5):430–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.015.
  • Omondi, E. O., C. Engels, G. Nambafu, M. Schreiner, S. Neugart, M. Abukutsa-Onyango, and T. Winkelmann. 2017. Nutritional compound analysis and morphological characterization of spider plant (Cleome gynandra) - an African indigenous leafy vegetable. Food Research International 100 (Pt 1):284–95. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.050.
  • Orech, F. O., D. L. Christensen, T. Larsen, H. Friis, J. Aagaard-Hansen, and B. A. Estambale. 2007. Mineral content of traditional leafy vegetables from western Kenya. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 58 (8):595–602. doi: 10.1080/09637480701350288.
  • Patchell, M. J., E. H. Roalson, and J. C. Hall. 2014. Resolved phylogeny of Cleomaceae based on all three genomes. Taxon 63 (2):315–28. doi: 10.12705/632.17.
  • Ranjitha, J., M. Shalma, M. Donatus, and S. Vijayalakshmi. 2014. Isolation of novel phytoconstituents from the stem part of Cleome gynandra Linn. and their antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6:341–5.
  • Reeves, G., P. Singh, T. A. Rossberg, E. O. D. Sogbohossou, M. E. Schranz, and J. M. Hibberd. 2018. Natural variation within a species for traits underpinning C4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 177 (2):504–12. doi: 10.1104/pp.18.00168.
  • Runnie, I., M. N. Salleh, S. Mohamed, R. J. Head, and M. Y. Abeywarden. 2004. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92 (2-3):311–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.019.
  • Sage, R. F. 2004. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis. New Phytologist 161 (2):341–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00974.x.
  • Samy, R. P., S. Ignacimuthu, and D. P. Raja. 1999. Preliminary screening of ethno-medicinal plants from India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66:235–40.
  • Sauer, S., and A. Plauth. 2017. Health-beneficial nutraceuticals-myth or reality? Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101 (3):951–61. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-8068-5.
  • Schönfeldt, H. C., and B. Pretorius. 2011. The nutrient content of five traditional South African dark green leafy vegetables—A preliminary study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (8):1141–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.04.004.
  • Shah, A., and S. Rahim. 2017. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 200:84–106. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.005.
  • Shilla, O., F. F. Dinssa, E. O. Omondi, T. Winkelmann, and M. O. Abukutsa-Onyango. 2019. Cleome gynandra L. origin, taxonomy and morphology: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research 14:1568–83.
  • Singh, H., A. Mishra, and A. K. Mishra. 2018. The chemistry and pharmacology of Cleome genus: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 101:37–48. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.053.
  • Sogbohossou, E. O. D., D. Kortekaas, E. G. Achigan‑Dako, P. Maundu, T. Stoilova, V. A. Deynze, R. C. H. de Vos, and M. E. Schranz. 2019. Association between vitamin content, plant morphology and geographical origin in a worldwide collection of the orphan crop Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae). Planta 250 (3):933–47. doi: 10.1007/s00425-019-03142-1.
  • Sogbohossou, E. O. D., E. G. Achigan-Dako, P. Maundu, S. Solberg, E. M. S. Deguenon, R. H. Mumm, I. Hale, A. Van Deynze, and M. E. Schranz. 2018. A roadmap for breeding orphan leafy vegetable species: A case study of Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae)). Horticulture Research 5:2 doi: 10.1038/s41438-017-0001-2.
  • Sommer, M., A. Bräutigam, and A. P. M. Weber. 2012. The dicotyledonous NAD malic enzyme C4 plant Cleome gynandra displays age-dependent plasticity of C4 decarboxylation biochemistry. Plant Biology 14 (4):621–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00539.x.
  • Songsak, T., and G. B. Lockwood. 2002. Glucosinolates of seven medicinal plants from Thailand. Fitoterapia 73 (3):209–16. doi: 10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00061-8.
  • Sridhar, N., B. V. V. S. Surya Kiran, D. T. Sasidhar, and L. K. Kanthal. 2014. In vitro antimicrobial screening of methanolic extracts of Cleome chelidonii and Cleome gynandra. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 9 (2):161–6. doi: 10.3329/bjp.v9i2.17759.
  • Steiner, B. M., D. J. McClements, and G. Davidov-Pardo. 2018. Encapsulation systems for lutein: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 82:71–81. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.10.003.
  • Tabuti, J. R. S., K. A. Lye, and S. S. Dhillion. 2003. Traditional herbal drugs of Bulamogi, Uganda: Plants, use and administration. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88 (1):19–44. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00161-2.
  • Tan, J. S. L., J. J. Wang, V. Flood, E. Rochtchina, W. Smith, and P. Mitchell. 2008. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 115 (2):334–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.083.
  • Tan, C., B. Feng, X. M. Zhang, W. S. Xia, and S. Q. Xia. 2016. Biopolymer-coated liposomes by electrostatic adsorption of chitosan (chitosomes) as novel delivery systems for carotenoids. Food Hydrocolloids 52:774–84. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.08.016.
  • Teklehaymanot, T., and M. Giday. 2010. Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants of Kara and Kwego semi-pastoralist people in Lower Omo River Valley, Debub Omo Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6:23. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-6-23.
  • Traber, M. G., and J. F. Stevens. 2011. Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 51 (5):1000–13. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017.
  • Tugume, P., E. K. Kakudidi, M. Buyinza, J. Namaalwa, M. Kamatenesi, P. Mucunguzi, and J. Kalema. 2016. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine12:5. doi: 10.1186/s13002-015-0077-4.
  • Urso, V., M. A. Signorini, M. Tonini, and P. Bruschi. 2016. Wild medicinal and food plants used by communities living in Mopane woodlands of southern Angola: Results of an ethnobotanical field investigation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 177:126–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.041.
  • Van den Heever, E., and S. L. Venter. 2007. Nutritional and medicinal properties of Cleome gynandra. Acta Horticulturae 752:127–30.
  • van der Walt, A. M., M. I. M. Ibrahim, C. C. Bezuidenhout, and D. T. Loots. 2009. Linolenic acid and folate in wild-growing African dark leafy vegetables (morogo). Public Health Nutrition 12 (4):525–30. doi: 10.1017/S1368980008002814.
  • Van Vuuren, S., and D. Holl. 2017. Antimicrobial natural product research: A review from a South African perspective for the years 2009-2016. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 208:236–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.011.
  • Weinberger, K., and G. N. Pichop. 2009. Marketing of African indigenous vegetables along urban and peri-urban supply chains in sub-Saharan Africa. In African indigenous vegetables in urban agriculture, ed. C. M. Shackleton, M. W. Pasquini and A. W. Drescher, 225–44. 1st ed. London: Earthscan.
  • WHO. 2015. Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: Third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services. ISBN 978 92 4 156486 1.
  • WHO. 2009. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization.  ISBN 978 92 4 159801 9.
  • WHO. 2019. World Malaria Report 2019. Global Malaria Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; World Health Organization, WHO. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/world-malaria-report-2019.
  • WHO/FAO. 2017. Fruit and vegetables for health initiative. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Willett, W., J. Rockström, B. Loken, M. Springmann, T. Lang, S. Vermeulen, T. Garnett, D. Tilman, F. DeClerck, A. Wood, et al. 2019. Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393 (10170):447–92. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4.
  • Wu, T.-H., S. O. Solberg, F. Yndgaard, and Y.-Y. Chou. 2018. Morphological patterns in a world collection of Cleome gynandra. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65 (1):271–83. doi: 10.1007/s10722-017-0529-x.
  • Yetein, M. H., L. G. Houessou, T. O. Lougbégnon, O. Teka, and B. Tente. 2013. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada, Benin (West Africa). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 146 (1):154–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.022.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.