17,829
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies

, &

References

  • Ahamed, S., J. S. Foster, A. Bukovsky, and J. Wimalasena. 2001. Signal transduction through the Ras/Erk pathway is essential for the mycoestrogen zearalenone-induced cell-cycle progression in MCF-7 cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis 30 (2):88–98. doi: 10.1002/1098-2744(200102)30:2<88::AID-MC1017>3.0.CO;2-E.
  • Ahlborg, U. G., L. Lipworth, L. Titus-Ernstoff, C.C. Hsieh, A. Hanberg, J. Baron, D. Trichopoulos, and H.O. Adami. 1995. Organochlorine compounds in relation to breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis: An assessment of the biological and epidemiological evidence. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 25 (6):463–531. doi: 10.3109/10408449509017924.
  • Ahmed, M. T., N. Loutfy, and E. E. Shiekh. 2002. Residue levels of DDE and PCBs in the blood serum of women in the Port Said region of Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials 89 (1):41–8. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00283-7.
  • Ahn, H. J., B. S. An, E. M. Jung, H. Yang, K. C. Choi, and E. B. Jeung. 2012. Parabens inhibit the early phase of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal rats. Molecular Reproduction and Development 79 (9):626–36. doi: 10.1002/mrd.22070.
  • Alonso-Magdalena, P., O. Laribi, A. B. Ropero, E. Fuentes, C. Ripoll, B. Soria, and A. Nadal. 2005. Low doses of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol impair Ca2+ signals in pancreatic alpha-cells through a nonclassical membrane estrogen receptor within intact islets of Langerhans . Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (8):969–77. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8002.
  • Amin, M. M., M. Tabatabaeian, A. Chavoshani, E. Amjadi, M. Hashemi, K. Ebrahimpour, R. Klishadi, S. Khazaei, and M. Mansourian. 2019. Paraben content in adjacent normal-malignant breast tissues from women with breast cancer. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 32 (12):893–904.
  • Anderko, L., and E. Pennea. 2020. Exposures to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Potential risks to reproductive and children's health. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 50 (2):100760. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100760.
  • Andersson, P., A. Blom, A. Johannisson, M. Pesonen, M. Tysklind, A. Berg, P.-E. Olsson, and L. Norrgren. 1999. Assessment of PCBs and hydroxylated PCBs as potential xenoestrogens: In vitro studies based on MCF-7 cell proliferation and induction of vitellogenin in primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37 (2):145–50. doi: 10.1007/s002449900499.
  • Appel, L. J., K. A. Robinson, E. Guallar, T. Erlinger, S. Masood, M. Jehn, L. Fleisher, N. Powe, and E. B. Bass. 2002. Utility of blood pressure monitoring outside of the clinic setting. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (Summary) 63:1–5.
  • Arcaro, K. F., L. Yi, R. F. Seegal, D. D. Vakharia, Y. Yang, D. C. Spink, K. Brosch, and J. F. Gierthy. 1999. 2, 2', 6, 6'‐tetrachlorobiphenyl is estrogenic in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 72 (1):94–102. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990101)72:1<94::AID-JCB10>3.0.CO;2-Y.
  • Aronson, K. J., A. B. Miller, C. G. Woolcott, E. E. Sterns, D. R. McCready, L. A. Lickley, E. B. Fish, G. Y. Hiraki, C. Holloway, T. Ross, et al. 2000. Breast adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 9 (1):55.
  • Arrebola, J. P., H. Belhassen, F. Artacho-Cordón, R. Ghali, H. Ghorbel, H. Boussen, F. M. Perez-Carrascosa, J. Expósito, A. Hedhili, and N. Olea. 2015. Risk of female breast cancer and serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: A case–control study in Tunisia. Science of the Total Environment 520:106–13. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.045.
  • Arrebola, J. P., M. Cuellar, J. P. Bonde, B. González-Alzaga, and L. A. Mercado. 2016. Associations of maternal o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE levels with birth outcomes in a Bolivian cohort. Environmental Research 151:469–477. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.008.
  • Athar, M., J. H. Back, L. Kopelovich, D. R. Bickers, and A. L. Kim. 2009. Multiple molecular targets of resveratrol: Anti-carcinogenic mechanisms. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 486 (2):95–102. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.018.
  • Bagga, D., E. Roberts, H.-J. Wang, J. A. Glaspy, and K. H. Anders. 2000. Organochlorine pesticide content of breast adipose tissue from women with breast cancer and control subjects. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92 (9):750–3. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.9.750.
  • Bandera, E. V., U. Chandran, B. Buckley, Y. Lin, S. Isukapalli, I. Marshall, M. King, and H. Zarbl. 2011. Urinary mycoestrogens, body size and breast development in New Jersey girls. The Science of the Total Environment 409 (24):5221–7. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.029.
  • Banerjee, S., C. Bueso-Ramos, and B. B. Aggarwal. 2002. Suppression of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by resveratrol: Role of nuclear factor-κB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloprotease 9. Cancer Research 62 (17):4945–54.
  • Bardaweel, S. K., A. A. Akour, S. Al-Muhaissen, H. A. AlSalamat, and K. Ammar. 2019. Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: Do benefits outweigh the risks? A case – control study from Jordan. BMC Womens Health 19 (1):72.
  • Barr, L., G. Metaxas, C. Harbach, L. Savoy, and P. Darbre. 2012. Measurement of paraben concentrations in human breast tissue at serial locations across the breast from axilla to sternum. Journal of Applied Toxicology 32 (3):219–32. doi: 10.1002/jat.1786.
  • Belhassen, H., I. Jiménez-Díaz, J. Arrebola, R. Ghali, H. Ghorbel, N. Olea, and A. Hedili. 2015. Zearalenone and its metabolites in urine and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Tunisia. Chemosphere 128:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.055.
  • Bethea, T. N., L. Rosenberg, C.-C. Hong, M. A. Troester, K. L. Lunetta, E. V. Bandera, P. Schedin, L. N. Kolonel, A. F. Olshan, C. B. Ambrosone, et al. 2015. A case-control analysis of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer subtypes in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. Breast Cancer Research: BCR 17 (1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13058-015-0535-x.
  • Bethsass, J., and A. Colangelo. 2006. European Union bans atrazine, while the United States negotiates continued use. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 12 (3):260–267. doi: 10.1179/oeh.2006.12.3.260.
  • Bhat, K. P., D. Lantvit, K. Christov, R. G. Mehta, R. C. Moon, and J. M. Pezzuto. 2001. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties of resveratrol in mammary tumor models. Cancer Research 61 (20):7456–7463.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., and S. E. Fenton. 2003. Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (4):389–394. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5686.
  • Blake, B. E., and S. E. Fenton. 2020. Early life exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri-and postnatal effects. Toxicology 443:152565. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565.
  • Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. C., H. R. Andersen, T. H. Rasmussen, and A. M. Vinggaard. 2001. Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Toxicology 158 (3):141–153. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00368-1.
  • Ahlborg, U. G., L. Lipworth, L. Titus-Ernstoff, C.C. Hsieh, A. Hanberg, J. Baron, D. Trichopoulos, and H.O. Adami. 1995. Organochlorine compounds in relation to breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis: An assessment of the biological and epidemiological evidence. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 25 (6):463–531. doi: 10.3109/10408449509017924.
  • Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. C., M. Long, S. O. Fredslund, R. Bossi, and J. Olsen. 2014. Breast cancer risk after exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Danish women: A case-control study nested in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Cancer Causes & Control: CCC 25 (11):1439–1448. doi: 10.1007/s10552-014-0446-7.
  • Bosetti, C., L. Spertini, M. Parpinel, P. Gnagnarella, P. Lagiou, E. Negri, S. Franceschi, M. Montella, J. Peterson, J. Dwyer, A. Giacosa, and C. La Vecchia. 2005. Flavonoids and breast cancer risk in Italy. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14 (4):805–808. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0838.
  • Bouskine, A., M. Nebout, F. Brucker-Davis, M. Benahmed, and P. Fenichel. 2009. Low doses of bisphenol A promote human seminoma cell proliferation by activating PKA and PKG via a membrane G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (7):1053–1058. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0800367.
  • Bove, K., D. W. Lincoln, and M.-F. Tsan. 2002. Effect of resveratrol on growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 291 (4):1001–1005. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6554.
  • Bowers, J. L., V. V. Tyulmenkov, S. C. Jernigan, and C. M. Klinge. 2000. Resveratrol acts as a mixed agonist/antagonist for estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 141 (10):3657–3667. doi: 10.1210/endo.141.10.7721.
  • Branchi, I., E. Alleva, and L. G. Costa. 2002. Effects of perinatal exposure to a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 99) on mouse neurobehavioural development. Neurotoxicology 23 (3):375–384. doi: 10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00078-5.
  • Brody, J. G., K. B. Moysich, O. Humblet, K. R. Attfield, G. P. Beehler, and R. A. Rudel. 2007. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer: Epidemiologic studies. Cancer 109 (12 Suppl):2667–2711. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22655.
  • Brophy, J. T., M. M. Keith, A. Watterson, R. Park, M. Gilbertson, E. Maticka-Tyndale, M. Beck, H. Abu-Zahra, K. Schneider, A. Reinhartz, et al. 2012. Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: A Canadian case-control study. Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source 11 (1):87. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-87.
  • Brophy, J. T., M. M. Keith, K. M. Gorey, E. Laukkanen, D. Hellyer, A. Watterson, A. Reinhartz, and M. Gilberston. 2002. Occupational histories of cancer patients in a Canadian cancer treatment center and the generated hypothesis regarding breast cancer and farming. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 8 (4):346–353. doi: 10.1179/oeh.2002.8.4.346.
  • Brown, N. M., and C. A. Lamartiniere. 1995. Xenoestrogens alter mammary gland differentiation and cell proliferation in the rat. Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (7–8):708–713. doi: 10.2307/3432863.
  • Bustos, S., J. C. Denegri, F. Diaz, and A. N. Tchernitchin. 1988. p,p'-DDT is an estrogenic compound. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41 (4):496–501. doi: 10.1007/BF02020992.
  • Calle, E. E., H. Frumkin, S. J. Henley, D. A. Savitz, and M. J. Thun. 2002. Organochlorines and breast cancer risk. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 52 (5):301–309. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.52.5.301.
  • Castillo-Pichardo, L., L. A. Cubano, and S. Dharmawardhane. 2013. Dietary grape polyphenol resveratrol increases mammary tumor growth and metastasis in immunocompromised mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 (1):6. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-6.
  • Celius, T., T. B. Haugen, T. Grotmol, and B. T. Walther. 1999. A sensitive zonagenetic assay for rapid in vitro assessment of estrogenic potency of xenobiotics and mycotoxins. Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1):63–68. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9910763.
  • Chang, Y., J. Li, S. Yao, W. Hu, S. Jiang, Z. Guo, L. Yang, D. Li, Y. Li, and Y. Liu. 2008. A case-control study on serum organochlorines residues, genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 and the risks of breast cancer. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi 29 (8):763–766.
  • Charlier, C. J., A. I. Albert, L. Zhang, N. G. Dubois, and G. J. Plomteux. 2004. Polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in women with breast cancer. Clinica Chimica Acta 347 (1–2):177–181. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.025.
  • Charlier, C., A. Albert, P. Herman, E. Hamoir, U. Gaspard, M. Meurisse, and G. Plomteux. 2003. Breast cancer and serum organochlorine residues. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60 (5):348–351. doi: 10.1136/oem.60.5.348.
  • Charlier, C., J.-M. Foidart, F. Pitance, P. Herman, U. Gaspard, M. Meurisse, and G. Plomteux. 2004. Environmental dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane or hexachlorobenzene exposure and breast cancer: Is there a risk? Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 42 (2):222–227.
  • Cocco, P., N. Kazerouni, and S. H. Zahm. 2000. Cancer mortality and environmental exposure to DDE in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (1):1–4. doi: 10.2307/3454288.
  • Cohn, B. A., M. B. Terry, M. Plumb, and P. M. Cirillo. 2012. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners measured shortly after giving birth and subsequent risk of maternal breast cancer before age 50. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 136 (1):267–275. doi: 10.1007/s10549-012-2257-4.
  • Cohn, B. A., M. La Merrill, N. Y. Krigbaum, G. Yeh, J.-S. Park, L. Zimmermann, and P. M. Cirillo. 2015. DDT exposure in utero and breast cancer. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100 (8):2865–2872. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1841.
  • Cohn, B. A., M. S. Wolff, P. M. Cirillo, and R. I. Sholtz. 2007. DDT and breast cancer in young women: New data on the significance of age at exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (10):1406–1414. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10260.
  • Cohn, B. A., P. M. Cirillo, and M. B. Terry. 2019. DDT and breast cancer: Prospective study of induction time and susceptibility windows. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111 (8):803–810. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy198.
  • Coldham, N. G., M. Dave, S. Sivapathasundaram, D. P. McDonnell, C. Connor, and M. J. Sauer. 1997. Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay. Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (7):734–742. doi: 10.1289/ehp.97105734.
  • Collaborative Group On Hormonal Factors In Breast, C.. 2012. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncology 13 (11):1141–1151.
  • Cozzini, P., and L. Dellafiora. 2012. In silico approach to evaluate molecular interaction between mycotoxins and the estrogen receptors ligand binding domain: A case study on zearalenone and its metabolites. Toxicology Letters 214 (1):81–85. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.07.023.
  • Dai, Q., X. O. Shu, F. Jin, J. D. Potter, L. H. Kushi, J. Teas, Y. T. Gao, and W. Zheng. 2001. Population-based case-control study of soyfood intake and breast cancer risk in Shanghai. British Journal of Cancer 85 (3):372–378. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1873.
  • Dairkee, S. H., J. Seok, S. Champion, A. Sayeed, M. Mindrinos, W. Xiao, R. W. Davis, and W. H. Goodson. 2008. Bisphenol A induces a profile of tumor aggressiveness in high-risk cells from breast cancer patients. Cancer Research 68 (7):2076–2080. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6526.
  • Damianaki, A., E. Bakogeorgou, M. Kampa, G. Notas, A. Hatzoglou, S. Panagiotou, C. Gemetzi, E. Kouroumalis, P. M. Martin, and E. Castanas. 2000. Potent inhibitory action of red wine polyphenols on human breast cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 78 (3):429–441. doi: 10.1002/1097-4644(20000901)78:3<429::AID-JCB8>3.0.CO;2-M.
  • Danjou, A. M. N., T. Coudon, D. Praud, E. Lévêque, E. Faure, P. Salizzoni, M. L. Romancer, G. Severi, F. R. Mancini, K. Leffondré, et al. 2019. Long-term airborne dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the French E3N prospective cohort. Environment International 124:236–248. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.001.
  • Darnerud, P. O., S. Atuma, M. Aune, R. Bjerselius, A. Glynn, K. P. Grawe, and W. Becker. 2006. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food and Chemical Toxicology : An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 44 (9):1597–1606. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.03.011.
  • Davis, L. K., A. S. Murr, D. S. Best, M. J. Fraites, L. M. Zorrilla, M. G. Narotsky, T. E. Stoker, J. M. Goldman, and R. L. Cooper. 2011. The effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine on pubertal and postnatal reproductive indices in the female rat. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N. Y.) 32 (1):43–51. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.004.
  • Dees, C., J. S. Foster, S. Ahamed, and J. Wimalasena. 1997. Dietary estrogens stimulate human breast cells to enter the cell cycle. Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (Suppl 3):633–636. doi: 10.1289/ehp.97105s3633.
  • Della Seta, D., F. Farabollini, F. Dessì-Fulgheri, and L. Fusani. 2008. Environmental-like exposure to low levels of estrogen affects sexual behavior and physiology of female rats. Endocrinology 149 (11):5592–5598. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-0113.
  • Demarini, D. M., and S. H. Zahm. 1999. Atrazine. IARC Monographs 73: 196–205.
  • Demers, A., P. Ayotte, J. Brisson, S. Dodin, J. Robert, and E. Dewailly. 2000. Risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer in relation to plasma organochlorine concentrations. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 9 (2):161–166.
  • Derouiche, L., M. Keller, A. H. Duittoz, and D. Pillon. 2015. Developmental exposure to Ethinylestradiol affects transgenerationally sexual behavior and neuroendocrine networks in male mice. Scientific Reports 5 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1038/srep17457.
  • Desaulniers, D., K. Leingartner, J. Russo, G. Perkins, B. G. Chittim, M. C. Archer, M. Wade, and J. Yang. 2001. Modulatory effects of neonatal exposure to TCDD, or a mixture of PCBs, p, p'-DDT, and p-p'-DDE, on methylnitrosourea-induced mammary tumor development in the rat. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (7):739. doi: 10.2307/3454792.
  • DeWitt, J. C., A. Shnyra, M. Z. Badr, S. E. Loveless, D. Hoban, S. R. Frame, R. Cunard, S. E. Anderson, B. J. Meade, M. M. Peden-Adams, et al. 2009. Immunotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 39 (1):76–94. doi: 10.1080/10408440802209804.
  • Dibenzofurans, P. 1997. Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. In IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 69.
  • Dixon, D., C. E. Reed, A. B. Moore, E. A. Gibbs-Flournoy, E. P. Hines, E. A. Wallace, J. P. Stanko, Y. Lu, W. N. Jefferson, R. R. Newbold, et al. 2012. Histopathologic changes in the uterus, cervix and vagina of immature CD-1 mice exposed to low doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a uterotrophic assay. Reproductive Toxicology 33 (4):506–512. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.011.
  • Do, M. H., S. S. Lee, P. J. Jung, and M. H. Lee. 2007. Intake of fruits, vegetables, and soy foods in relation to breast cancer risk in Korean women: A case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer 57 (1):20–27. doi: 10.1080/01635580701268063.
  • Donat-Vargas, C., A. Åkesson, M. Berglund, A. Glynn, A. Wolk, and M. Kippler. 2016. Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort. British Journal of Cancer 115 (9):1113–1121. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.282.
  • Dong, J.-Y., and L.-Q. Qin. 2011. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 125 (2):315–323. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-1270-8.
  • Dorgan, J. F., J. W. Brock, N. Rothman, L. L. Needham, R. Miller, H. E. Stephenson, N. Schussler, and P. R. Taylor. 1999. Serum organochlorine pesticides and PCBs and breast cancer risk: Results from a prospective analysis (USA). Cancer Causes & Control: CCC 10 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1023/A:1008824131727.
  • Duell, E. J., R. C. Millikan, D. A. Savitz, B. Newman, J. C. Smith, M. J. Schell, and D. P. Sandler. 2000. A population-based case-control study of farming and breast cancer in North Carolina. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 11 (5):523–531. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00007.
  • Engel, L. S., D. A. Hill, J. A. Hoppin, J. H. Lubin, C. F. Lynch, J. Pierce, C. Samanic, D. P. Sandler, A. Blair, and M. C. Alavanja. 2005. Pesticide use and breast cancer risk among farmers' wives in the agricultural health study. American Journal of Epidemiology 161 (2):121–135. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi022.
  • Enoch, R. R., J. P. Stanko, S. N. Greiner, G. L. Youngblood, J. L. Rayner, and S. E. Fenton. 2007. Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (4):541–547. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9612.
  • Eskenazi, B., J. Chevrier, L. G. Rosas, H. A. Anderson, M. S. Bornman, H. Bouwman, A. Chen, B. A. Cohn, C. de Jager, D. S. Henshel, et al. 2009. The Pine River statement: Human health consequences of DDT use. Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (9):1359–1367. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11748.
  • Falck, J. F., J. A. Ricci, M. S. Wolff, J. Godbold, and P. Deckers. 1992. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human breast lipids and their relation to breast cancer. Archives of Environmental Health 47 (2):143–146.
  • Faroon, O., and M. O. Harris. 2002. Toxicological profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Georgia, US: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch.
  • Fei, C., J. K. McLaughlin, R. E. Tarone, and J. Olsen. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (11):1677–1682. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10506.
  • Fenton, S. E., J. L. Reiner, S. F. Nakayama, A. D. Delinsky, J. P. Stanko, E. P. Hines, S. S. White, A. B. Lindstrom, M. J. Strynar, and S.S E. Petropoulou. 2009. Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2. Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 27 (3–4):365–372. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012.
  • Fink, B. N., S. E. Steck, M. S. Wolff, J. A. Britton, G. C. Kabat, J. C. Schroeder, S. L. Teitelbaum, A. I. Neugut, and M. D. Gammon. 2007. Dietary flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk among women on Long Island. American Journal of Epidemiology 165 (5):514–523. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwk033.
  • Fisher, B. G., A. Thankamony, J. Mendiola, C. J. Petry, H. Frederiksen, A. M. Andersson, A. Juul, K. K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, I. A. Hughes, et al. 2020. Maternal serum concentrations of bisphenol A and propyl paraben in early pregnancy are associated with male infant genital development. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 35 (4):913–928. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa045.
  • Fisher, M., S. MacPherson, J. M. Braun, R. Hauser, M. Walker, M. Feeley, R. Mallick, R. Bérubé, and T. E. Arbuckle. 2017. Paraben concentrations in maternal urine and breast milk and its association with personal care product use. Environmental Science & Technology 51 (7):4009–4017. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04302.
  • Freeman, L. E. B., J. A. Rusiecki, J. A. Hoppin, J. H. Lubin, S. Koutros, G. Andreotti, S. H. Zahm, C. J. Hines, J. B. Coble, F. Barone-Adesi, et al. 2011. Atrazine and cancer incidence among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study (1994–2007). Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (9):1253–1259. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103561.
  • Frizzell, C., D. Ndossi, S. Verhaegen, E. Dahl, G. Eriksen, M. Sorlie, E. Ropstad, M. Muller, C. T. Elliott, and L. Connolly. 2011. Endocrine disrupting effects of zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol at the level of nuclear receptor binding and steroidogenesis. Toxicology Letters 206 (2):210–217. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.015.
  • Gammon, M. D., M. S. Wolff, A. I. Neugut, S. M. Eng, S. L. Teitelbaum, J. A. Britton, M. B. Terry, B. Levin, S. D. Stellman, and G. C. Kabat. 2002. Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. II. Organochlorine compound levels in blood. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 11 (8):686–697.
  • Garvin, S., K. Öllinger, and C. Dabrosin. 2006. Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Cancer Letters 231 (1):113–122. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.031.
  • Gatto, N. M., M. P. Longnecker, M. F. Press, J. Sullivan-Halley, R. McKean-Cowdin, and L. Bernstein. 2007. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer: A case-control study among African-American women. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC 18 (1):29–39. doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0070-2.
  • Ge, L.-C., Z.-J. Chen, H.-Y. Liu, K.-S. Zhang, H. Liu, H.-B. Huang, G. Zhang, C. K. C. Wong, J. P. Giesy, J. Du, et al. 2014. Involvement of activating ERK1/2 through G protein coupled receptor 30 and estrogen receptor α/β in low doses of bisphenol A promoting growth of Sertoli TM4 cells. Toxicology Letters 226 (1):81–89. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.035.
  • Gehm, B. D., J. M. McAndrews, P.-Y. Chien, and J. L. Jameson. 1997. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (25):14138–14143. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.25.14138.
  • Gellert, R. J. 1978. Uterotrophic activity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and induction of precocious reproductive aging in neonatally treated female rats. Environmental Research 16 (1–3):123–130. doi: 10.1016/0013-9351(78)90149-4.
  • Golden, R., J. Gandy, and G. Vollmer. 2005. A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 35 (5):435–458. doi: 10.1080/10408440490920104.
  • Grindler, N. M., L. Vanderlinden, R. Karthikraj, K. Kannan, S. Teal, A. J. Polotsky, T. L. Powell, I. V. Yang, and T. Jansson. 2018. Exposure to phthalate, an endocrine disrupting chemical, alters the first trimester placental methylome and transcriptome in women. Scientific Reports 8 (1):6086. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24505-w.
  • Guerra, M. T., M. Sanabria, G. A. Leite, C. S. Borges, M. S. Cucielo, J. A. Anselmo‐Franci, W. Foster, and W. Kempinas. 2017. Maternal exposure to butyl paraben impairs testicular structure and sperm quality on male rats. Environmental Toxicology 32 (4):1273–1289. doi: 10.1002/tox.22323.
  • Guerra, M. T., M. Sanabria, S. V. Cagliarani, G. A. A. Leite, C. d S. Borges, and W. De Grava Kempinas. 2017. Long-term effects of in utero and lactational exposure to butyl paraben in female rats. Environmental Toxicology 32 (3):776–788. doi: 10.1002/tox.22277.
  • Guha, N., M. L. Kwan, C. P. Quesenberry, E. K. Weltzien, A. L. Castillo, and B. J. Caan. 2009. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: The Life After Cancer Epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 118 (2):395–405. doi: 10.1007/s10549-009-0321-5.
  • Guo, W., B. Pan, S. Sakkiah, G. Yavas, W. Ge, W. Zou, W. Tong, and H. Hong. 2019. Persistent organic pollutants in food: Contamination sources, health effects and detection methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (22):4361. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224361.
  • Hankinson, S. E., G. A. Colditz, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, D. J. Hunter, M. J. Stampfer, and F. E. Speizer. 1997. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses' Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes & Control : CCC 8 (1):65–72.
  • He, F. J., and J. Q. Chen. 2013. Consumption of soybean, soy foods, soy isoflavones and breast cancer incidence: Differences between Chinese women and women in Western countries and possible mechanisms. Food Science and Human Wellness 2 (3–4):146–161. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2013.08.002.
  • He, T. T., A. J. Zuo, J. G. Wang, and P. Zhao. 2017. Organochlorine pesticides accumulation and breast cancer: A hospital-based case-control study. Tumour Biology : The Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 39 (5):1010428317699114. doi: 10.1177/1010428317699114.
  • He, Y., L. Peng, W. Zhang, C. Liu, Q. Yang, S. Zheng, M. Bao, Y. Huang, and K. Wu. 2018. Adipose tissue levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and breast cancer risk in Chinese women: A case–control study. Environmental Research 167:160–168. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.009.
  • Helzlsouer, K. J., A. J. Alberg, H.-Y. Huang, S. C. Hoffman, P. T. Strickland, J. W. Brock, V. W. Burse, L. L. Needham, D. A. Bell, J. A. Lavigne, et al. 1999. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and the subsequent development of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 8 (6):525.
  • Hennekens, C. H., F. E. Speizer, R. J. Lipnick, B. Rosner, C. Bain, C. Belanger, M. J. Stampfer, W. Willett, and R. Peto. 1984. A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 72 (1):39–42. doi: 10.1093/jnci/72.1.39.
  • Hilakivi-Clarke, L., E. Cho, I. Onojafe, M. Raygada, and R. Clarke. 1999. Maternal exposure to genistein during pregnancy increases carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rat offspring. Oncology Reports 6 (5):1089–1184. doi: 10.3892/or.6.5.1089.
  • Hilakivi-Clarke, L., I. Onojafe, M. Raygada, E. Cho, T. Skaar, I. Russo, and R. Clarke. 1999. Prepubertal exposure to zearalenone or genistein reduces mammary tumorigenesis. British Journal of Cancer 80 (11):1682–1688. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690584.
  • Hirose, K., N. Imaeda, Y. Tokudome, C. Goto, K. Wakai, K. Matsuo, H. Ito, T. Toyama, H. Iwata, S. Tokudome, and K. Tajima. 2005. Soybean products and reduction of breast cancer risk: A case–control study in Japan. British Journal of Cancer 93 (1):15–22. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602659.
  • Ho, S., M. Schooling, L. Hui, S. M. McGhee, K. Mak, and T. Lam. 2006. Soy consumption and mortality in Hong Kong: Proxy-reported case–control study of all older adult deaths in 1998. Preventive Medicine 43 (1):20–26.
  • Holmes, A. K., K. R. Koller, S. M. Kieszak, A. Sjodin, A. M. Calafat, F. D. Sacco, D. W. Varner, A. P. Lanier, and C. H. Rubin. 2014. Case-control study of breast cancer and exposure to synthetic environmental chemicals among Alaska Native women. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 73 (1):25760 doi: 10.3402/ijch.v73.25760.
  • Hopenhayn-Rich, C., M. Stump, and S. Browning. 2002. Regional assessment of atrazine exposure and incidence of breast and ovarian cancers in Kentucky. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42 (1):127–136.
  • Horn-Ross, P. L., E. M. John, M. Lee, S. L. Stewart, J. Koo, L. C. Sakoda, A. C. Shiau, J. Goldstein, P. Davis, and E. J. Perez-Stable. 2001. Phytoestrogen consumption and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population: The Bay Area Breast Cancer Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (5):434–441. doi: 10.1093/aje/154.5.434.
  • Hovey, R. C., P. S. Coder, J. C. Wolf, R. L. Sielken, Jr, M. O. Tisdel, and C. B. Breckenridge. 2011. Quantitative assessment of mammary gland development in female Long Evans rats following in utero exposure to atrazine. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 119 (2):380–390. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq337.
  • Høyer, A. P., P. Grandjean, T. Jørgensen, J. W. Brock, and H. B. Hartvig. 1998. Organochlorine exposure and risk of breast cancer. Lancet (London, England) 352 (9143):1816–1820. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04504-8.
  • Høyer, A. P., T. Jørgensen, F. Rank, and P. Grandjean. 2001. Organochlorine exposures influence on breast cancer risk and survival according to estrogen receptor status: A Danish cohort-nested case-control study. BMC Cancer 1 (1):8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-1-8.
  • Høyer, A. P., T. Jørgensen, J. W. Brock, and P. Grandjean. 2000. Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer survival. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53 (3):323–330. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00165-1.
  • Høyer, A. P., T. Jørgensen, P. Grandjean, and H. B. Hartvig. 2000. Repeated measurements of organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk (Denmark). Cancer Causes & Control : CCC 11 (2):177–184. doi: 10.1023/A:1008926219539.
  • Hsieh, C.-Y., R. C. Santell, S. Z. Haslam, and W. G. Helferich. 1998. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Research 58 (17):3833–3838.
  • Huang, W., Y. He, J. Xiao, Y. Huang, A. Li, M. He, and K. Wu. 2019. Risk of breast cancer and adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides: A hospital-based case-control study in Chinese women. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (31):32128–32136. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06404-3.
  • Hugo, E. R., T. D. Brandebourg, J. G. Woo, J. Loftus, J. W. Alexander, and N. Ben-Jonathan. 2008. Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (12):1642–1647. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11537.
  • Hunter, D. J., G. A. Colditz, S. E. Hankinson, S. Malspeis, D. Spiegelman, W. Chen, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett. 2010. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: A prospective study of young women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19 (10):2496–2502. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0747.
  • Hunter, D. J., S. E. Hankinson, F. Laden, G. A. Colditz, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, F. E. Speizer, and M. S. Wolff. 1997. Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine 337 (18):1253–1258. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199710303371801.
  • Hurley, S., D. Goldberg, J.-S. Park, M. Petreas, L. Bernstein, H. Anton-Culver, S. L. Neuhausen, D. O. Nelson, and P. Reynolds. 2019. A breast cancer case-control study of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) serum levels among California women. Environment International 127:412–419. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.043.
  • Hurley, S., D. Goldberg, M. Wang, J.-S. Park, M. Petreas, L. Bernstein, H. Anton-Culver, D. O. Nelson, and P. Reynolds. 2018. Breast cancer risk and serum levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: A case-control study nested in the California Teachers Study. Environment Health : a Global Access Science Source 17 (1):83.
  • Hurley, S., P. Reynolds, D. Goldberg, D. O. Nelson, S. S. Jeffrey, and M. Petreas. 2011. Adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 129 (2):505–511. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1481-7.
  • IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2012. Chemical agents and related occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 100:9.
  • Ingram, D., K. Sanders, M. Kolybaba, and D. Lopez. 1997. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet 350 (9083):990–994. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01339-1.
  • Inoue, K., F. Okada, R. Ito, S. Kato, S. Sasaki, S. Nakajima, A. Uno, Y. Saijo, F. Sata, Y. Yoshimura, et al. 2004. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: Assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (11):1204–1207. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6864.
  • Itoh, H., M. Iwasaki, T. Hanaoka, Y. Kasuga, S. Yokoyama, H. Onuma, H. Nishimura, R. Kusama, and S. Tsugane. 2009. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: A case-control study. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC 20 (5):567–580. doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9265-z.
  • Iwasaki, M., M. Inoue, S. Sasazuki, N. Kurahashi, H. Itoh, M. Usuda, and S. Tsugane. 2008. Plasma organochlorine levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: A nested case-control study. The Science of the Total Environment 402 (2–3):176–183. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.009.
  • Iwasaki, M., G. S. Hamada, I. N. Nishimoto, M. M. Netto, J. Motola, F. M. Laginha, Y. Kasuga, S. Yokoyama, H. Onuma, H. Nishimura, R. Kusama, M. Kobayashi, J. Ishihara, S. Yamamoto, T. Hanaoka, and S. Tsugane. 2009. Dietary isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in case–control studies in Japanese, Japanese Brazilians, and non-Japanese Brazilians. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 116 (2):401–411. doi: 10.1007/s10549-008-0168-1.
  • Jackson, E., R. Shoemaker, N. Larian, and L. Cassis. 2017. Adipose tissue as a site of toxin accumulation. Comprehensive Physiology 7 (4):1085–1135.
  • Johnson, N. A., A. Ho, J. M. Cline, C. L. Hughes, W. G. Foster, and V. L. Davis. 2012. Accelerated mammary tumor onset in a HER2/Neu mouse model exposed to DDT metabolites locally delivered to the mammary gland. Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (8):1170–1176. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104327.
  • Ju, Y. H., C. D. Allred, K. F. Allred, K. L. Karko, D. R. Doerge, and W. G. Helferich. 2001. Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. The Journal of Nutrition 131 (11):2957–2962. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.11.2957.
  • Kachuri, L., P. Villeneuve, S. Siddique, C. Kubwabo, L. Latifovic, B. Boucher, L. Ritter, M. Cotterchio, J. Knight, and S. Harris. 2018. Serum concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and breast cancer risk in young women: Results from the Ontario Environment and Health Study. ISEE Conference Abstracts 2018 (1). doi: 10.1289/isesisee.2018.P03.2940.
  • Kanaya, N., L. Bernal, G. Chang, T. Yamamoto, D. Nguyen, Y.-Z. Wang, J.-S. Park, C. Warden, J. Wang, X. Wu, et al. 2019. Molecular mechanisms of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-100, and BDE-153) in human breast cancer cells and patient-derived xenografts. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 169 (2):380–398. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz054.
  • Kang, K.-S., J.-H. Che, D.-Y. Ryu, T.-W. Kim, G.-X. Li, and Y.-S. Lee. 2002. Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64 (3):227–235. doi: 10.1292/jvms.64.227.
  • Kaur, N., S. K. Swain, B. D. Banerjee, T. Sharma, and T. Krishnalata. 2019. Organochlorine pesticide exposure as a risk factor for breast cancer in young Indian women: A case-control study. South Asian Journal of Cancer 8 (4):212–214. doi: 10.4103/sajc.sajc_427_18.
  • Kawaguchi, M., K. Morohoshi, J. Masuda, G. Watanabe, M. Morita, H. Imai, K. Taya, and T. Himi. 2009. Maternal isobutyl-paraben exposure decreases the plasma corticosterone level in dams and sensitivity to estrogen in female offspring rats. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71 (8):1027–1033. doi: 10.1292/jvms.71.1027.
  • Keinan-Boker, L., Y. T. van Der Schouw, D. E. Grobbee, and P. H. M. Peeters. 2004. Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2):282–288. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.282.
  • Kolla, S., M. Morcos, B. Martin, and L. N. Vandenberg. 2018. Low dose bisphenol S or ethinyl estradiol exposures during the perinatal period alter female mouse mammary gland development. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 78:50–59. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.003.
  • Korach, K. S., P. Sarver, K. Chae, J. A. McLachlan, and J. D. McKinney. 1988. Estrogen receptor-binding activity of polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyls: Conformationally restricted structural probes. Molecular Pharmacology 33 (1):120–126.
  • Korde, L. A., A. H. Wu, T. Fears, A. M. Nomura, D. W. West, L. N. Kolonel, M. C. Pike, R. N. Hoover, and R. G. Ziegler. 2009. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 18 (4):1050–1059. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0405.
  • Kuciel-Lisieska, G., K. Obremski, J. Stelmachów, M. Gajecka, Ł. Zielonka, E. Jakimiuk, and M. Gajecki. 2008. Presence of zearalenone in blood plasma in women with neoplastic lesions in the mammary gland. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 52:671–674.
  • Kuiper, G. G., J. G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, J. C. Corton, S. H. Safe, P. T. van der Saag, B. van der Burg, and J. A. Gustafsson. 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139 (10):4252–4263. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.10.6216.
  • Kumle, M., E. Weiderpass, T. Braaten, I. Persson, H. Adami, and E. Lund. 2002. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk. The Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 11 (11):1375–1381.
  • Kuriyama, S. N., C. E. Talsness, K. Grote, and I. Chahoud. 2005. Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: Effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring . Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2):149–154. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7421.
  • La Vecchia, C., and C. Bosetti. 2006. Diet and cancer risk in Mediterranean countries: Open issues. Public Health Nutrition 9 (8A):1077–1082. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007668475.
  • Laden, F., G. Collman, K. Iwamoto, A. J. Alberg, G. S. Berkowitz, J. L. Freudenheim, S. E. Hankinson, K. J. Helzlsouer, T. R. Holford, H. Y. Huang, et al. 2001. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: Combined analysis of five U.S. studies . Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93 (10):768–775. doi: 10.1093/jnci/93.10.768.
  • Laden, F., N. Ishibe, S. E. Hankinson, M. S. Wolff, D. M. Gertig, D. J. Hunter, and K. T. Kelsey. 2002. Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P450 1A1, and breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 11 (12):1560.
  • Laden, F., S. E. Hankinson, M. S. Wolff, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, F. E. Speizer, and D. J. Hunter. 2001. Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer: An extended follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study. International Journal of Cancer 91 (4):568–574. doi: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1081>3.0.CO;2-W.
  • Lamartiniere, C. A., J.-X. Zhang, and M. S. Cotroneo. 1998. Genistein studies in rats: Potential for breast cancer prevention and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (6 Suppl):1400S–1405S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1400S.
  • Latendresse, J. R., T. J. Bucci, G. Olson, P. Mellick, C. C. Weis, B. Thorn, R. R. Newbold, and K. B. Delclos. 2009. Genistein and ethinyl estradiol dietary exposure in multigenerational and chronic studies induce similar proliferative lesions in mammary gland of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 28 (3):342–353. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.04.006.
  • Lau, C., J. R. Thibodeaux, R. G. Hanson, M. G. Narotsky, J. M. Rogers, A. B. Lindstrom, and M. J. Strynar. 2006. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 90 (2):510–518. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj105.
  • Laws, S. C., J. M. Ferrell, T. E. Stoker, J. Schmid, and R. L. Cooper. 2000. The effects of atrazine on female Wistar rats: An evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 58 (2):366–376. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.366.
  • Lee, H., J. Lee, L. Gourley, S. Duffy, N. Day, and J. Estève. 1991. Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet (London, England) 337 (8751):1197–1200. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92867-2.
  • Lee, M. M., I. Y. H. Chang, C. F. Horng, J. S. Chang, S. H. Cheng, and A. Huang. 2005. Breast cancer and dietary factors in Taiwanese women. Cancer Causes Control 16 (8):929–937. doi: 10.1007/s10552-005-4932-9.
  • Lemmen, J. G., R. J. Arends, P. T. van der Saag, and B. van der Burg. 2004. In vivo imaging of activated estrogen receptors in utero by estrogens and bisphenol A. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (15):1544–1549. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7155.
  • Levi, F., C. Pasche, F. Lucchini, R. Ghidoni, M. Ferraroni, and C. L. Vecchia. 2005. Resveratrol and breast cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer Prevention : The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) 14 (2):139–142. doi: 10.1097/00008469-200504000-00009.
  • Lewallen, S., and P. Courtright. 1998. Epidemiology in practice: Case-control studies. Community Eye Health Journal 11 (28):57–58.
  • Li, A. J., S. M. Feldman, R. K. McNally, and K. Kannan. 2019. Distribution of organohalogen and synthetic musk compounds in breast adipose tissue of breast cancer patients in Ulster County, New York, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77 (1):68–78. doi: 10.1007/s00244-019-00621-0.
  • Li, J. Y., D. S. Wu, F. Yang, H. Y. Zeng, F. M. Lei, W. D. Zhou, H. Li, and P. Tao. 2006. Study on serum organochlorines pesticides (DDTs) level, CYP1A1 genetic polymorphism and risk of breast cancer: A case control study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi 27 (3):217–22.
  • Li, Y., K. A. Burns, Y. Arao, C. J. Luh, and K. S. Korach. 2012. Differential estrogenic actions of endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and zearalenone through estrogen receptor α and β in vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (7):1029–35. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104689.
  • Li, Y., R. C. Millikan, D. A. Bell, L. Cui, C. J. Tse, B. Newman, and K. Conway. 2004. Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk among African American women and white women in North Carolina: A population-based case–control study. Breast Cancer Research 7 (1):R12. doi: 10.1186/bcr941.
  • Li, Z. H., X. Y. Liu, N. Wang, J. S. Chen, Y. H. Chen, J. T. Huang, C. H. Su, F. Xie, B. Yu, and D. J. Chen. 2012. Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209) in regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (4):541–6. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1104051.
  • Lilienthal, H., A. Hack, A. Roth-Härer, S. W. Grande, and C. E. Talsness. 2006. Effects of developmental exposure to 2, 2′, 4, 4′, 5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2):194–201. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8391.
  • Longnecker, M. P., J. A. Berlin, M. J. Orza, and T. C. Chalmers. 1988. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer. JAMA 260 (5):652–6. doi: 10.1001/jama.1988.03410050072032.
  • López-Carrillo, L., A. Blair, M. López-Cervantes, M. Cebrián, C. Rueda, R. Reyes, A. Mohar, and J. Bravo. 1997. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: A case-control study from Mexico. Cancer Research 57 (17):3728–32.
  • López-Carrillo, L., M. López-Cervantes, L. Torres-Sánchez, A. Blair, M. E. Cebrián, and R. M. García. 2002. Serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer in Mexican women. European Journal of Cancer Prevention : The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp) 11 (2):129–35.
  • López-Carrillo, L., R. U. Hernández-Ramírez, A. M. Calafat, L. Torres-Sánchez, M. Galván-Portillo, L. L. Needham, R. Ruiz-Ramos, and M. E. Cebrián. 2010. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in Northern Mexico. Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (4):539–44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901091.
  • López-Cervantes, M., L. Torres-Sánchez, A. Tobías, and L. López-Carrillo. 2004. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane burden and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (2):207–14. doi: 10.1289/ehp.112-1241830.
  • Louis, L. M., C. C. Lerro, M. C. Friesen, G. Andreotti, S. Koutros, D. P. Sandler, A. Blair, M. G. Robson, and L. E. B. Freeman. 2017. A prospective study of cancer risk among Agricultural Health Study farm spouses associated with personal use of organochlorine insecticides. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source 16 (1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0298-1.
  • Lu, C., K. Toepel, R. Irish, R. A. Fenske, D. B. Barr, and R. Bravo. 2006. Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2):260–3. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8418.
  • Lu, R., and G. Serrero. 1999. Resveratrol, a natural product derived from grape, exhibits antiestrogenic activity and inhibits the growth of human breast cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 179 (3):297–304. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199906)179:3<297::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-P.
  • Macon, M. B., L. R. Villanueva, K. Tatum-Gibbs, R. D. Zehr, M. J. Strynar, J. P. Stanko, S. S. White, L. Helfant, and S. E. Fenton. 2011. Prenatal perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in CD-1 mice: Low-dose developmental effects and internal dosimetry. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 122 (1):134–45. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr076.
  • Mancini, F. R., G. Cano-Sancho, J. Gambaretti, P. Marchand, M. Boutron-Ruault, G. Severi, P. Arveux, J. Antignac, and M. Kvaskoff. 2020. Perfluorinated alkylated substances serum concentration and breast cancer risk: Evidence from a nested case-control study in the French E3N cohort. International Journal of Cancer 146 (4):917–28. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32357.
  • Manuwald, U., M. V. Garrido, J. Berger, A. Manz, and X. Baur. 2012. Mortality study of chemical workers exposed to dioxins: Follow-up 23 years after chemical plant closure. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69 (9):636–42. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2012-100682.
  • Mathur, V., P. Bhatnagar, R. G. Sharma, V. Acharya, and R. Sexana. 2002. Breast cancer incidence and exposure to pesticides among women originating from Jaipur. Environment International 28 (5):331–6. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00031-4.
  • McElroy, J. A., M. S. Kanarek, A. Trentham-Dietz, S. A. Robert, J. M. Hampton, P. A. Newcomb, H. A. Anderson, and P. L. Remington. 2004. Potential exposure to PCBs, DDT, and PBDEs from sport-caught fish consumption in relation to breast cancer risk in Wisconsin. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (2):156–62. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6506.
  • Mcelroy, J. A., R. E. Gangnon, P. A. Newcomb, M. S. Kanarek, H. A. Anderson, J. V. Brook, A. Trentham-Dietz, and P. L. Remington. 2007. Risk of breast cancer for women living in rural areas from adult exposure to atrazine from well water in Wisconsin. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 17 (2):207–14. doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500511.
  • Hurley, S., D. Goldberg, M. Wang, J.S. Park, M. Petreas, L. Bernstein, H. Anton-Culver, D. O. Nelson, and P. Reynolds. 2018. Breast cancer risk and serum levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: A case-control study nested in the California Teachers Study. Environment Health : a Global Access Science Source 17 (1):83.
  • Hurley, S., D. Goldberg, M. Wang, J.S. Park, M. Petreas, L. Bernstein, H. Anton-Culver, D. O. Nelson, and P. Reynolds. 2018. Breast cancer risk and serum levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: A case-control study nested in the California Teachers Study. Environment Health : a Global Access Science Source 17 (1):83.
  • Melamed, A., and J. N. Robinson. 2019. Case-control studies can be useful but have many limitations: Study design: Case-control studies. BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 126 (1):23. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15200.
  • Mendonça, G. A. S., J. Eluf‐Neto, M. J. Andrada-Serpa, P. A. O. Carmo, H. H. C. Barreto, O. N. K. Inomata, and T. A. Kussumi. 1999. Organochlorines and breast cancer: A case-control study in Brazil. International Journal of Cancer 83 (5):596–600. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991126)83:5<596::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-P.
  • Mérida-Ortega, Á., C. Hernández-Alcaraz, R. U. Hernández-Ramírez, A. García-Martínez, B. Trejo-Valdivia, A. Salinas-Rodríguez, K. Svensson, M. E. Cebrián, F. Franco-Marina, and L. López-Carrillo. 2016. Phthalate exposure, flavonoid consumption and breast cancer risk among Mexican women. Environment International 96:167–172. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.023.
  • Meyer, N., C. G. Santamaria, J. E. Müller, A. Schumacher, H. A. Rodriguez, and A. C. Zenclussen. 2019. Exposure to 17α-ethinyl estradiol during early pregnancy affects fetal growth and survival in mice. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 251:493–501. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.144.
  • Mgbonyebi, O. P., J. Russo, and I. H. Russo. 1998. Antiproliferative effect of synthetic resveratrol on human breast epithelial cells. International Journal of Oncology 12 (4):865–874. doi: 10.3892/ijo.12.4.865.
  • Millikan, R., E. DeVoto, E. J. Duell, C.-K. Tse, D. A. Savitz, J. Beach, S. Edmiston, S. Jackson, and B. Newman. 2000. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, polychlorinated biphenyls, and breast cancer among African-American and white women in North Carolina. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 9 (11):1233–1240.
  • Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2010. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery (London, England) 8 (5):336–341. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
  • Mørch, L. S., C. W. Skovlund, P. C. Hannaford, L. Iversen, S. Fielding, and Ø. Lidegaard. 2017. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 377 (23):2228–2239. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700732.
  • Morgan, M., A. Deoraj, Q. Felty, and D. Roy. 2017. Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 457:89–102. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.003.
  • Moysich, K. B., C. B. Ambrosone, J. E. Vena, P. G. Shields, P. Mendola, P. Kostyniak, H. Greizerstein, S. Graham, J. R. Marshall, and E. F. Schisterman. 1998. Environmental organochlorine exposure and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 7 (3):181–188.
  • Moysich, K. B., P. G. Shields, J. L. Freudenheim, E. F. Schisterman, J. E. Vena, P. Kostyniak, H. Greizerstein, J. R. Marshall, S. Graham, and C. B. Ambrosone. 1999. Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphism, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 8 (1):41.
  • Mueller, S. O., S. Simon, K. Chae, M. Metzler, and K. S. Korach. 2004. Phytoestrogens and their human metabolites show distinct agonistic and antagonistic properties on estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta in human cells. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 80 (1):14–25. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh147.
  • Murkies, A., F. S. Dalais, E. M. Briganti, H. G. Burger, D. L. Healy, M. L. Wahlqvist, and S. R. Davis. 2000. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A case control study. Menopause 7 (5):289–296.
  • Murrill, W. B., N. M. Brown, J.-X. Zhang, P. A. Manzolillo, S. Barnes, and C. A. Lamartiniere. 1996. Prepubertal genistein exposure suppresses mammary cancer and enhances gland differentiation in rats. Carcinogenesis 17 (7):1451–1458. doi: 10.1093/carcin/17.7.1451.
  • Muscat, J. E., J. A. Britton, M. V. Djordjevic, M. L. Citron, M. Kemeny, E. Busch-Devereaux, B. Pittman, and S. D. Stellman. 2003. Adipose concentrations of organochlorine compounds and breast cancer recurrence in Long Island. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 12 (12):1474–1478.
  • Muto, T., S. Wakui, N. Imano, K. Nakaaki, H. Takahashi, H. Hano, M. Furusato, and T. Masaoka. 2002. Mammary gland differentiation in female rats after prenatal exposure to 3, 3′, 4, 4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Toxicology 177 (2–3):197–205. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00224-X.
  • Nakagawa, H., Y. Kiyozuka, Y. Uemura, H. Senzaki, N. Shikata, K. Hioki, and A. Tsubura. 2001. Resveratrol inhibits human breast cancer cell growth and may mitigate the effect of linoleic acid, a potent breast cancer cell stimulator. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 127 (4):258–264. doi: 10.1007/s004320000190.
  • National Toxicology Program. 2008. Multigenerational reproductive study of genistein (Cas No. 446-72-0) in Sprague-Dawley rats (feed study). National Toxicology Program technical report series 539:1–266.
  • Negri, E., C. Bosetti, E. Fattore, and C. L. Vecchia. 2003. Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. European Journal of Cancer Prevention : The Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp) 12 (6):509–516.
  • Nesaretnam, K., D. Corcoran, R. Dils, and P. Darbre. 1996. 3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl acts as an estrogen in vitro and in vivo . Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 10 (8):923–936. doi: 10.1210/mend.10.8.8843409.
  • Newbold, R. R., E. P. Banks, B. Bullock, and W. N. Jefferson. 2001. Uterine adenocarcinoma in mice treated neonatally with genistein. Cancer Research 61 (11):4325–4328.
  • Nikaido, Y., K. Yoshizawa, N. Danbara, M. Tsujita-Kyutoku, T. Yuri, N. Uehara, and A. Tsubura. 2004. Effects of maternal xenoestrogen exposure on development of the reproductive tract and mammary gland in female CD-1 mouse offspring. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 18 (6):803–811. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.002.
  • Nishio, K., Y. Niwa, H. Toyoshima, K. Tamakoshi, T. Kondo, H. Yatsuya, A. Yamamoto, S. Suzuki, S. Tokudome, Y. Lin, K. Wakai, N. Hamajima, and A. Tamakoshi. 2007. Consumption of soy foods and the risk of breast cancer: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Cancer Causes Control 18 (8):801–808. doi: 10.1007/s10552-007-9023-7.
  • North, K., J. Golding, and A. S. Team. 2000. A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. BJU International 85 (1):107–113. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00436.x.
  • Nur, U., D. El Reda, D. Hashim, and E. Weiderpass. 2019. A prospective investigation of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer mortality: Findings from the Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort. BMC Cancer 19 (1):807–807. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5985-6.
  • Oenga, G. N., D. C. Spink, and D. O. Carpenter. 2004. TCDD and PCBs inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Toxicology in Vitro : An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA 18 (6):811–819. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.04.004.
  • Oishi, S. 2001. Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in rats. Toxicology and Industrial Health 17 (1):31–39. doi: 10.1191/0748233701th093oa.
  • Parada, H., M. D. Gammon, J. Chen, A. M. Calafat, A. I. Neugut, R. M. Santella, M. S. Wolff, and S. L. Teitelbaum. 2018. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and breast cancer incidence and survival following breast cancer: The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Environmental Health Perspectives 126 (4):047013. doi: 10.1289/EHP2083.
  • Parada, H., M. S. Jr., Wolff, L. S. Engel, A. J. White, S. M. Eng, R. J. Cleveland, N. K. Khankari, S. L. Teitelbaum, A. I. Neugut, and M. D. Gammon. 2016. Organochlorine insecticides DDT and chlordane in relation to survival following breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer 138 (3):565–575. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29806.
  • Parada, H., X. Sun, C.-K. Tse, L. S. Engel, A. F. Olshan, and M. A. Troester. 2019. Plasma levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and survival following breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Environment International 125:161–171. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.032.
  • Park, J.-H., E. S. Cha, Y. Ko, M.-S. Hwang, J.-H. Hong, and W. J. Lee. 2014. Exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 5 (2):77–84. doi: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.02.001.
  • Parveen, M., Y. Zhu, and R. Kiyama. 2009. Expression profiling of the genes responding to zearalenone and its analogues using estrogen-responsive genes. FEBS Letters 583 (14):2377–2384. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.035.
  • Paydar, P., G. Asadikaram, H. Fallah, H. Zeynali Nejad, H. Akbari, M. Abolhassani, V. Moazed, P. Khazaeli, and M. R. Heidari. 2019. Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides and breast cancer risk in Iranian women. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77 (4):480–489. doi: 10.1007/s00244-019-00648-3.
  • Pavuk, M., J. R. Cerhan, C. F. Lynch, A. Kocan, J. Petrik, and J. Chovancova. 2003. Case-control study of PCBs, other organochlorines and breast cancer in Eastern Slovakia. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 13 (4):267–275. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500277.
  • Petersen, J. H., and L. K. Jensen. 2010. Phthalates and food-contact materials: Enforcing the 2008 European Union plastics legislation. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment 27 (11):1608–1616. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2010.501825.
  • Petreas, M., D. Nelson, F. R. Brown, D. Goldberg, S. Hurley, and P. Reynolds. 2011. High concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in breast adipose tissue of California women. Environment International 37 (1):190–197. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.001.
  • Peterson, J., P. Lagiou, E. Samoli, A. Lagiou, K. Katsouyanni, C. La Vecchia, J. Dwyer, and D. Trichopoulos. 2003. Flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk: A case–control study in Greece. British Journal of Cancer 89 (7):1255–1259. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601271.
  • Pillay, D., A. A. Chuturgoon, E. Nevines, T. Manickum, W. Deppe, and M. F. Dutton. 2002. The quantitative analysis of zearalenone and its derivatives in plasma of patients with breast and cervical cancer. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 40 (9):946–951.
  • Pittler, M. 2002. Systematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 7 (2):206–207. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7166.2002.tb05479.x.
  • Pohl, H. R., M. Odin, P. R. McClure, K. Zaccaria, F. Llados, M. Kawa, and M. Citra. 2017. "Toxicological profile for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)."
  • Prince, M. M., A. M. Ruder, M. J. Hein, M. A. Waters, E. A. Whelan, N. Nilsen, E. M. Ward, T. M. Schnorr, P. A. Laber, and K. E. Davis-King. 2006. Mortality and exposure response among 14,458 electrical capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (10):1508–1514. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9175.
  • Provinciali, M., F. Re, A. Donnini, F. Orlando, B. Bartozzi, G. D. Stasio, and A. Smorlesi. 2005. Effect of resveratrol on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice. International Journal of Cancer 115 (1):36–45. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20874.
  • Pryor, J. L., C. Hughes, W. Foster, B. F. Hales, and B. Robaire. 2000. Critical windows of exposure for children's health: The reproductive system in animals and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (suppl 3):491–503. doi: 10.1289/ehp.00108s3491.
  • Ptak, A., K. Mazur, and E. L. Gregoraszczuk. 2011. Comparison of combinatory effects of PCBs (118, 138, 153 and 180) with 17 beta-estradiol on proliferation and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells . Toxicology and Industrial Health 27 (4):315–321. doi: 10.1177/0748233710387003.
  • Quesada, I., E. Fuentes, M. C. Viso-León, B. Soria, C. Ripoll, and A. Nadal. 2002. Low doses of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A and the native hormone 17beta-estradiol rapidly activate transcription factor CREB . FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 16 (12):1671–1673. doi: 10.1096/fj.02-0313fje.
  • Raaschou-Nielsen, O., M. Pavuk, A. LeBlanc, P. Dumas, J. Philippe Weber, A. Olsen, A. Tjønneland, K. Overvad, and J. H. Olsen. 2005. Adipose organochlorine concentrations and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal Danish women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 14 (1):67.
  • Recio‐Vega, R., V. Velazco‐Rodriguez, G. Ocampo‐Gómez, S. Hernandez‐Gonzalez, P. Ruiz‐Flores, and F. Lopez‐Marquez. 2011. Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican women and breast cancer risk. Journal of Applied Toxicology 31 (3):270–278.
  • Reeves, K. W., M. Díaz Santana, J. E. Manson, S. E. Hankinson, R. T. Zoeller, C. Bigelow, S. R. Sturgeon, D. Spiegelman, L. Tinker, J. Luo, B. Chen, J. Meliker, M. R. Bonner, M. L. Cote, T.-Y. D. Cheng, and A. M. Calafat. 2019. Urinary Phthalate Biomarker Concentrations and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111 (10):1059–1067. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djz002.
  • Revich, B., E. Aksel, T. Ushakova, I. Ivanova, N. Zhuchenko, N. Klyuev, B. Brodsky, and Y. Sotskov. 2001. Dioxin exposure and public health in Chapaevsk, Russia. Chemosphere 43 (4–7):951–966. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00456-2.
  • Robison, A. K., D. A. Sirbasku, and G. M. Stancel. 1985. DDT supports the growth of an estrogen-responsive tumor: Mammary tumor growth; pesticides. Toxicology Letters 27 (1–3):109–113. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(85)90127-4.
  • Rosenberg, B. G., H. Chen, J. Folmer, J. Liu, V. Papadopoulos, and B. R. Zirkin. 2008. Gestational exposure to atrazine: Effects on the postnatal development of male offspring. Journal of Andrology 29 (3):304–311. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.107.003020.
  • Rosenberg, L., J. R. Palmer, R. S. Rao, A. G. Zauber, B. L. Strom, M. E. Warshauer, S. Harlap, and S. Shapiro. 1996. Case-control study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 143 (1):25–37. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008654.
  • Rosenberg, L., Y. Zhang, P. F. Coogan, B. L. Strom, and J. R. Palmer. 2009. A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 169 (4):473–479. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn360.
  • Ross, P. S., C. M. Couillard, M. G. Ikonomou, S. C. Johannessen, M. Lebeuf, R. W. Macdonald, and G. T. Tomy. 2009. Large and growing environmental reservoirs of Deca-BDE present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58 (1):7–10. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.002.
  • Ruder, A. M., M. J. Hein, N. B. Hopf, and M. A. Waters. 2014. Mortality among 24,865 workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three electrical capacitor manufacturing plants: A ten-year update. The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 217 (2–3):176–187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.006.
  • Ruder, A. M., M. J. Hein, N. B. Hopf, and M. A. Waters. 2017. Cancer incidence among capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 60 (2):198–207. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22657.
  • Rusiecki, J. A., H. Denic-Roberts, C. Byrne, J. Cash, C. F. Raines, L. A. Brinton, S. H. Zahm, T. Mason, M. R. Bonner, A. Blair, et al. 2020. Serum concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and other persistent organic pollutants and mammographic breast density in Triana, Alabama, a highly exposed population. Environmental Research 182:109068. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109068.
  • Safe, S. H. 1995. Modulation of gene expression and endocrine response pathways by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 67 (2):247–281. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00017-B.
  • Sartippour, M. R., J. Y. Rao, S. Apple, D. Wu, S. Henning, H. Wang, R. Elashoff, R. Rubio, D. Heber, and M. N. Brooks. 2004. A pilot clinical study of short-term isoflavone supplements in breast cancer patients. Nutrition and Cancer 49 (1):59–65. doi: 10.1207/s15327914nc4901_8.
  • Scribner, J. D., and N. K. Mottet. 1981. DDT acceleration of mammary gland tumors induced in the male Sprague-Dawley rat by 2-acetamidophenanthrene. Carcinogenesis 2 (12):1235–1239. doi: 10.1093/carcin/2.12.1235.
  • Shakeel, M. K., P. S. George, J. Jose, J. Jose, and A. Mathew. 2010. Pesticides and breast cancer risk: A comparison between developed and developing countries. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP 11 (1):173–180.
  • Shannon, J., R. Ray, C. Wu, Z. Nelson, D. L. Gao, W. Li, W. Hu, J. Lampe, N. Horner, J. Satia, R. Patterson, D. Fitzgibbons, P. Porter, and D. Thomas. 2005. Food and botanical groupings and risk of breast cancer: A case–control study in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14 (1):81–90.
  • Sharpe, R. M., and N. E. Skakkebaek. 1993. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet (London, England) 341 (8857):1392–1396. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90953-E.
  • She, J., M. Petreas, J. Winkler, P. Visita, M. McKinney, and D. Kopec. 2002. PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay area: Measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 46 (5):697–707. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X.
  • Shier, W. T., A. C. Shier, W. Xie, and C. J. Mirocha. 2001. Structure-activity relationships for human estrogenic activity in zearalenone mycotoxins. Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology 39 (9):1435–1438. doi: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00259-2.
  • Silva, I., P. Mangtani, V. McCormack, D. Bhakta, A. J. McMichael, and L. Sevak. 2004. Phyto-oestrogen intake and breast cancer risk in South Asian women in England: Findings from a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 15 (8):805–818. doi: 10.1023/B:CACO.0000043431.85706.d8.
  • Silver, S. R., E. A. Whelan, J. A. Deddens, N. K. Steenland, N. B. Hopf, M. A. Waters, A. M. Ruder, M. M. Prince, L. C. Yong, M. J. Hein, et al. 2009. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (2):276–282. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11774.
  • Smith-Bindman, R. 2012. Environmental causes of breast cancer and radiation from medical imaging: Findings from the Institute of Medicine report. Archives of Internal Medicine 172 (13):1023–1027. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2329.
  • Snedeker, S. M. 2001. Pesticides and breast cancer risk: A review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (Suppl 1):35–47.
  • Soroush, A., N. Farshchian, S. Komasi, N. Izadi, N. Amirifard, and A. Shahmohammadi. 2016. The role of oral contraceptive pills on increased risk of breast cancer in Iranian populations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Prevention 21 (4):294–301. doi: 10.15430/JCP.2016.21.4.294.
  • Stellman, S. D., M. V. Djordjevic, J. A. Britton, J. E. Muscat, M. L. Citron, M. Kemeny, E. Busch, and L. Gong. 2000. Breast cancer risk in relation to adipose concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Long Island. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 9 (11):1241–1249.
  • Stellman, S. D., M. V. Djordjevic, J. E. Muscat, L. Gong, D. Bernstein, M. L. Citron, A. White, M. Kemeny, E. Busch, and A. N. Nafziger. 1998. Relative abundance of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue and serum of women in Long Island, New York. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7 (6):489.
  • Stoker, T. E., S. Laws, D. Guidici, and R. Cooper. 2000. The effect of atrazine on puberty in male Wistar rats: An evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 58 (1):50–59. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50.
  • Strom, B. L., R. Schinnar, E. E. Ziegler, K. T. Barnhart, M. D. Sammel, G. A. Macones, V. A. Stallings, J. M. Drulis, S. E. Nelson, and S. A. Hanson. 2001. Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. JAMA 286 (7):807–814. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.7.807.
  • Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, and F. Bray. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 1–41.
  • Takemura, H., J. Y. Shim, K. Sayama, A. Tsubura, B. T. Zhu, and K. Shimoi. 2007. Characterization of the estrogenic activities of zearalenone and zeranol in vivo and in vitro. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 103 (2):170–177. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.08.008.
  • Tang, M., M. Zhao, Z. Shanshan, K. Chen, C. Zhang, and W. Liu. 2014. Assessing the underlying breast cancer risk of Chinese females contributed by dietary intake of residual DDT from agricultural soils. Environment International 73:208–215. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.001.
  • Tayour, C., B. Ritz, B. Langholz, P. K. Mills, A. Wu, J. P. Wilson, K. Shahabi, and M. Cockburn. 2019. A case–control study of breast cancer risk and ambient exposure to pesticides. Environmental Epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 3 (5):e070. doi: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000070.
  • Thanos, J., M. Cotterchio, B. A. Boucher, N. Kreiger, and L. U. Thompson. 2006. Adolescent dietary phytoestrogen intake and breast cancer risk (Canada). Cancer Causes Control 17 (10):1253–1261. doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0062-2.
  • Timms, B. G., K. L. Howdeshell, L. Barton, S. Bradley, C. A. Richter, and F. S. Vom Saal. 2005. Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (19):7014–7019. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502544102.
  • Toi, M., S. Hirota, A. Tomotaki, N. Sato, Y. Hozumi, K. Anan, T. Nagashima, Y. Tokuda, N. Masuda, S. Ohsumi, S. Ohno, M. Takahashi, H. Hayashi, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Ohashi. 2013. Probiotic beverage with soy isoflavone consumption for breast cancer prevention: A case–control study. Current Nutrition & Food Science 9 (3):194–200. doi: 10.2174/15734013113099990001.
  • Tonkelaar, I., L. Keinan-Boker, P. Van’t Veer, C. J. M. Arts, H. Adlercreutz, J. H. H. Thijssen, and P. H. M. Peeters. 2001. Urinary phytoestrogens and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10 (3):223–228.
  • Touillaud, M. S., A. C. M. Thiébaut, M. Niravong, M. Boutron-Ruault, and F. Clavel-Chapelon. 2006. No association between dietary phytoestrogens and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in a French cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 15 (12):2574–2576. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0543.
  • Trabert, B., R. T. Falk, J. D. Figueroa, B. I. Graubard, M. Garcia-Closas, J. Lissowska, B. Peplonska, S. D. Fox, and L. A. Brinton. 2014. Urinary bisphenol A-glucuronide and postmenopausal breast cancer in Poland. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC 25 (12):1587–1593. doi: 10.1007/s10552-014-0461-8.
  • Trock, B. J., L. Hilakivi-Clarke, and R. Clarke. 2006. Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98 (7):459–471. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj102.
  • Tsai, M.S., C.Y. Lin, C.C. Lin, M.H. Chen, S. H. Hsu, K.L. Chien, F.C. Sung, P.C. Chen, and T.C. Su. 2015. Association between perfluoroalkyl substances and reproductive hormones in adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 218 (5):437–443. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.008.
  • Tseng, L.H., M.H. Li, S.S. Tsai, C.W. Lee, M.H. Pan, W.J. Yao, and P.C. Hsu. 2008. Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): Effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring. Chemosphere 70 (4):640–647. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.078.
  • Ueda, M., T. Imai, T. Takizawa, H. Onodera, K. Mitsumori, T. Matsui, and M. Hirose. 2005. Possible enhancing effects of atrazine on growth of 7, 12‐dimethylbenz (a) anthracene‐induced mammary tumors in ovariectomized Sprague–Dawley rats. Cancer Science 96 (1):19–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00008.x.
  • Urban, M., E. Banks, S. Egger, K. Canfell, D. O'Connell, V. Beral, and F. Sitas. 2012. Injectable and oral contraceptive use and cancers of the breast, cervix, ovary, and endometrium in black South African women: Case-control study. PLoS Medicine 9 (3):e1001182. e1001182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001182.
  • Van Hoften, C., H. Burger, P. H. M. Peeters, D. E. Grobbee, P. A. H. Van Noord, and H. G. M. Leufkens. 2000. Long-term oral contraceptive use increases breast cancer risk in women over 55 years of age: The DOM cohort. International Journal of Cancer 87 (4):591–594. doi: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000815)87:4<591::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-C.
  • Vandenberg, L. N., S. Ehrlich, S. M. Belcher, N. Ben-Jonathan, D. C. Dolinoy, E. R. Hugo, P. A. Hunt, R. R. Newbold, B. S. Rubin, K. S. Saili, et al. 2013. Low dose effects of bisphenol A. Endocrine Disruptors 1 (1):e26490. doi: 10.4161/endo.26490.
  • van't Veer, P., I. E. Lobbezoo, J. M. Martín-Moreno, E. Guallar, J. Gómez-Aracena, A. F. Kardinaal, L. Kohlmeier, B. C. Martin, J. J. Strain, M. Thamm, et al. 1997. DDT (dicophane) and postmenopausal breast cancer in Europe: Case-control study. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.) 315 (7100):81–85. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7100.81.
  • Verheus, M., C. H. van Gils, L. Keinan-Boker, P. B. Grace, S. A. Bingham, and P. H. Peeters. 2007. Plasma phytoestrogens and subsequent breast cancer risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (6):648–655. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.0244.
  • Verreault, R., P. Ayotte, L. Sauvi, J. Morin, and J. Brisson. 1994. High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86 (3):232–234.
  • Vessey, M., and D. Yeates. 2013. Oral contraceptive use and cancer: Final report from the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Contraception 88 (6):678–683. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.08.008.
  • Villeneuve, S., D. Cyr, E. Lynge, L. Orsi, S. Sabroe, F. Merletti, G. Gorini, M. Morales-Suarez-Varela, W. Ahrens, C. Baumgardt-Elms, et al. 2010. Occupation and occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in male breast cancer: A case-control study in Europe–. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 67 (12):837–844. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.052175.
  • Vo, T. T., Y.M. Yoo, K.-C. Choi, and E.B. Jeung. 2010. Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 29 (3):306–316. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.01.013.
  • Vom Saal, F. S., B. G. Timms, M. M. Montano, P. Palanza, K. A. Thayer, S. C. Nagel, M. D. Dhar, V. Ganjam, S. Parmigiani, and W. V. Welshons. 1997. Prostate enlargement in mice due to fetal exposure to low doses of estradiol or diethylstilbestrol and opposite effects at high doses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (5):2056–2061. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.2056.
  • VoPham, T., K. A. Bertrand, R. R. Jones, N. C. Deziel, N. C. DuPré, P. James, Y. Liu, V. M. Vieira, R. M. Tamimi, J. E. Hart, et al. 2020. Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Environmental Research 186:109516. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109516.
  • Wada, K., K. Nakamura, Y. Tamai, M. Tsuji, T. Kawachi, A. Hori, N. Takeyama, S. Tanabashi, S. Matsushita, N. Tokimitsu, and C. Nagata. 2013. Soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in Japan: From the Takayama study. International Journal of Cancer 133 (4):952–960. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28088.
  • Wahidin, M., R. Djuwita, and A. Adisasmita. 2018. Oral contraceptive and breast cancer risks: A case control study in six referral hospitals in Indonesia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 19 (8):2199–2203.
  • Ward, E. M., P. Schulte, B. Grajewski, A. Andersen, D. G. Patterson, W. Turner, E. Jellum, J. A. Deddens, J. Friedland, and N. Roeleveld. 2000. Serum organochlorine levels and breast cancer: A nested case-control study of Norwegian women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 9 (12):1357–1367.
  • Ward, H., G. Chapelais, G. G. C. Kuhnle, R. Luben, K. Khaw, and S. A. Bingham. 2008. Breast cancer risk in relation to urinary and serum biomarkers of phytoestrogen exposure in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort study. Breast Cancer Research 10 (2):R32. doi: 10.1186/bcr1995.
  • Warner, M., B. Eskenazi, P. Mocarelli, P. M. Gerthoux, S. Samuels, L. Needham, D. Patterson, and P. Brambilla. 2002. Serum dioxin concentrations and breast cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (7):625–628. doi: 10.1289/ehp.02110625.
  • Warner, M., P. Mocarelli, S. Samuels, L. Needham, P. Brambilla, and B. Eskenazi. 2011. Dioxin exposure and cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (12):1700–1705. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103720.
  • Wassermann, M., D. Nogueira, L. Tomatis, A. Mirra, H. Shibata, G. Arie, S. Cucos, and D. Wassermann. 1976. Organochlorine compounds in neoplastic and adjacent apparently normal breast tissue. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15 (4):478–484. doi: 10.1007/BF01685076.
  • Wei, Y., J. Lv, Y. Guo, Z. Bian, M. Gao, H. Du, L. Yang, Y. Chen, X. Zhang, T. Wang, J. Chen, Z. Chen, C. Yu, D. Huo, and L. Li. 2019. Soy intake and breast cancer risk: A prospective study of 300,000 Chinese women and a dose-response meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology 35 (6):567–578.
  • Wei, J., X. Li, L. Xiang, Y. Song, Y. Liu, Y. Jiang, and Z. Cai. 2020. Metabolomics and lipidomics study unveils the impact of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 on breast cancer mice. Journal of Hazardous Materials 390:121451. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121451.
  • White, A. J., S. L. Teitelbaum, M. S. Wolff, S. D. Stellman, A. I. Neugut, and M. D. Gammon. 2013. Exposure to fogger trucks and breast cancer incidence in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project: A case-control study. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source 12:24–24.
  • Whitsett Jr, T. G., and C. A., Lamartiniere. 2006. Genistein and resveratrol: Mammary cancer chemoprevention and mechanisms of action in the rat. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 6 (12):1699–1706. doi: 10.1586/14737140.6.12.1699.
  • Wielsøe, M., P. Kern, and E. C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen. 2017. Serum levels of environmental pollutants is a risk factor for breast cancer in Inuit: A case control study. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source 16 (1):56–56.
  • Wirbisky, S. E., and J. L. Freeman. 2015. Atrazine exposure and reproductive dysfunction through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Toxics 3 (4):414–450. doi: 10.3390/toxics3040414.
  • Wolff, M. S., A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, N. Dubin, and P. Toniolo. 2000. Risk of breast cancer and organochlorine exposure. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 9 (3):271–277.
  • Wolff, M. S., G. S. Berkowitz, S. Brower, R. Senie, I. J. Bleiweiss, P. Tartter, B. Pace, N. Roy, S. Wallenstein, and A. Weston. 2000. Organochlorine exposures and breast cancer risk in New York city women. Environmental Research 84 (2):151–161. doi: 10.1006/enrs.2000.4075.
  • Wolff, M. S., P. G. Toniolo, E. W. Lee, M. Rivera, and N. Dubin. 1993. Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85 (8):648–652. doi: 10.1093/jnci/85.8.648.
  • Woolcott, C. G., K. J. Aronson, W. M. Hanna, S. K. SenGupta, D. R. McCready, E. E. Sterns, and A. B. Miller. 2001. Organochlorines and breast cancer risk by receptor status, tumor size, and grade (Canada). Cancer Causes and Control 12 (5):395–404. doi: 10.1023/A:1011289905751.
  • World Health Organization and United Nations Environment Programme (WHO/UNEP). 2013. State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals – 2012. WHO Press.
  • Wu, A. H., P. Wan, J. Hankin, C.C. Tseng, M. C. Yu, and M. C. Pike. 2002. Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Carcinogenesis 23 (9):1491–1496. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.9.1491.
  • Wu, A. H., M. C. Yu, C. Tseng, N. C. Twaddle, and D. R. Doerge. 2004. Plasma isoflavone levels versus self-reported soy isoflavone levels in Asian-American women in Los Angeles County. Carcinogenesis 25 (1):77–81. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgg189.
  • Wu, A. H., R. G. Ziegler, P. L. Horn-Ross, A. Nomura, D. W. West, L. N. Kolonel, J. F. Rosenthal, R. N. Hoover, and M. C. Pike. 1996. Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 5 (11):901–906.
  • Wu, A. H., W. P. Koh, R. Wang, H. P. Lee, and M. C. Yu. 2008. Soy intake and breast cancer risk in Singapore Chinese Health Study. British Journal of Cancer 99 (1):196–200. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604448.
  • Xu, X., A. B. Dailey, E. O. Talbott, V. A. Ilacqua, G. Kearney, and N. R. Asal. 2010. Associations of serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides with breast cancer and prostate cancer in US adults. Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (1):60–66. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900919.
  • Yamamoto, S., T. Sobue, M. Kobayashi, S. Sasaki, and S. Tsugane. 2003. Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 (12):906–913. doi: 10.1093/jnci/95.12.906.
  • Yang, C., Y. S. Tan, J. R. Harkema, and S. Z. Haslam. 2009. Differential effects of peripubertal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid on mammary gland development in C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mouse strains. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 27 (3–4):299–306. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.003.
  • Zheng, T., T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. H. Owens, R. Dubrow, S. H. Zahm, P. Boyle, S. Archibeque, et al. 1999. DDE and DDT in breast adipose tissue and risk of female breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 150 (5):453–458. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010033.
  • Zheng, T., T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. H. Owens, R. Dubrow, S. H. Zahm, P. Boyle, S. Archibeque, and J. Tessari, et al. 1999. DDE and DDT in breast adipose tissue and risk of female breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 150 (5):453–458. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010033.
  • Yasuda, Y., T. Kihara, and H. Nishimura. 1981. Effect of ethinyl estradiol on development of mouse fetuses. Teratology 23 (2):233–239. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420230208.
  • Ye, W., P. Xu, W. R. Threlfall, R. Jen, H. Li, S. H. Lin, C. T. Kuo, and Y. C. Lin. 2009. Zeranol enhances the proliferation of pre-adipocytes in beef heifers. Anticancer Research 29 (12):5045–5052.
  • Yip, K. Y., M. L. Y. Wan, A. S. T. Wong, K. S. Korach, and H. El-Nezami. 2017. Combined low-dose zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 on cell growth and cell-cycle progression in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Toxicology Letters 281:139–151. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.022.
  • Yost, E. E., S. Y. Euling, J. A. Weaver, B. E. J. Beverly, N. Keshava, A. Mudipalli, X. Arzuaga, T. Blessinger, L. Dishaw, A. Hotchkiss, et al. 2019. Hazards of diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies. Environment International : a Global Access Science Source 125:579–594. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.038.
  • Yu, Z., L. Zhang, D. Wu, and F. Liu. 2005. Anti-apoptotic action of zearalenone in MCF-7 cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62 (3):441–446. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.10.003.
  • Yuan, J., Q. Wang, R. Ross, B. Henderson, and M. Yu. 1995. Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. British Journal of Cancer 71 (6):1353–1358. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1995.263.
  • Yuri, T., R. Tsukamoto, K. Miki, N. Uehara, Y. Matsuoka, and A. Tsubura. 2006. Biphasic effects of zeranol on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast carcinoma cells. Oncology Reports 16 (6):1307–1312. doi: 10.3892/or.16.6.1307.
  • Zhang, B., H. Xie, J. Rusiecki, J. P. Wise, K. Zou, P. H. Owens, P. Boyle, S. H. Zahm, T. R. Holford, T. Zheng, et al. 2004. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P-450 1A1 polymorphisms, and risk of breast cancer in Connecticut women. American Journal of Epidemiology 160 (12):1177–1183. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh346.
  • Zhao, Y., Y. S. Tan, S. Z. Haslam, and C. Yang. 2010. Perfluorooctanoic acid effects on steroid hormone and growth factor levels mediate stimulation of peripubertal mammary gland development in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicological Sciences : An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 115 (1):214–224. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq030.
  • Zheng, T., T. R. Holford, J. Tessari, S. T. Mayne, P. H. Owens, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. Boyle, R. Dubrow, S. Archibeque-Engle, et al. 2000. Breast cancer risk associated with congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls. American Journal of Epidemiology 152 (1):50–58. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.1.50.
  • Zheng, T., T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. H. Owens, R. Dubrow, S. H. Zahm, P. Boyle, S. Archibeque, and J. Tessari. 1999. DDE and DDT in breast adipose tissue and risk of female breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 150 (5):453–458. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010033.
  • Zheng, T., T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, J. Tessari, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. H. Owens, P. Boyle, R. Dubrow, and S. Archibeque-Engle. 2000. Risk of female breast cancer associated with serum polychlorinated biphenyls and 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2′-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 9 (2):167–174.
  • Zhong, S., W. Ye, S. H. Lin, J. Y. Liu, J. Leong, C. Ma, and Y. C. Lin. 2011. Zeranol induces cell proliferation and protein disulfide isomerase expression in mammary gland of ACI rat. Anticancer Research 31 (5):1659–1665.
  • Zimeri, A. M., S. W. Robb, S. M. Hassan, R. R. Hire, and M. B. Davis. 2015. Assessing heavy metal and PCB exposure from tap water by measuring levels in plasma from sporadic breast cancer patients, a pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (12):15683–15691. doi: 10.3390/ijerph121215013.
  • Zoeller, R. T., T. R. Brown, L. L. Doan, A. C. Gore, N. E. Skakkebaek, A. M. Soto, T. J. Woodruff, and F. S. Vom Saal. 2012. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The Endocrine Society. Endocrinology 153 (9):4097–4110. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1422.