The effect of dietary nitrate on macro- and microvascular function: A systematic review

References

• Aird, W. C. 2012. Endothelial cell heterogeneity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2 (1):a006429. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T. J., A. Uehata, M. D. Gerhard, I. T. Meredith, S. Knab, D. Delagrange, E. H. Lieberman, P. Ganz, M. A. Creager, A. C. Yeung, et al. 1995. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 26 (5):1235–41. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00327-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonios, T. F. 2006. Microvascular rarefaction in hypertension–reversal or over-correction by treatment? American Journal of Hypertension 19 (5):484–5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashor, A. W., A. Jajja, A. Sutyarjoko, K. Brandt, O. Qadir, J. Lara, and M. Siervo. 2015. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on microvascular blood flow in older overweight and obese subjects: A pilot randomised controlled study. Journal of Human Hypertension 29 (8):511–3. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashor, A. W., O. M. Shannon, A. D. Werner, F. Scialo, C. N. Gilliard, K. S. Cassel, C. J. Seal, D. Zheng, J. C. Mathers, and M. Siervo. 2020. Effects of inorganic nitrate and vitamin C co-supplementation on blood pressure and vascular function in younger and older healthy adults: A randomised double-blind crossover trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 39 (3):708–17. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahra, M.,V. Kapil,V. Pearl,S. Ghosh, andA. Ahluwalia. 2012. Inorganic nitrate ingestion improves vascular compliance but does not alter flow-mediated dilatation in healthy volunteers. Nitric Oxide. 26 (4):197–202. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2012.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, E., H. Engan, A. Patrician, E. Schagatay, T. Karlsen, U. Wisløff, and S. E. Gaustad. 2015. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves arterial endothelial function at high altitude: A double-blinded randomized controlled cross over study. Nitric Oxide. 50:58–64. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock, J. M., D. P. Treichler, S. L. Norton, K. Ueda, W. E. Hughes, and D. P. Casey. 2018. Inorganic nitrate supplementation enhances functional capacity and lower-limb microvascular reactivity in patients with peripheral artery disease. Nitric Oxide. 80:45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broxterman, R. M., D. T. La Salle, J. Zhao, V. R. Reese, R. S. Richardson, and J. D. Trinity. 2019a. Influence of dietary inorganic nitrate on blood pressure and vascular function in hypertension: Prospective implications for adjunctive treatment. Journal of Applied Physiology 127 (4):1085–94. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00371.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broxterman, R. M., M. A. Witman, J. D. Trinity, H. J. Groot, M. J. Rossman, S. Y. Park, S. Malenfant, J. R. Gifford, O. S. Kwon, S. H. Park, et al. 2019b. Strong relationship between vascular function in the coronary and brachial arteries. Hypertension (Dallas, Texas: 1979) 74 (1):208–15. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleigh, M., L. Liddle, D. J. Muggeridge, C. Monaghan, N. Sculthorpe, J. Butcher, F. Henriquez, and C. Easton. 2019. Dietary nitrate ­supplementation alters the oral microbiome but does not improve the vascular responses to an acute nitrate dose. Nitric Oxide. 89:54–63. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. M., B. H. Kim, H. Nho, K. A. Kim, J. Park, M. J. Chang, and J. K. Kim. 2016. Dietary nitrate supplementation attenuates blood pressure in young prehypertensive men during exercise. Journal of Men’s Health 12:25–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crecelius, A. R., J. C. Richards, G. J. Luckasen, D. G. Larson, and F. A. Dinenno. 2013. Reactive hyperemia occurs via activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels and Na+/K+-ATPase in humans. Circulation Research 113 (8):1023–32. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr, A. R., L. V. Huckaby, S. S. Shiva, and B. S. Zuckerbraun. 2020. Nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction. Critical Care Clinics 36 (2):307–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira, G. V., M. Morgado, A. P. Pierucci, and T. S. Alvares. 2016. A single dose of a beetroot-based nutritional gel improves endothelial function in the elderly with cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of Functional Foods 26:301–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipla, K., A. Triantafyllou, N. Koletsos, S. Papadopoulos, V. Sachpekidis, I. S. Vrabas, E. Gkaliagkousi, A. Zafeiridis, and S. Douma. 2017. Impaired muscle oxygenation and elevated exercise blood pressure in hypertensive patients: Links with vascular stiffness. Hypertension 70 (2):444–51. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Santos Baião, D., J. d’El-Rei, G. Alves, M. F. Neves, D. Perrone, E. M. Del Aguila, and V. M. F. Paschoalin. 2019. Chronic effects of nitrate supplementation with a newly designed beetroot formulation on biochemical and hemodynamic parameters of individuals presenting risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: A pilot study. Journal of Functional Foods 58:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, G., M. Félétou, and A. H. Weston. 2010. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factors and associated pathways: A synopsis. Pflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology 459 (6):863–79. doi: 10.1007/s00424-010-0817-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron, O., C. Dessy, S. Moniotte, J. P. Desager, and J. L. Balligand. 1999. Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 103 (6):897–905. doi: 10.1172/JCI4829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, D., S. Rossa, U. Landmesser, S. Spiekermann, N. Engberding, B. Hornig, and H. Drexler. 2005. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure is independently associated with increased incidence of hospitalization, cardiac transplantation, or death. European Heart Journal 26 (1):65–9. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flammer, A. J., T. Anderson, D. S. Celermajer, M. A. Creager, J. Deanfield, P. Ganz, N. M. Hamburg, T. F. Lüscher, M. Shechter, S. Taddei, et al. 2012. The assessment of endothelial function: From research into clinical practice. Circulation 126 (6):753–67. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasier, H. G., A. R. Reinhold, A. R. Loiselle, S. E. Soutiere, and D. M. Fothergill. 2017. Effects of oral sodium nitrate on forearm blood flow, oxygenation and exercise performance during acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (4300 m). Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry 69:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, M., P. G. Winyard, K. Aizawa, C. Anning, A. Shore, and N. Benjamin. 2013. Effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 60:89–97. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gkaliagkousi, E, and A. Ferro. 2011. Nitric oxide signalling in the regulation of cardiovascular and platelet function. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition) 16 (5):1873–97. doi: 10.2741/3828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, D. J., H. Jones, D. Thijssen, N. T. Cable, and G. Atkinson. 2011. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: Does nitric oxide matter? Hypertension (Dallas, Texas: 1979) 57 (3):363–9. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.167015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R. A., S. K. Nishiyama, D. W. Wray, and R. S. Richardson. 2010. Ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation. Hypertension (Dallas, Texas: 1979) 55 (5):1075–85. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haun, C. T., W. C. Kephart, A. M. Holland, C. B. Mobley, A. E. McCloskey, J. J. Shake, D. D. Pascoe, M. D. Roberts, and J. S. Martin. 2016. Differential vascular reactivity responses acutely following ingestion of a nitrate rich red spinach extract. European Journal of Applied Physiology 116 (11-12):2267–79. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3478-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann, M., A. Flammer, and T. F. Lüscher. 2006. Nitric oxide in hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Connecticut) 8 (12 Suppl 4):17–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.06032.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossain, M., S. M. Qadri, and L. Liu. 2012. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis enhances leukocyte rolling and adhesion in human microvasculature. Journal of Inflammation (London, England) 9 (1):28. doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houben, A. J., R. J. Martens, and C. D. Stehouwer. 2017. Assessing microvascular function in humans from a chronic disease perspective. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 28 (12):3461–72. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017020157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadad, A. R., R. A. Moore, D. Carroll, C. Jenkinson, D. J. M. Reynolds, D. J. Gavaghan, and H. J. McQuay. 1996. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials 17 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, T., E. L. Dunn, J. H. Macdonald, H. P. Kubis, N. McMahon, and A. Sandoo. 2019. The effects of beetroot juice on blood pressure, microvascular function and large-vessel endothelial function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in healthy older adults. Nutrients 11 (8):1792. doi: 10.3390/nu11081792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joris, P. J, and R. P. Mensink. 2013. Beetroot juice improves in overweight and slightly obese men postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a mixed meal. Atherosclerosis 231 (1):78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapil, V., R. S. Khambata, A. Robertson, M. J. Caulfield, and A. Ahluwalia. 2015. Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: A randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension 65 (2):320–7. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landmesser, U. L. F., B. Hornig, and H. Drexler. 2000. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia: Mechanisms, pathophysiological importance, and therapeutic interventions. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 26 (5):529–37. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-13209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara, J.,A. W. Ashor,C. Oggioni,A. Ahluwalia,J. C. Mathers, andM. Siervo. 2016. Effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Nutrition 55 (2):451–9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0872-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., C. L. Stebbins, E. Jung, H. Nho, J. K. Kim, M. J. Chang, and H. M. Choi. 2015. Effects of chronic dietary nitrate supplementation on the hemodynamic response to dynamic exercise. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 309 (5):R459–R466. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A. B., D. Punihaole, and T. B. Levine. 2012. Characterization of the role of nitric oxide and its clinical applications. Cardiology 122 (1):55–68. doi: 10.1159/000338150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin, N. S., H. J. Van Ark, S. C. Hartley, K. A. Michell, A. R. Vazquez, E. K. Fischer, C. L. Melby, T. L. Weir, Y. Wei, S. Rao, et al. 2019. Impact of red beetroot juice on vascular endothelial function and cardiometabolic responses to a high-fat meal in middle-aged/older adults with overweight and obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Current Developments in Nutrition 3 (11):113. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano, R., M. Naghavi, K. Foreman, S. Lim, K. Shibuya, V. Aboyans, J. Abraham, T. Adair, R. Aggarwal, S. Y. Ahn, et al. 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (London, England) 380 (9859):2095–128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, J. O., M. T. Gladwin, and E. Weitzberg. 2015. Strategies to increase nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 14 (9):623–41. doi: 10.1038/nrd4623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, J. O., E. Weitzberg, and M. T. Gladwin. 2008. The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 7 (2):156–67. doi: 10.1038/nrd2466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayra, S. T., C. S. Johnston, and K. L. Sweazea. 2019. High-nitrate salad increased plasma nitrates/nitrites and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in postmenopausal women: A pilot study. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 65:99–104. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero, D., J. Padilla, C. Diaz-Cañestro, D. M. Muris, K. E. Pyke, P. Obert, and G. Walther. 2014. Flow-mediated dilation in athletes: Influence of aging. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (11):2148–58. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer, S. C., U. A. Leuenberger, C. S. Hogeman, B. D. Handly, and D. N. Proctor. 2004. Different vasodilator responses of human arms and legs. The Journal of Physiology 556 (3):1001–11. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.059717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira Soares, R., A. P. Machado-Santos, E. Barros-Santos, G. Vieira De Oliveira, J. M. Murias, and T. S. Alvares. 2021. Acute supplementation with beetroot juice improves endothelial function in HIV-infected individuals. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme 46 (3):213–20. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, S., K. Dipla, A. Triantafyllou, M. G. Nikolaidis, A. Kyparos, P. Touplikioti, I. S. Vrabas, and A. Zafeiridis. 2018. Beetroot increases muscle performance and oxygenation during sustained isometric exercise, but does not alter muscle oxidative efficiency and microvascular reactivity at rest. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 37 (5):361–72. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1401497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavitt, M. J., R. J. Tanner, A. Lewis, S. Buttery, B. Mehta, H. Jefford, K. J. Curtis, W. Banya, S. Husain, K. Satkunam, et al. 2020. Oral nitrate supplementation to enhance pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: ON-EPIC a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised parallel group study. Thorax 75 (7):547–55. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quayle, J. M., M. T. Nelson, and N. B. Standen. 1997. ATP-sensitive and inwardly rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle. Physiological Reviews 77 (4):1165–232. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1997.77.4.1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasica, L., E. C. Inglis, D. Iannetta, R. N. Soares, and J. M. Murias. 2021. Fitness level- and sex-related differences in macro- and microvascular responses during reactive hyperemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 54 (3): 497–506 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberry, R, and M. D. Nelson. 2020. Reactive hyperemia: A review of methods, mechanisms, and considerations. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318 (3):R605–R618. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00339.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruszkowski, P., A. Masajtis-Zagajewska, and M. Nowicki. 2019. Effects of combined statin and ACE inhibitor therapy on endothelial function and blood pressure in essential hypertension - a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 20 (3):147032031986889. doi: 10.1177/1470320319868890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber, H. A., J. A. Lima, D. A. Bluemke, B. C. Astor, S. N. Gupta, T. K. Foo, and P. Ouyang. 2007. Arterial reactivity in lower extremities is progressively reduced as cardiovascular risk factors increase: Comparison with upper extremities using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49 (9):939–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets, E., R. P. Mensink, J. Hoeks, J. de Vogel-Van den Bosch, R. Hageman, and P. J. Joris. 2020. Effects of beetroot powder with or without L-arginine on postprandial vascular endothelial function: results of a randomized controlled trial with abdominally obese men. Nutrients 12 (11):3520. doi: 10.3390/nu12113520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somani, Y. B.,R. N. Soares,J. Gosalia,J. M. Delgado,M. Flanagan,S. Basu,D. B. Kim-Shapiro,J. M. Murias, andD. N. Proctor. 2022. A single dose of dietary nitrate supplementation protects against endothelial ischemia–reperfusion injury in early postmenopausal women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 47 (7):749–61. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanaway, L., K. Rutherfurd-Markwick, R. Page, and A. Ali. 2017. Performance and health benefits of dietary nitrate supplementation in older adults: A systematic review. Nutrients 9 (11):1171. doi: 10.3390/nu9111171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessari, P., D. Cecchet, A. Cosma, M. Vettore, A. Coracina, R. Millioni, E. Iori, L. Puricelli, A. Avogaro, and M. Vedovato. 2010. Nitric oxide synthesis is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Diabetes 59 (9):2152–9. doi: 10.2337/db09-1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijssen, D., R. M. Bruno, A. van Mil, S. M. Holder, F. Faita, A. Greyling, P. L. Zock, S. Taddei, J. E. Deanfield, T. Luscher, et al. 2019. Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. European Heart Journal 40 (30):2534–47. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velmurugan, S., J. M. Gan, K. S. Rathod, R. S. Khambata, S. M. Ghosh, A. Hartley, S. Van Eijl, V. Sagi-Kiss, T. A. Chowdhury, M. Curtis, et al. 2016. Dietary nitrate improves vascular function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103 (1):25–38. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.116244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, S., M. R. Buchanan, and T. J. Anderson. 2003. Endothelial function testing as a biomarker of vascular disease. Circulation 108 (17):2054–9. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089191.72957.ED.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale, C., G. Mercuro, A. Cornoldi, M. Fini, M. Volterrani, and G. M. C. Rosano. 2005. Metformin improves endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Internal Medicine 258 (3):250–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01531.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volino-Souza, M., G. V. de Oliveira, and T. S. Alvares. 2018. A single dose of beetroot juice improves endothelial function but not tissue oxygenation in pregnant women: A randomised clinical trial. The British Journal of Nutrition 120 (9):1006–13. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518002441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. A., T. G. Bailey, L. McIlvenna, J. D. Allen, D. J. Green, and C. D. Askew. 2019. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves flow mediated dilatation of the superficial femoral artery in healthy older males. Nutrients 11 (5):954. doi: 10.3390/nu11050954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, A. J.,N. Patel,S. Loukogeorgakis,M. Okorie,Z. Aboud,S. Misra,R. Rashid,P. Miall,J. Deanfield,N. Benjamin, et al. 2008. Acute Blood Pressure Lowering, Vasoprotective, and Antiplatelet Properties of Dietary Nitrate via Bioconversion to Nitrite. Hypertension 51 (3):784–90. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woessner, M. N., C. Neil, N. J. Saner, C. A. Goodman, L. C. McIlvenna, J. Ortiz de Zevallos, A. Garnham, I. Levinger, and J. D. Allen. 2020. Effect of inorganic nitrate on exercise capacity, mitochondria respiration, and vascular function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985) 128 (5):1355–64. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00850.2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafeiridis, A., A. Triantafyllou, S. Papadopoulos, N. Koletsos, P. Touplikioti, A. S. Zafeiridis, E. Gkaliagkousi, K. Dipla, and S. Douma. 2019. Dietary nitrate improves muscle microvascular reactivity and lowers blood pressure at rest and during isometric exercise in untreated hypertensives. Microcirculation 26 (3):e12525. doi: 10.1111/micc.12525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamani, H., M. de Joode, I. J. Hossein, N. Henckens, M. A. Guggeis, J. E. Berends, T. de Kok, and S. van Breda. 2021. The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61 (5):788–804. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., P. M. Vanhoutte, and S. W. Leung. 2015. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 129 (2):83–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar