Potential therapeutic application of biophenols – plants secondary metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis

References

• Abed, É., A. Delalandre, and D. Lajeunesse. 2017. Beneficial effect of resveratrol on phenotypic features and activity of osteoarthritic osteoblasts. Arthritis Research & Therapy 19 (1):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abeyrathna, P., and Y. Su. 2015. The critical role of Akt in cardiovascular function. Vascular Pharmacology 74:38–48. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almutairi, K. B., J. C. Nossent, D. B. Preen, H. I. Keen, and C. A. Inderjeeth. 2021. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of population-based studies. The Journal of Rheumatology 48 (5):669–76. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.200367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, S. E., L. H. Johansson, K. Lexmüller, and G. M. Ekström. 2000. Anti-arthritic effect of methotrexate: Is it really mediated by adenosine? European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 9 (4):333–43. doi: 10.1016/S0928-0987(99)00073-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjumand, S., M. Shahzad, A. Shabbir, and M. Z. Yousaf. 2019. Thymoquinone attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by downregulating TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1, and NFκB expression levels. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie 111:958–63. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthritis–India. n.d. Dr. Shrikant Wagh. https://www.arthritis-india.com/rheumatoid-arthritis.html.
   Google Scholar
• Baggott, J. E., W. H. Vaughn, and B. B. Hudson. 1986. Inhibition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide transformylase, adenosine deaminase and 5′-adenylate deaminase by polyglutamates of methotrexate and oxidized folates and by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside and ribotide. The Biochemical Journal 236 (1):193–200. doi: 10.1042/bj2360193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R., and M. Kneissel. 2013. WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: From human mutations to treatments. Nature Medicine 19 (2):179–92. doi: 10.1038/nm.3074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashir, N., S. B. Ahmad, M. U. Rehman, S. Muzamil, R. R. Bhat, M. U. R. Mir, G. A. Shazly, M. A. Ibrahim, G. M. Elossaily, A. Y. Sherif, et al. 2021. Zingerone (4-(four-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) butane-two-1) modulates adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis by regulating inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants. Redox Report 26 (1):62–70. doi: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1907518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, R., and E. M. Gravallese. 2016. Bone as a target organ in rheumatic disease: impact on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 51 (1):1–15. doi: 10.1007/s12016-015-8515-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-Garcia, E. 2006. Dietary caffeine intake does not affect methotrexate efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 33:1275–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhattarai, G., S. B. Poudel, S. H. Kook, and J. C. Lee. 2016. Resveratrol prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis. Acta Biomateriala 29:398–408. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bours, M. J. L., R. H. R. M. Peeters, R. B. M. Landewé, S. Beijer, I. C. W. Arts, and P. C. Dagnelie. 2010. Adenosine 5’-triphosphate infusions reduced disease activity and inflammation in a patient with active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 49 (11):2223–5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budzik, G. P., L. M. Colletti, and C. R. Faltynek. 2000. Effects of methotrexate on nucleotide pools in normal human T cells and the CEM T cell line. Life Sciences 66 (23):2297–307. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00559-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmann, C., B. Popper, B. B. Aggarwal, and M. Shakibaei. 2017. Resveratrol downregulates inflammatory pathway activated by lymphotoxin α (TNF-β) in articular chondrocytes: Comparison with TNF-α. PLoS ONE 12 (11):e0186993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargnello, M., and P. P. Roux. 2011. Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews: MMBR 75 (1):50–83. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00031-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. Y., J. Chen, L. He, and B. L. Stiles. 2018. PTEN: Tumor suppressor and metabolic regulator. Frontiers in Endocrinology 9:338. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. P., Z. G. Yang, P. F. Hu, J. P. Bao, and L. D. Wu. 2015. Acacetin inhibits expression of matrix metalloproteinases via a MAPK-dependent mechanism in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 19 (8):1910–5. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., S. Zhang, Z. Xuan, D. Ge, X. Chen, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y. Wu, and B. Liu. 2017. The phenolic fraction of mentha haplocalyx and its constituent linarin ameliorate inflammatory response through inactivation of NF-kB and MAPKs in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Molecules 22 (5):811. doi: 10.3390/molecules22050811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronstein, B. N. 2005. Low-dose methotrexate: A mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacological Reviews 57 (2):163–72. doi: 10.1124/pr.57.2.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronstein, B. N., and T. M. Aune. 2020. Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 16 (3):145–54. doi: 10.1038/s41584-020-0373-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronstein, B. N., D. Naime, and E. Ostad. 1993. The antiinflammatory mechanism of methotrexate. Increased adenosine release at inflamed sites diminishes leukocyte accumulation in an in vivo model of inflammation. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 92 (6):2675–82. doi: 10.1172/JCI116884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Q., D. Zhou, L. Xu, and X. Song. 2018. Curcumin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis-induced inflammation and synovial hyperplasia by targeting mTOR pathway in rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 12:4095–105. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S175763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delano, D. L., M. C. Montesinos, A. Desai, T. Wilder, P. Fernandez, P. D’Eustachio, T. Wiltshire, and B. N. Cronstein. 2005. Genetically based resistance to the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate in the air-pouch model of acute inflammation. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (8):2567–75. doi: 10.1002/art.21208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding, S., H. Jiang, and J. Fang. 2018. Regulation of immune function by polyphenols. Journal of Immunology Research 2018:1264074. doi: 10.1155/2018/1264074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doss, H. M., S. Samarpita, R. Ganesan, and M. Rasool. 2018. Ferulic acid, a dietary polyphenol suppresses osteoclast differentiation and bone erosion via the inhibition of RANKL dependent NF-κB signalling pathway. Life Sciences 207:284–95. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, X., L. Zhao, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, J. Hu, H. Ren, Z. Chen, and Y. Li. 2020. Investigation of the mechanism of action of Porana sinensis Hemsl. against gout arthritis using network pharmacology and experimental validation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 252:112606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, M., Y. Li, C. Yao, X. Liu, X. Liu, and J. Liu. 2018. Dihydroartemisinin derivative DC32 attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by restoring the Treg/Th17 balance and inhibiting synovitis through down-regulation of IL-6. International Immunopharmacology 65:233–43. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, N., A. Rotter-Maskowitz, and E. Okun. 2015. DAMPs as mediators of sterile inflammation in aging-related pathologies. Ageing Research Reviews 24 (Pt A):29–39. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher, J. M., R. Lonergan, L. Costelloe, K. Kinsella, B. Moran, C. O’Farrelly, N. Tubridy, and K. H. G. Mills. 2009. CD39 + Foxp3+ regulatory T Cells suppress pathogenic Th17 cells and are impaired in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 183 (11):7602–10. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredholm, B. B., A. P. IJzerman, K. A. Jacobson, J. Linden, and C. E. Müller. 2011. International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors-an update. Pharmacological Reviews 63 (1):1–34. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.003285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, B., and B. Cronstein. 2019. Methotrexate mechanism in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 86 (3):301–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, M., L. Chen, L. Zhang, X. Yu, and Q. Yang. 2017. Cyclocurcumin, a curcumin derivative, exhibits immune-modulating ability and is a potential compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as predicted by the MM-PBSA method. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39 (5):1164–72. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, Q., Y. Gao, H. Zhao, Z. Wang, and J. Wang. 2018. Galangin protects human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes via suppression of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports 18:3619–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, J. L., J. B. Frye, J. N. Oyarzo, J. Chen, H. Zhang, and B. N. Timmermann. 2016. Anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. PharmaNutrition 4 (3):123–31. doi: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funk, J. L., J. B. Frye, J. N. Oyarzo, and B. N. Timmermann. 2009. Comparative effects of two gingerol-containing zingiber officinale extracts on experimental Rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Natural Products 72 (3):403–7. doi: 10.1021/np8006183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaestel, M. 2015. MAPK-activated protein kinases (MKs): Novel insights and challenges. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 3:88. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan, R., and M. Rasool. 2019. Ferulic acid inhibits interleukin 17-dependent expression of nodal pathogenic mediators in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 120 (2):1878–93. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan, K., and B. Xu. 2017. A critical review on polyphenols and health benefits of black soybeans. Nutrients 9 (5):455. doi: 10.3390/nu9050455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoshdastidar, K., H. Patel, H. Bhayani, A. Patel, K. Thakkar, D. Patel, M. Sharma, et al. 2020. ZYBT1, a potent, irreversible Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor that inhibits the C481S BTK with profound efficacy against arthritis and cancer. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 8 (4):e00565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, H., K. Li, X. Li, X. Yu, W. Wang, L. Ding, and L. Liu. 2016. Oral resveratrol prevents osteoarthritis progression in C57BL/6J mice fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 8 (4):233. doi: 10.3390/nu8040233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gul, A., B. Kunwar, M. Mazhar, S. Faizi, D. Ahmed, M. R. Shah, and S. U. Simjee. 2018. Rutin and rutin-conjugated gold nanoparticles ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis in rats through inhibition of NF-κB and iNOS activation. International Immunopharmacology 59:310–7. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurgis, F. M. S., W. Ziaziaris, and L. Munoz. 2014. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 in neuroinflammation, heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation, and cell cycle: Role and targeting fadi maged shokry gurgis. Molecular Pharmacology 85 (2):345–56. doi: 10.1124/mol.113.090365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskó, G., and B. Cronstein. 2013. Regulation of inflammation by adenosine. Frontiers in Immunology 4:85. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskó, G., J. Linden, B. Cronstein, and P. Pacher. 2008. Adenosine receptors: Therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 7 (9):759–70. doi: 10.1038/nrd2638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, M. S., and S. Ghosh. 2008. Shared principles in {NF}-{kappaB} signaling. Cell 132 (3):344–62. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayer, S., N. Pundt, M. A. Peters, C. Wunrau, I. Kühnel, K. Neugebauer, S. Strietholt, J. Zwerina, A. Korb, J. Penninger, et al. 2009. PI3Kgamma regulates cartilage damage in chronic inflammatory arthritis. FASEB Journal 23 (12):4288–98. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-135160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healthline Editorial Team. 2020. Rheumatoid arthritis: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more. Healthline.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, S. C., J. McCormick, C.-H. Pui, R. K. Buddington, and R. D. Harvey. 2016. Preventing and managing toxicities of high-dose methotrexate. The Oncologist 21 (12):1471–82. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-C., P.-C. Hsu, Y.-C. Hung, Y.-F. Liao, C.-C. Liu, C.-T. Hour, M.-C. Kao, G. J. Tsay, H.-C. Hung, G. Y. Liu, et al. 2005. Ornithine decarboxylase prevents methotrexate-induced apoptosis by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species production. Apoptosis 10 (4):895–907. doi: 10.1007/s10495-005-2947-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihn, H. J., J. A. Kim, H. S. Cho, H.-I. Shin, G.-Y. Kim, Y. H. Choi, Y.-J. Jeon, and E. K. Park. 2017. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol from ishige okamurae suppresses osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the NF-кB signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (12):2635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata, S., S. Nakayamada, S. Fukuyo, S. Kubo, N. Yunoue, S.-P. Wang, M. Yoshikawa, K. Saito, and Y. Tanaka. 2015. Activation of syk in peripheral blood B cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A potential target for abatacept therapy. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 67 (1):63–73. doi: 10.1002/art.38895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadidi, S. 2020. A review of non-surgical pain management in osteoarthritis. Cureus 12 (10):e10829. doi: 10.7759/cureus.10829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimi, E., H. Fei, and C. Nakatomi. 2019. Nf-κb signaling regulates physiological and pathological chondrogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (24):6275. doi: 10.3390/ijms20246275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, X.-N., E.-Z. Yan, H.-M. Wang, H.-J. Sui, Z. Liu, W. Gao, and Y. Jin. 2016. Hyperoside exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects in LPS-stimulated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes in vitro and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 37 (5):674–86. doi: 10.1038/aps.2016.7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, H., and C. Lapin. 1978. 4-Aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide excretion in acute leukemia. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 5 (1):225–9. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950050131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung, J. S., K. Jung, D. H. Kim, and H. S. Kim. 2012. Selective inhibition of MMP-9 gene expression by mangiferin in PMA-stimulated human astroglioma cells: Involvement of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Pharmacological Research 66 (1):95–103. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor, K., V. Pandit, and U. Nagaich. 2021. Topical methotrexate cubosomes in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Ex-vivo and in-vivo studies. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 14 (2):991–6. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00177.3.
   Google Scholar
• Karouzakis, E., R. E. Gay, S. Gay, and M. Neidhart. 2012. Increased recycling of polyamines is associated with global DNA hypomethylation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis and Rheumatism 64 (6):1809–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, H., A. Sureda, T. Belwal, S. Çetinkaya, İ. Süntar, S. Tejada, H. P. Devkota, H. Ullah, and M. Aschner. 2019. Polyphenols in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity Reviews 18 (7):647–57. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoa, N. D., M. C. Montesinos, A. J. Williams, M. Kelly, and B. N. Cronstein. 2003. Th1 cytokines regulate adenosine receptors and their downstream signaling elements in human microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 171 (8):3991–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.3991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T. H., S. J. Choi, Y. H. Lee, G. G. Song, and J. D. Ji. 2012. Combined therapeutic application of mTOR inhibitor and vitamin D(3) for inflammatory bone destruction of rheumatoid arthritis. Medical Hypotheses 79 (6):757–60. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., M. Y. Kim, J. H. Kim, and J. Y. Cho. 2015. Fisetin suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses by blockade of Src and Syk. Biomolecules & Therapeutics 23 (5):414–20. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, G. J., J. Y. Lee, H. G. Choi, S. Y. Kim, E. Kim, S. H. Shim, J.-W. Nam, S.-H. Kim, and H. Choi. 2017. Cinnamomulactone, a new butyrolactone from the twigs of Cinnamomum cassia and its inhibitory activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Archives of Pharmacal Research 40 (3):304–10. doi: 10.1007/s12272-016-0877-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. I., J. W. Logan, J. B. Mason, and R. Roubenoff. 1996. DNA hypomethylation in inflammatory arthritis: Reversal with methotrexate. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 128 (2):165–72. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90008-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga, Y., H. Tsurumaki, H. Aoki-Saito, M. Sato, M. Yatomi, K. Takehara, and T. Hisada. 2019. Roles of cyclic AMP response element binding activation in the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signalling pathway in central nervous system, cardiovascular system, osteoclast differentiation and mucin and cytokine production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (6):1346. doi: 10.3390/ijms20061346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourilovitch, M., C. Galarza-Maldonado, and E. Ortiz-Prado. 2014. Diagnosis and classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Autoimmunity 48–49:26–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-Y., Y. O. Jung, J.-G. Ryu, H.-J. Oh, H.-J. Son, S. H. Lee, J.-E. Kwon, E.-K. Kim, M.-K. Park, S.-H. Park, et al. 2016. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates autoimmune arthritis by reciprocal regulation of T helper-17 regulatory T cells and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 100 (3):559–68. doi: 10.1189/jlb.3A0514-261RR.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. E., I. J. Kim, M. S. Cho, and J. Lee. 2017. A case of rheumatoid vasculitis involving hepatic artery in early rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 32 (7):1207–10. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. N., S. A. Shin, G. S. Choo, H. J. Kim, Y. S. Park, B. S. Kim, S. K. Kim, et al. 2018. Anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin and galangin in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis animal models. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41:888–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H.-S., S. J. Woo, H.-W. Koh, S.-O. Ka, L. Zhou, K. Y. Jang, H. S. Lim, H.-O. Kim, S.-I. Lee, B.-H. Park, et al. 2014. Regulation of apoptosis and inflammatory responses by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and experimental animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 66 (4):863–73. doi: 10.1002/art.38303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring, A., I. Bäcker, P. G. Furtmüller, C. Obinger, F. Lange, and J. Flemmig. 2016. Long-term effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in female dark agouti rats. PLoS ONE 11 (3):e0152518. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., L. Cai, X. F. Xie, F. Yang, and J. Li. 2010. Hesperidin suppresses adjuvant arthritis in rats by inhibiting synoviocyte activity. Phytotherapy Research 24 (S1):S71–S6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, N., T. Ma, J. Han, J. Zhou, J. Wang, J. Zhang, and S. Zheng. 2014. Increased apoptosis induction in CD4 + CD25+ Foxp3 + T cells contributes to enhanced disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis through IL-10 regulation. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 18 (1):78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., and J. Li. 2019. Theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate attenuates rheumatoid inflammation in mice through the nuclear factor-κB and MAPK pathways. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 67 (3):153–60. doi: 10.1007/s00005-019-00536-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., J. Yang, B. Zu, J. Wang, K. Sheng, L. Zhao, and W. Xu. 2018. Acacetin regulated the reciprocal differentiation of Th17 cells and Treg cells and mitigated the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 88 (4):e12712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C.-C., Y. Zhang, B.-L. Dai, Y.-J. Ma, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, and H. Yang. 2017. Chlorogenic acid prevents inflammatory responses in IL‑1β‑stimulated human SW‑1353 chondrocytes, a model for osteoarthritis. Molecular Medicine Reports 16 (2):1369–75. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, L., Y. Liu, J. Zhou, Y. Wei, J. Deng, B. Dong, and L. Chai. 2015. Chlorogenic acid and luteolin synergistically inhibit the proliferation of interleukin-1β-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes through regulating the activation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT-signaling pathways. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 37 (6):499–507. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1095763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, L., J. Zhou, Y. Liu, Y. I. Wei, J. Zhao, J. Deng, B. Dong, L. Zhu, A. Wu, Y. Yang, et al. 2016. Chlorogenic acid induces apoptosis to inhibit inflammatory proliferation of IL-6-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes through modulating the activation of JAK/stat and NF-κB signaling pathways. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11 (5):2054–60. doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loza, M. J., A. S. Anderson, K. S. O’Rourke, J. Wood, and I. U. Khan. 2011. T-cell specific defect in expression of the NTPDase CD39 as a biomarker for lupus. Cellular Immunology 271 (1):110–7. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, N., and C. J. Malemud. 2019. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase: A regulator of cell growth, inflammation, chondrocyte and bone cell receptor-mediated gene expression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (15):3792. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, A., M. Ono, K. Holmbeck, L. Li, T. M. Kilts, V. Kram, M. L. Noonan, Y. Yoshioka, E. M. B. McNerny, M. A. Tantillo, et al. 2015. WNT1-induced secreted Protein-1 (WISP1), a novel regulator of bone turnover and Wnt signaling. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290 (22):14004–18. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.628818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magrone, T., M. Magrone, M. A. Russo, and E. Jirillo. 2020. Recent advances on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of red grape polyphenols. In vitro and in vivo studies. Antioxidants 9 (1):35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malireddy, S., S. R. Kotha, J. D. Secor, T. O. Gurney, J. L. Abbott, G. Maulik, K. R. Maddipati, and N. L. Parinandi. 2012. Phytochemical antioxidants modulate mammalian cellular epigenome: Implications in health and disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 17 (2):327–39. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manan, M., U. Saleem, M. S. H. Akash, M. Qasim, M. Hayat, Z. Raza, and B. Ahmad. 2020. Antiarthritic potential of comprehensively standardized extract of alternanthera bettzickiana: In vitro and in vivo studies. ACS Omega 5 (31):19478–96. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maracle, C. X., P. Kucharzewska, B. Helder, C. van der Horst, P. Correa de Sampaio, A.-R. Noort, K. van Zoest, A. W. Griffioen, H. Olsson, S. W. Tas, et al. 2017. Targeting non-canonical nuclear factor-κB signalling attenuates neovascularization in a novel 3D model of rheumatoid arthritis synovial angiogenesis. Rheumatology 56 (2):294–302. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman, B., R. Dienstmann, and J. Tabernero. 2010. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway–beyond rapalogs. Oncotarget 1 (7):530–43. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGeachy, M. J., D. J. Cua, and S. L. Gaffen. 2019. The IL-17 family of cytokines in health and disease. Immunity 50 (4):892–906. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels, Y., N. Houhou-Fidouh, G. Collin, J. Berger, and E. Kohli. 2021. Impact of low-dose methotrexate–adalimumab combination therapy on the antibody response induced by the mRNA-1273 sars-cov-2 vaccine: Case of an elderly patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Vaccines 9 (8):883. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9080883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh, S., and A. A. Momtazi-Borojeni. 2020. Immunomodulatory therapeutic effects of curcumin in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity Reviews 19 (8):102593. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesinos, M. C., A. Desai, and B. N. Cronstein. 2006. Suppression of inflammation by low-dose methotrexate is mediated by adenosine A2A receptor but not A3 receptor activation in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 8 (2):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesinos, M. C., J. S. Yap, A. Desai, I. Posadas, C. T. McCrary, and B. N. Cronstein. 2000. Reversal of the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate by the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists theophylline and caffeine: Evidence that the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated via multiple adenosine receptors in rat adjuvant. Arthritis & Rheumatism 43 (3):656–63. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<656::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-H.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morabito, L., M. C. Montesinos, D. M. Schreibman, L. Balter, L. F. Thompson, R. Resta, G. Carlin, M. A. Huie, and B. N. Cronstein. 1998. Methotrexate and sulfasalazine promote adenosine release by a mechanism that requires ecto-5’-nucleotidase-mediated conversion of adenine nucleotides. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 101 (2):295–300. doi: 10.1172/JCI1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morovic-Vergles, J., M. I. Culo, S. Gamulin, and F. Culo. 2008. Cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Rheumatology International 29 (2):167–71. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0663-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaoka, S., M. Nakamura, A. Senuma, and A. Sekiguchi. 2005. [A clinical trial of low dose methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Nihon Rinsho Men’eki Gakkai Kaishi = Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology 28 (6):389–97. doi: 10.2177/jsci.28.389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naghavi, M., T. Tillmann, and A. Banerjee. 2015. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 385:117–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nah, S.-S., H.-J. Won, E. Ha, I. Kang, H. Y. Cho, S.-J. Hur, S.-H. Lee, and H. H. Baik. 2010. Epidermal growth factor increases prostaglandin E2 production via ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathway in fibroblast like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology International 30 (4):443–9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-0976-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesher, G., M. Mates, and S. Zevin. 2003. Effect of caffeine consumption on efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 48 (2):571–2. doi: 10.1002/art.10766.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesher, G., and T. L. Moore. 1990. The in vitro effects of methotrexate on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Modulation by methyl donors and spermidine. Arthritis and Rheumatism 33 (7):954–9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesher, G., T. G. Osborn, and T. L. Moore. 1997. Effect of treatment with methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone on lymphocyte polyamine levels in rheumatoid arthritis: Correlation with the clinical response and rheumatoid factor synthesis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 15:343–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, K., and V. M. Dixit. 2012. Signaling in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4 (3):a006049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novack, D. V. 2011. Role of NF-κB in the skeleton. Cell Research 21 (1):169–82. doi: 10.1038/cr.2010.159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obied, H. K. 2013. Biography of biophenols: Past, present and future. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 3 (6):230–41. doi: 10.31989/ffhd.v3i6.51.
   Google Scholar
• Oliviero, F., A. Scanu, Y. Zamudio-Cuevas, L. Punzi, and P. Spinella. 2018. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols in arthritis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98 (5):1653–9. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottonello, L., G. Frumento, N. Arduino, M. Bertolotto, M. Mancini, E. N. Z. O. Sottofattori, F. Dallegri, and M. Cutolo. 2002. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis induced by synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis: Role of cytokines, estrogens, and adenosine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 966 (1):226–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04219.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandey, K. B., and S. I. Rizvi. 2009. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2 (5):270–8. doi: 10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pašková, Ľ., V. Kuncírová, S. Poništ, D. Mihálová, R. Nosáľ, J. Harmatha, I. Hrádková, T. Čavojský, F. Bilka, K. Šišková, et al. 2016. Effect of N-feruloylserotonin and methotrexate on severity of experimental arthritis and on messenger rna expression of key proinflammatory markers in liver. Journal of Immunology Research 2016:7509653. doi: 10.1155/2016/7509653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, A. G., S. Siebert, M. Cole, D. D. Stocken, C. Yap, S. Kelly, M. Shaikh, A. Cranston, M. Morton, J. Walker, et al. 2021. Targeting synovial fibroblast proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis (TRAFIC): An open-label, dose-finding, phase 1b trial. The Lancet. Rheumatology 3 (5):e337–e346. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00061-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qi, W., C. Lin, K. Fan, Z. Chen, L. Liu, X. Feng, H. Zhang, Y. Shao, H. Fang, C. Zhao, et al. 2019. Hesperidin inhibits synovial cell inflammation and macrophage polarization through suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway in complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Chemico-Biological Interactions 306:19–28. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu, Y., J. Wu, J.-X. Deng, Y.-P. Zhang, W.-Y. Liang, Z.-L. Jiang, Q.-H. Yu, and J. Li. 2016. MicroRNA-126 affects rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis by targeting PIK3R2 and regulating PI3K-AKT signal pathway. Oncotarget 7 (45):74217–26. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quéméneur, L., L.-M. Gerland, M. Flacher, M. Ffrench, J.-P. Revillard, and L. Genestier. 2003. Differential control of cell cycle, proliferation, and survival of primary T lymphocytes by purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 170 (10):4986–95. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quideau, S., D. Deffieux, C. Douat-Casassus, and L. Pouységu. 2011. Plant polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 50 (3):586–621. doi: 10.1002/anie.201000044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed, Z., N. Rasheed, and H. A. Al-Shobaili. 2016. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate up-regulates microRNA-199a-3p expression by down-regulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in stimulated human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 20 (12):2241–8. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabio, G., and R. J. Davis. 2014. TNF and MAP kinase signalling pathways. Seminars in Immunology 26 (3):237–45. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai, K., T. Dainichi, S. Garcet, S. Tsuchiya, Y. Yamamoto, A. Kitoh, T. Honda, T. Nomura, G. Egawa, A. Otsuka, et al. 2019. Cutaneous p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation triggers psoriatic dermatitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 144 (4):1036–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, X., J. Li, C. Zhang, L. Zhao, L. Guo, T. Xu, J. Jin, M. Wu, and Y. Xia. 2019. α-Mangostin promotes apoptosis of human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 120 (9):14986–94. doi: 10.1002/jcb.28760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, M. H., V. Strand, D. Markovits, M. Nahir, T. Reitblat, Y. Molad, I. Rosner, M. Rozenbaum, R. Mader, M. Adawi, et al. 2008. Clinical evidence for utilization of the A3 adenosine receptor as a target to treat rheumatoid arthritis: Data from a phase II clinical trial. The Journal of Rheumatology 35 (1):41–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., P. Gupta, A. Meena, and S. Luqman. 2020. Acacetin, a flavone with diverse therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation, infections and other metabolic disorders. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 145:111708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A. K., S. Umar, S. Riegsecker, M. Chourasia, and S. Ahmed. 2016. Regulation of {TAK1} activation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in {RA} synovial fibroblasts: {Suppression} of {K63}-linked autoubiquitination of {TRAF6}. Arthritis Rheumatology 68 (2):347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. M., J. A. Johnson, and R. A. Turner. 1991. Biochemical perturbations of BW 91Y (3-deazaadenosine) on human neutrophil chemotactic potential and lipid metabolism. International Journal of Tissue Reactions 13 (1):1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smolen, J. S., D. Aletaha, and I. B. McInnes. 2016. Rheumatoid arthritis. The Lancet 388 (10055):2023–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoleńska, Z., Z. Kaznowska, D. Zarówny, H. A. Simmonds, and R. T. Smoleński. 1999. Effect of methotrexate on blood purine and pyrimidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 38 (10):997–1002. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.10.997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp, L. K., J. Hazlett, R. L. Roberts, C. Frampton, J. Highton, and P. A. Hessian. 2012. Adenosine receptor expression in rheumatoid synovium: A basis for methotrexate action. Arthritis Research & Therapy 14 (3):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrecher, T., A. Hrenn, K. L. Dormann, I. Merfort, and A. Labahn. 2008. Bornyl (3,4,5-trihydroxy)-cinnamate-an optimized human neutrophil elastase inhibitor designed by free energy calculations. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (5):2385–90. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sujitha, S., and M. Rasool. 2017. MicroRNAs and bioactive compounds on TLR/MAPK signaling in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinica Chimica Acta 473:106–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, K., J. Luo, J. Guo, X. Yao, X. Jing, and F. Guo. 2020. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in osteoarthritis: A narrative review. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 28 (4):400–9. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.02.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, K., J. Luo, X. Jing, W. Xiang, J. Guo, X. Yao, S. Liang, F. Guo, and T. Xu. 2021. Hyperoside ameliorates the progression of osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytomedicine 80:153387. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, C. L., J. Wei, and L. Q. Bi. 2017. Rutin attenuates oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine level in adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis via inhibition of NF-κB. Pharmacology 100 (1-2):40–9. doi: 10.1159/000451027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suto, T., and T. Karonitsch. 2020. The immunobiology of mTOR in autoimmunity. Journal of Autoimmunity 110:102373. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, M., W. Zhu, Z. Yang, and C. He. 2019. Brucine inhibits TNF‑α‑induced HFLS‑RA cell proliferation by activating the JNK signaling pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 18 (1):735–40. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, F. M., M. N. Coelho, F. do Nascimento José-Chagas, D. do Carmo Malvar, A. Kanashiro, F. Q. Cunha, M. D. M. Vianna-Filho, A. da Cunha Pinto, F. A. Vanderlinde, and S. S. Costa. 2020. Oral treatments with a flavonoid-enriched fraction from Cecropia hololeuca and with rutin reduce articular pain and inflammation in murine zymosan-induced arthritis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 260:112841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubaki, M., T. Takeda, T. Kino, T. Itoh, M. Imano, G. Tanabe, O. Muraoka, T. Satou, and S. Nishida. 2015. Mangiferin suppresses CIA by suppressing the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and RANKL through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2. American Journal of Translational Research 7 (8):1371–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varani, K., M. Padovan, F. Vincenzi, M. Targa, F. Trotta, M. Govoni, and P. A. Borea. 2011. A2A and A3 adenosine receptor expression in rheumatoid arthritis: Upregulation, inverse correlation with disease activity score and suppression of inflammatory cytokine and metalloproteinase release. Arthritis Research & Therapy 13 (6):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, F., C. Prati, M. Chouk, C. Demougeot, and D. Wendling. 2021. Methotrexate and cardiovascular risk in rheumatic diseases: A comprehensive review. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 14 (9):1105–12. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1932461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincenzi, F., M. Padovan, M. Targa, C. Corciulo, S. Giacuzzo, S. Merighi, S. Gessi, M. Govoni, P. A. Borea, K. Varani, et al. 2013. A2A adenosine receptors are differentially modulated by pharmacological treatments in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their stimulation ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. PLoS One 8 (1):e54195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, T., C. Allen, M. Arora, R. M. Barber, Z. A. Bhutta, A. Brown, A. Carter, D. C. Casey, F. J. Charlson, A. Z. Chen, et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet 388 (10053):1545–602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., C.-C. Han, D. Cui, Y. Li, Y. Ma, and W. Wei. 2017. Is macrophage polarization important in rheumatoid arthritis? International Immunopharmacology 50:345–52. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., C. Ye, S. Sun, R. Li, X. Shi, S. Wang, X. Zeng, N. Kuang, Y. Liu, Q. Shi, et al. 2019. Curcumin attenuates collagen-induced rat arthritis via anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. International Immunopharmacology 72:292–300. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle, S. L., and R. A. Hughes. 2004. Folate supplementation and methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: A review. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 43 (3):267–71. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z. B., F.-R. Meng, Y.-X. Fang, X. Wu, C.-W. Zhang, Y. Liu, D. Liu, G.-Q. Li, F.-B. Feng, and H.-Y. Qiu. 2018. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and angiogenesis of human fibroblast-like synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 97 (23):e10920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, C. Y., Y. F. Pan, X. H. Guo, Y. Q. Wu, J. R. Gu, and D. Z. Cai. 2011. Expression of β-catenin in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 40 (1):26–33. doi: 10.3109/03009742.2010.486767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., X. Wu, Z. Wei, Y. Dou, D. Zhao, T. Wang, D. Bian, et al. 2015. Oral curcumin has anti-arthritic efficacy through somatostatin generation via cAMP/PKA and Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathways in the small intestine. Pharmacological Research 95–96:71–81. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, A. W. K., B. B. Aggarwal, D. Barreca, M. Battino, T. Belwal, O. K. Horbanczuk, I. Berindan-Neago, et al. 2019. Dietary natural products and their potential to influence health and disease including animal model studies. Animal Science Papers and Reports 36:345–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, H.-Y., E.-G. Lee, H. Lee, I. J. Cho, Y. J. Choi, M.-S. Sung, H.-G. Yoo, and W.-H. Yoo. 2013. Kaempferol inhibits IL-1β-induced proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and the production of COX-2, PGE2 and MMPs. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 32 (4):971–7. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, K., Q. Zhu, Q. Lu, H. Jiang, M. Zhu, X. Li, G. Huang, and A. Xu. 2020. Quercetin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting neutrophil inflammatory activities. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 84:108454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukioka, K., S. Wakitani, M. Yukioka, Y. Furumitsu, K. Shichikawa, T. Ochi, H. Goto, I. Matsui-Yuasa, S. Otani, and Y. Nishizawa. 1992. Polyamine levels in synovial tissues and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 19:689–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamani, B., R. Jamali, and A. Jamali. 2012. Serum adenosine deaminase may predict disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology International 32 (7):1967–75. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1912-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., J. Liu, M. Zhang, S. Wei, R. Li, Y. Gao, W. Peng, and C. Wu. 2019. Apoptosis induction of fibroblast-like synoviocytes is an important molecular-mechanism for herbal medicine along with its active components in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Biomolecules 9 (12):795. doi: 10.3390/biom9120795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, M., K. Yuan, Q. Lu, Q. Zhu, S. Zhang, X. Li, L. Zhao, H. Wang, G. Luo, T. Wang, et al. 2019. Emodin ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by promoting neutrophil apoptosis and inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Molecular Immunology 112:188–97. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar