The addition of exercise to a weight loss diet on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

References

• Abbenhardt, C., A. McTiernan, C. M. Alfano, M. H. Wener, K. L. Campbell, C. Duggan, K. E. Foster-Schubert, A. Kong, A. T. Toriola, J. D. Potter, et al. 2013. Effects of individual and combined dietary weight loss and exercise interventions in postmenopausal women on adiponectin and leptin levels. Journal of Internal Medicine 274 (2):163–75. doi: 10.1111/joim.12062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M. A., E. Danielson, N. Rifai, P. M. Ridker, and P. Investigators. 2001. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: The pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): A randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 286 (1):64–70. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.1.64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beavers, K. M., D. P. Beavers, J. J. Newman, A. M. Anderson, R. F. Loeser, JrB. J. Nicklas, M. F. Lyles, G. D. Miller, S. L. Mihalko, and S. P. Messier. 2015. Effects of total and regional fat loss on plasma CRP and IL-6 in overweight and obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 23 (2):249–56. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigrezaei, S., Z. Yazdanpanah, S. Soltani, S. H. Rajaei, S. Mohseni-Takalloo, T. Zohrabi, M. Kaviani, S. C. Forbes, J. S. Baker, and A. Salehi-Abargouei. 2020. The effects of exercise and low-calorie diets compared with low-calorie diets alone on health: A protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials. Systematic Reviews 10:120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomer, R. J., J. H. M. Schriefer, T. A. Gunnels, S.-R. Lee, H. J. Sable, M. Van der Merwe, R. K. Buddington, and K. K. Buddington. 2018. Nutrient intake and physical exercise significantly impact physical performance, body composition, blood lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation in male rats. Nutrients 10 (8):1109. doi: 10.3390/nu10081109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchonville, M., R. Armamento-Villareal, K. Shah, N. Napoli, D. R. Sinacore, C. Qualls, and D. T. Villareal. 2014. Weight loss, exercise or both and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese older adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 38 (3):423–31. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochu, M., M. F. Malita, V. Messier, E. Doucet, I. Strychar, J.-M. Lavoie, D. Prud’homme, and R. Rabasa-Lhoret. 2009. Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (9):3226–33. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulló, M., P. Casas-Agustench, P. Amigó-Correig, J. Aranceta, and J. Salas-Salvadó. 2007. Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: The role of diet. Public Health Nutrition 10 (10A):1164–72. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007000663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camhi, S. M., M. L. Stefanick, P. M. Ridker, and D. R. Young. 2010. Changes in C-reactive protein from low-fat diet and/or physical activity in men and women with and without metabolic syndrome. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 59 (1):54–61. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, A.-R., J.-Y. Moon, S. Kim, K.-Y. An, M. Oh, J. Y. Jeon, D.-H. Jung, M. H. Choi, and J.-W. Lee. 2019. Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism 93:52–60. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, T., S. K. Paulsen, J. M. Bruun, S. B. Pedersen, and B. Richelsen. 2010. Exercise training versus diet-induced weight-loss on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in obese subjects: A 12-week randomized intervention study. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298 (4):E824–E831. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinti, S., G. Mitchell, G. Barbatelli, I. Murano, E. Ceresi, E. Faloia, S. Wang, M. Fortier, A. S. Greenberg, and M. S. Obin. 2005. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. Journal of Lipid Research 46 (11):2347–55. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp, R. 2017. From critical science to solutions: The best of scientific solutions. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. N., M. L. Columbus, K. J. Shields, J. Asubonteng, M. L. Meyer, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, B. H. Goodpaster, J. P. DeLany, J. M. Jakicic, and E. Barinas-Mitchell. 2012. Effects of an intensive behavioral weight loss intervention consisting of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on common carotid artery remodeling in severely obese adults. Metabolism 61 (11):1589–97. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sousa, M. V., R. Fukui, S. Dagogo-Jack, P. Krustrup, H. Zouhal, and M. E. R. da Silva. 2019. Biomarkers of insulin action during single soccer sessions before and after a 12-week training period in type 2 diabetes patients on a caloric-restricted diet. Physiology & Behavior 209:112618. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Kader, S. M. A., and M. H. S. Al-Dahr. 2016. Weight loss improves biomarkers endothelial function and systemic inflammation in obese postmenopausal Saudi women. African Health Sciences 16 (2):533–41. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v16i2.22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsgaard, H., P. Hojman, and B. K. Pedersen. 2019. Exercise and health–emerging roles of IL-6. Current Opinion in Physiology 10:49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayh, A. P. T., A. L. Lopes, A. M. V. da Silva, A. Reischak-Oliveira, and R. Friedman. 2013. Effects of 5% weight loss through diet or diet plus exercise on cardiovascular parameters of obese: A randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Nutrition 52 (5):1443–50. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0450-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayh, A. P. T., A. L. Lopes, P. R. Fernandes, A. Reischak-Oliveira, and R. Friedman. 2013. Impact of weight loss with or without exercise on abdominal fat and insulin resistance in obese individuals: A randomised clinical trial. British Journal of Nutrition 110 (3):486–92. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Febbraio, M. A., and B. K. Pedersen. 2002. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: Mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB Journal 16 (11):1335–47. doi: 10.1096/fj.01-0876rev.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedewa, M. V., E. D. Hathaway, and C. L. Ward-Ritacco. 2017. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (8):670–6. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-095999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, G., T. C. Hyatt, G. R. Hunter, R. A. Oster, R. A. Desmond, and B. A. Gower. 2011. Effect of diet with and without exercise training on markers of inflammation and fat distribution in overweight women. Obesity 19 (6):1131–6. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, M. G., M. M. Markofski, and A. E. Carrillo. 2019. Elevated inflammatory status and increased risk of chronic disease in chronological aging: Inflamm-aging or inflamm-inactivity? Aging and Disease 10 (1):147–56. doi: 10.14336/AD.2018.0326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana, L., D. T. Villareal, E. P. Weiss, S. B. Racette, K. Steger-May, S. Klein, and J. O. Holloszy. 2007. Calorie restriction or exercise: Effects on coronary heart disease risk factors. A randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 293 (1):E197–E202. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00102.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, E. S. 2002. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among US adults. Epidemiology 13 (5):561–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, S. K., D. A. Bunkin, and A. S. Greenberg. 1998. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: Depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 (3):847–50. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.3.4660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman, D., J. Campisi, E. Verdin, P. Carrera-Bastos, S. Targ, C. Franceschi, L. Ferrucci, D. W. Gilroy, A. Fasano, G. W. Miller, et al. 2019. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nature Medicine 25 (12):1822–32. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Unciti, M., M. Izquierdo, F. Idoate, E. Gorostiaga, A. Grijalba, F. Ortega-Delgado, C. Martínez-Labari, J. M. Moreno-Navarrete, L. Forga, J. M. Fernández-Real, et al. 2012. Weight-loss diet alone or combined with progressive resistance training induces changes in association between the cardiometabolic risk profile and abdominal fat depots. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 61 (4):296–304. doi: 10.1159/000342467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannopoulou, I., B. Fernhall, R. Carhart, R. S. Weinstock, T. Baynard, A. Figueroa, and J. A. Kanaley. 2005. Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 54 (7):866–75. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, L., J. Gross, S. Lanzi, D. Y. Quansah, J. Puder, and A. Horsch. 2019. How diet, physical activity and psychosocial well-being interact in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: An integrative review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19 (1):60. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2185-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., and J. M. Olefsky. 2012. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 15 (5):635–45. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen, S., D. Samocha-Bonet, L. Heilbronn, and L. Campbell. 2012. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in healthy humans. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2012/238056.
   Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G. H., A. D. Oxman, G. E. Vist, R. Kunz, Y. Falck-Ytter, P. Alonso-Coello, and H. J. Schünemann. 2008. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 336 (7650):924–6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkins, J. M., N. Moustaid-Moussa, Y.-J. Chung, K. M. Penner, J. J. Pestka, C. M. North, and K. J. Claycombe. 2004. Expression of interleukin-6 is greater in preadipocytes than in adipocytes of 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice. The Journal of Nutrition 134 (10):2673–7. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins J. P. T., J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, and V. Welch, eds. 2019. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., and S. Green. 2011. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Vol. 4. Chichester (UK): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., and S. G. Thompson. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 21 (11):1539–58. doi: 10.1002/sim.1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., S. G. Thompson, J. J. Deeks, and D. G. Altman. 2003. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 327 (7414):557–60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, H., G. Yuan, X. Wang, J. Sun, Z. Gao, T. Zhou, W. Yin, R. Cai, X. Ye, and Z. Wang. 2019. Effects of a diet with or without physical activity on angiopoietin-like protein 8 concentrations in overweight/obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Endocrine Journal 66 (1):89–105. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikizler, T. A., C. Robinson-Cohen, C. Ellis, S. A. E. Headley, K. Tuttle, R. J. Wood, E. E. Evans, C. M. Milch, K. A. Moody, M. Germain, et al. 2018. Metabolic effects of diet and exercise in patients with moderate to severe CKD: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29 (1):250–9. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017010020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imayama, I., C. M. Ulrich, C. M. Alfano, C. Wang, L. Xiao, M. H. Wener, K. L. Campbell, C. Duggan, K. E. Foster-Schubert, A. Kong, et al. 2012. Effects of a caloric restriction weight loss diet and exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Research 72 (9):2314–26. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaibori, M., M. Ishizaki, K. Matsui, R. Nakatake, S. Yoshiuchi, Y. Kimura, and A.-H. Kwon. 2013. Perioperative exercise for chronic liver injury patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy. American Journal of Surgery 206 (2):202–9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasapis, C., and P. D. Thompson. 2005. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45 (10):1563–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, C., P. Keller, M. Giralt, J. Hidalgo, and B. K. Pedersen. 2004. Exercise normalises overexpression of TNF-alpha in knockout mice . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 321 (1):179–82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhdar, N., M. Denguezli, M. Zaouali, A. Zbidi, Z. Tabka, and A. Bouassida. 2015. Diet and diet combined with chronic aerobic exercise decreases body fat mass and alters plasma and adipose tissue inflammatory markers in obese women. Pediatric Rheumatology 13 (S1):P194. doi: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-S1-P194.
   Google Scholar
• Leehey, D. J., E. Collins, H. J. Kramer, C. Cooper, J. Butler, C. McBurney, C. Jelinek, D. Reda, L. Edwards, A. Garabedian, et al. 2016. Structured exercise in obese diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Nephrology 44 (1):54–62. doi: 10.1159/000447703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre, M., L. M. Redman, L. K. Heilbronn, J. V. Smith, C. K. Martin, J. C. Rood, F. L. Greenway, D. A. Williamson, S. R. Smith, and E. Ravussin. 2009. Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in healthy non-obese individuals. Atherosclerosis 203 (1):206–13. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby, P., P. M. Ridker, and A. Maseri. 2002. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105 (9):1135–43. doi: 10.1161/hc0902.104353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. H., N. D. Abrams, D. M. Carrick, P. Chander, J. Dwyer, M. R. Hamlet, F. Macchiarini, M. PrabhuDas, G. L. Shen, P. Tandon, et al. 2017. Biomarkers of chronic inflammation in disease development and prevention: Challenges and opportunities. Nature Immunology 18 (11):1175–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeser, R. F., S. R. Goldring, C. R. Scanzello, and M. B. Goldring. 2012. Osteoarthritis: A disease of the joint as an organ. Arthritis and Rheumatism 64 (6):1697–707. doi: 10.1002/art.34453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Garcia, E., M. B. Schulze, T. T. Fung, J. B. Meigs, N. Rifai, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu. 2004. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (4):1029–35. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna-Luna, M., A. Medina-Urrutia, G. Vargas-Alarcón, F. Coss-Rovirosa, J. Vargas-Barrón, and O. Perez-Mendez. 2015. Adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome: Onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Archives of Medical Research 46 (5):392–407. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markofski, M. M., M. G. Flynn, A. E. Carrillo, C. L. Armstrong, W. W. Campbell, and D. A. Sedlock. 2014. Resistance exercise training-induced decrease in circulating inflammatory CD14+ CD16+ monocyte percentage without weight loss in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology 114 (8):1737–48. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2902-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messier, S. P., S. L. Mihalko, C. Legault, G. D. Miller, B. J. Nicklas, P. DeVita, D. P. Beavers, D. J. Hunter, M. F. Lyles, F. Eckstein, et al. 2013. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: The IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310 (12):1263–73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.277669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. D., B. J. Nicklas, and R. F. Loeser. 2008. Inflammatory biomarkers and physical function in older, obese adults with knee pain and self-reported osteoarthritis after intensive weight-loss therapy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56 (4):644–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01636.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, C., A. Busacker, S. Balzar, J. Trudeau, and S. E. Wenzel. 2004. Distinguishing severe asthma phenotypes: Role of age at onset and eosinophilic inflammation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113 (1):101–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., L. Shamseer, M. Clarke, D. Ghersi, A. Liberati, M. Petticrew, P. Shekelle, and L. A. Stewart. 2015. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews 4 (1):1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, K., A. I. Ostermann, K. Rund, S. Thoms, C. Blume, F. Stahl, A. Hahn, N. H. Schebb, and J. P. Schuchardt. 2016. Influence of weight reduction on blood levels of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and oxylipins in obese subjects. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 106:39–49. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M., M. Lagerpusch, J. Enderle, B. Schautz, M. Heller, and A. Bosy‐Westphal. 2012. Beyond the body mass index: Tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity Reviews 13:6–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01033.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli, N., K. Shah, D. L. Waters, D. R. Sinacore, C. Qualls, and D. T. Villareal. 2014. Effect of weight loss, exercise, or both on cognition and quality of life in obese older adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (1):189–98. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.082883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklas, B. J., W. Ambrosius, S. P. Messier, G. D. Miller, B. W. Penninx, R. F. Loeser, S. Palla, E. Bleecker, and M. Pahor. 2004. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (4):544–51. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklas, B. J., D. P. Beavers, S. L. Mihalko, G. D. Miller, R. F. Loeser, and S. P. Messier. 2016. Relationship of objectively-measured habitual physical activity to chronic inflammation and fatigue in middle-aged and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 71 (11):1437–43. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normandin, E., M. Senechal, D. Prud’homme, R. Rabasa-Lhoret, and M. Brochu. 2015. Effects of caloric restriction with or without resistance training in dynapenic-overweight and obese menopausal women: A MONET study. The Journal of Frailty & Aging 4 (3):155–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, S., K. Tanaka, T. Tsujimoto, R. So, T. Shida, and J. Shoda. 2014. Regular exercise coupled to diet regimen accelerates reduction of hepatic steatosis and associated pathological conditions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 12 (5):290–8. doi: 10.1089/met.2013.0143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkitny, L., J. H. McAuley, P. J. Kelly, F. Di Pietro, B. Cameron, and G. L. Moseley. 2013. Multiplex cytokine concentration measurement: How much do the medium and handling matter? Mediators of Inflammation 2013:890706. doi: 10.1155/2013/890706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, B. K. 2017. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease . European Journal of Clinical Investigation 47 (8):600–11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, B. K., A. Steensberg, and P. Schjerling. 2001. Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: Possible biological effects. The Journal of Physiology 536 (Pt 2):329–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, A. M. W., and B. K. Pedersen. 2005. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, MD: 1985) 98 (4):1154–62. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccand, E., P. Vollenweider, I. Guessous, and P. Marques-Vidal. 2019. Association between dietary intake and inflammatory markers: Results from the CoLaus study. Public Health Nutrition 22 (3):498–505. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018002355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman, L. M., C. S. Tam, J. D. Covington, and E. Ravussin. 2012. Little evidence of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals. Frontiers in Genetics 3:58–64. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rejeski, W. J., A. P. Marsh, J. Fanning, W. T. Ambrosius, M. P. Walkup, and B. J. Nicklas. 2019. Dietary weight loss, exercise, and inflammation in older adults with overweight or obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 27 (11):1805–11. doi: 10.1002/oby.22600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokling-Andersen, M. H., J. E. Reseland, M. B. Veierød, S. A. Anderssen, D. R. Jacobs, JrP. Urdal, J.-O. Jansson, and C. A. Drevon. 2007. Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (5):1293–301. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam, N., and I. Laher. 2016. Exercise modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016:7239639. doi: 10.1155/2016/7239639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor, F., H. M. de Morree, V. Matschke, S. M. Marcora, A. Milousis, J. M. Thom, and H.-P. Kubis. 2010. High-intensity exercise and carbohydrate-reduced energy-restricted diet in obese individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology 110 (5):893–903. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1571-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, H., P. Gibson, M. Garg, J. Pretto, P. Morgan, R. Callister, and L. Wood. 2013. Dietary restriction and exercise improve airway inflammation and clinical outcomes in overweight and obese asthma: A randomized trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 43 (1):36–49. doi: 10.1111/cea.12004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, N. E., B. J. Nicklas, and A. S. Ryan. 2009. Addition of aerobic exercise to a weight loss program increases BMD, with an associated reduction in inflammation in overweight postmenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International 84 (4):257–65. doi: 10.1007/s00223-009-9232-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoradal, M. B., P. Weihe, P. Patursson, J. Mortensen, L. Connolly, P. Krustrup, and M. Mohr. 2018. Football training improves metabolic and cardiovascular health status in 55‐to 70‐year‐old women and men with prediabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 28:42–51. doi: 10.1111/sms.13081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, R. P., P. A. Shapiro, P. S. McKinley, M. Bartels, D. Shimbo, V. Lauriola, W. Karmally, M. Pavlicova, C. J. Choi, T.‐H. Choo, et al. 2018. Aerobic exercise training and inducible inflammation: Results of a randomized controlled trial in healthy, young adults. Journal of the American Heart Association 7 (17):e010201. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkie, R., S. R. Ostrowski, S. Jauffred, M. Febbraio, and B. K. Pedersen. 2003. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans . FASEB Journal 17 (8):884–6. doi: 10.1096/fj.02-0670fje.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkie, R., J. Rolland, D. Angus, M. Anderson, and M. A. Febbraio. 2001. Circulating monocytes are not the source of elevations in plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels after prolonged running. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 280 (4):C769–C774. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.4.C769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppich, B., F. Dayyani, R. Gruber, R. Lorenz, M. Mack, and HLm Ziegler-Heitbrock. 2000. Selective mobilization of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes by exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 279 (3):C578–C586. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.C578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne, J. A., M. A. Hernán, B. C. Reeves, J. Savović, N. D. Berkman, M. Viswanathan, D. Henry, D. G. Altman, M. T. Ansari, I. Boutron, et al. 2016. ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 355:i4919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straznicky, N. E., M. T. Grima, E. A. Lambert, N. Eikelis, T. Dawood, G. W. Lambert, P. J. Nestel, K. Masuo, C. I. Sari, R. Chopra, et al. 2011. Exercise augments weight loss induced improvement in renal function in obese metabolic syndrome individuals. Journal of Hypertension 29 (3):553–64. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283418875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straznicky, N. E., M. T. Grima, N. Eikelis, P. J. Nestel, T. Dawood, M. P. Schlaich, R. Chopra, K. Masuo, M. D. Esler, C. I. Sari, et al. 2011. The effects of weight loss versus weight loss maintenance on sympathetic nervous system activity and metabolic syndrome components. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (3):E503–E508. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straznicky, N. E., E. A. Lambert, P. J. Nestel, M. T. McGrane, T. Dawood, M. P. Schlaich, K. Masuo, N. Eikelis, B. de Courten, J. A. Mariani, et al. 2010. Sympathetic neural adaptation to hypocaloric diet with or without exercise training in obese metabolic syndrome subjects. Diabetes 59 (1):71–9. doi: 10.2337/db09-0934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura, Y., Y. Tanaka, F. Sato, J. B. Choi, H. Watada, M. Niwa, J. Kinoshita, A. Ooka, N. Kumashiro, Y. Igarashi, et al. 2005. Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (6):3191–6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. C., M. E. Cooper, and P. Zimmet. 2016. Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews. Nephrology 12 (2):73–81. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, G., G. W. Davison, J. Crawford, and C. M. Hughes. 2020. Exercise and inflammation in coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Journal of Sports Sciences 38 (7):814–26. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1735684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, D., J. P. Walhin, A. M. Batterham, K. A. Stokes, A. R. Cooper, and R. C. Andrews. 2014. Effect of diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care on inflammatory markers in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: The Early ACTivity in Diabetes (ACTID) randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Heart Association 3 (3):e000828. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Poll, T., S. M. Coyle, K. Barbosa, C. C. Braxton, and S. F. Lowry. 1996. Epinephrine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha and potentiates interleukin 10 production during human endotoxemia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97 (3):713–9. doi: 10.1172/JCI118469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gemert, W. A., A. M. May, A. J. Schuit, B. Y. Oosterhof, P. H. Peeters, and E. M. Monninkhof. 2016. Effect of weight loss with or without exercise on inflammatory markers and adipokines in postmenopausal women: The SHAPE-2 trial, a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 25 (5):799–806. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez-Vela, M. E. F., N. Torres, and A. R. Tovar. 2008. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in obesity. Archives of Medical Research 39 (8):715–28. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, E. P., S. G. Albert, D. N. Reeds, K. S. Kress, J. L. McDaniel, S. Klein, and D. T. Villareal. 2016. Effects of matched weight loss from calorie restriction, exercise, or both on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized intervention trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104 (3):576–86. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.131391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, J. A., K. R. Wilund, S. A. Martin, and B. M. Kistler. 2012. Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging and Disease 3 (1):130–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M., and A. Lu. 2015. Effects of aerobic exercise combined with controlled diet on the serum level of SREBP-1c and RBP4 in patients with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 30 (2):132–137.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, D., Z. Ren, M. Pae, W. Guo, X. Cui, A. H. Merrill, and S. N. Meydani. 2007. Aging up-regulates expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse adipose tissue. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 179 (7):4829–39. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wycherley, T. P., M. Noakes, P. M. Clifton, X. Cleanthous, J. B. Keogh, and G. D. Brinkworth. 2010. A high-protein diet with resistance exercise training improves weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 33 (5):969–76. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., G. T. Barnes, Q. Yang, G. Tan, D. Yang, C. J. Chou, J. Sole, A. Nichols, J. S. Ross, L. A. Tartaglia, et al. 2003. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 112 (12):1821–30. doi: 10.1172/JCI200319451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, E., H. Kumahara, T. Tobina, T. Matsuda, K. Watabe, S. Matono, M. Ayabe, A. Kiyonaga, K. Anzai, Y. Higaki, et al. 2014. Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity. Obesity Facts 7 (1):26–35. doi: 10.1159/000358576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, T., D. M. Berman, A. S. Ryan, and B. J. Nicklas. 2004. Effects of hypocaloric diet and exercise training on inflammation and adipocyte lipolysis in obese postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (4):1739–46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, T., B. L. Disanzo, X. Wang, R. Yang, and D. Gong. 2011. Adipose tissue endocannabinoid system gene expression: Depot differences and effects of diet and exercise. Lipids in Health and Disease 10 (1):194. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar